Name: pupal and adult injections for rnai and crispr gene editing in nasonia vitripennis
Uploaded: 2020-12-04T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Pupal and Adult Injections for RNAi and CRISPR Gene Editing in Nasonia vitripennis at JoVE.com

Este trabalho foi apoiado em parte por fundos de startup da UCSD direcionados à O.S.A. e à bolsa NSF/BIO 1645331 à J.L.R.

1. Criação de Nasonia
<ol><li>Configure ~20 fêmeas acasaladas singularmente em pequenos tubos de teste de vidro conectados com algodão. NOTA: Para reduzir o espaço de criação, os tubos de 10 x 85 cm, de 4 mL são ótimos. As fêmeas são facilmente distinguidas dos machos por causa das asas maiores e da presença do ovipositor (Figura 1A). Protocolos detalhados para criação de N. vitripennis também podem ser encontrados em outrasliteraturas 13,...

<ol>
	<li>Verhulst, E. C., Beukeboom, L. W., van de Zande, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maternal+control+of+haplodiploid+sex+determination+in+the+wasp+Nasonia.">Maternal control of haplodiploid sex determination in the wasp Nasonia.</a> Science. 328 (5978), 620-623 (2010).</li><li>Verhulst, E. C., Lynch, J. A., Bopp, D., Beukeboom, L. W., van de Zande, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+component+of+the+Nasonia+sex+determining+cascade+is+maternally+silenced+and+regulates+transformer+expression.">A new component of the Nasonia sex determining cascade is maternally silenced and regulates transformer expression.</a> PloS One. 8 (5), 63618 (2013).</li><li>Dalla Benetta, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome+elimination+mediated+by+gene+expression+from+a+selfish+chromosome.">Genome elimination mediated by gene expression from a selfish chromosome.</a> Science Advances. 6 (14), (2020).</li><li>Aldrich, J. C., Leibholz, A., Cheema, M. S., Ausi&#972;, J., Ferree, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+"selfish"+B+chromosome+induces+genome+elimination+by+disrupting+the+histone+code+in+the+jewel+wasp+Nasonia+vitripennis.">A "selfish" B chromosome induces genome elimination by disrupting the histone code in the jewel wasp Nasonia vitripennis.</a> Scientific Reports. 7, 42551 (2017).</li><li>Ferree, P. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+genes+uniquely+expressed+in+the+germ-line+tissues+of+the+jewel+wasp+Nasonnia+vitripennis.">Identification of genes uniquely expressed in the germ-line tissues of the jewel wasp Nasonnia vitripennis.</a> G3. 3 (12), 2647-2653 (2015).</li><li>Akbari, O. S., Antoshechkin, I., Hay, B. A., Ferree, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcriptome+profiling+of+Nasonia+vitripennis+testis+reveals+novel+transcripts+expressed+from+the+selfish+B+chromosome,+paternal+sex+ratio.">Transcriptome profiling of Nasonia vitripennis testis reveals novel transcripts expressed from the selfish B chromosome, paternal sex ratio.</a> G3. 3 (9), 1597-1605 (2013).</li><li>Dalla Benetta, E., Beukeboom, L. W., van de Zande, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adaptive+differences+in+circadian+clock+gene+expression+patterns+and+photoperiodic+diapause+induction+in+Nasonia+vitripennis.">Adaptive differences in circadian clock gene expression patterns and photoperiodic diapause induction in Nasonia vitripennis.</a> The American Naturalist. 193 (6), 881-896 (2019).</li><li>Paolucci, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Latitudinal+variation+in+circadian+rhythmicity+in+Nasonia+vitripennis.">Latitudinal variation in circadian rhythmicity in Nasonia vitripennis.</a> Behavioral Sciences. 9 (11), (2019).</li><li>Werren, J. H., Loehlin, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+parasitoid+wasp+Nasonia:+an+emerging+model+system+with+haploid+male+genetics.">The parasitoid wasp Nasonia: an emerging model system with haploid male genetics.</a> Cold Spring Harbor Protocols. 2009 (10), (2009).</li><li>Lynch, J. A., Desplan, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+method+for+parental+RNA+interference+in+the+wasp+Nasonia+vitripennis.">A method for parental RNA interference in the wasp Nasonia vitripennis.</a> Nature Protocols. 1 (1), 486-494 (2006).</li><li>Li, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+heritable+germline+mutations+in+the+jewel+wasp+Nasonia+vitripennis+using+CRISPR/Cas9.">Generation of heritable germline mutations in the jewel wasp Nasonia vitripennis using CRISPR/Cas9.</a> Scientific Reports. 7 (1), 901 (2017).</li><li>Chaverra-Rodriguez, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Germline+mutagenesis+of+Nasonia+vitripennis+through+ovarian+delivery+of+CRISPR-Cas9+ribonucleoprotein.">Germline mutagenesis of Nasonia vitripennis through ovarian delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein.</a> Insect Molecular Biology. , (2020).</li><li>Li, M., Bui, M., Akbari, O. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Embryo+microinjection+and+transplantation+technique+for+Nasonia+vitripennis+genome+manipulation.">Embryo microinjection and transplantation technique for Nasonia vitripennis genome manipulation.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (130), (2017).</li><li>Werren, J. H., Loehlin, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rearing+Sarcophaga+bullata+fly+hosts+for+Nasonia+(Parasitoid+Wasp).">Rearing Sarcophaga bullata fly hosts for Nasonia (Parasitoid Wasp).</a> Cold Spring Harbor Protocols. 2009 (10), (2009).</li><li>Werren, J. H., Loehlin, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Strain+maintenance+of+Nasonia+vitripennis+(Parasitoid+Wasp).">Strain maintenance of Nasonia vitripennis (Parasitoid Wasp).</a> Cold Spring Harbor Protocols. 2009 (10), (2009).</li><li>Beukeboom, L. W., van de Zande, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetics+of+sex+determination+in+the+haplodiploid+wasp+Nasonia+vitripennis+(Hymenoptera:+Chalcidoidea).">Genetics of sex determination in the haplodiploid wasp Nasonia vitripennis (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea).</a> Journal of Genetics. 89 (3), 333-339 (2010).</li><li>Leung, K., van de Zande, L., Beukeboom, L. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Life-history+traits+of+the+Whiting+polyploid+line+of+the+parasitoid.">Life-history traits of the Whiting polyploid line of the parasitoid.</a> Entomologia experimentalis et applicata. 167 (7), 655-669 (2019).</li><li>Kennerdell, J. R., Carthew, R. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+dsRNA-mediated+genetic+interference+to+demonstrate+that+frizzled+and+frizzled+2+act+in+the+wingless+pathway.">Use of dsRNA-mediated genetic interference to demonstrate that frizzled and frizzled 2 act in the wingless pathway.</a> Cell. 95 (7), 1017-1026 (1998).</li><li>Yang, J., Zhao-jun, H. A. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficiency+of+different+methods+for+dsrna+delivery+in+cotton+bollworm+(Helicoverpa+armigera).">Efficiency of different methods for dsrna delivery in cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera).</a> Journal of Integrative Agriculture. 13 (1), 115-123 (2014).</li><li>Brown, S., Holtzman, S., Kaufman, T., Denell, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+the+Tribolium+Deformed+ortholog+and+its+ability+to+directly+regulate+Deformed+target+genes+in+the+rescue+of+a+Drosophila+Deformed+null+mutant.">Characterization of the Tribolium Deformed ortholog and its ability to directly regulate Deformed target genes in the rescue of a Drosophila Deformed null mutant.</a> Development Genes and Evolution. 209 (7), 389-398 (1999).</li><li>Hughes, C. L., Kaufman, T. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNAi+analysis+of+Deformed,+proboscipedia+and+Sex+combs+reduced+in+the+milkweed+bug+Oncopeltus+fasciatus:+novel+roles+for+Hox+genes+in+the+hemipteran+head.">RNAi analysis of Deformed, proboscipedia and Sex combs reduced in the milkweed bug Oncopeltus fasciatus: novel roles for Hox genes in the hemipteran head.</a> Development. 127 (17), 3683-3694 (2000).</li><li>Dzitoyeva, S., Dimitrijevic, N., Manev, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intra-abdominal+injection+of+double-stranded+RNA+into+anesthetized+adult+Drosophila+triggers+RNA+interference+in+the+central+nervous+system.">Intra-abdominal injection of double-stranded RNA into anesthetized adult Drosophila triggers RNA interference in the central nervous system.</a> Molecular Psychiatry. 6 (6), 665-670 (2001).</li><li>Chaverra-Rodriguez, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeted+delivery+of+CRISPR-Cas9+ribonucleoprotein+into+arthropod+ovaries+for+heritable+germline+gene+editing.">Targeted delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein into arthropod ovaries for heritable germline gene editing.</a> Nature Communications. 9 (1), 3008 (2018).</li><li>Macias, V. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cas9-mediated+gene-editing+in+the+malaria+mosquito+anopheles+stephensi+by+ReMOT+control.">Cas9-mediated gene-editing in the malaria mosquito anopheles stephensi by ReMOT control.</a> G3. 10 (4), 1353-1360 (2020).</li><li>Heu, C. C., McCullough, F. M., Luan, J., Rasgon, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CRISPR/Cas9-based+genome+editing+in+the+silverleaf+whitefly+(Bemisia+tabaci).">CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing in the silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia tabaci).</a> CRISPR Journal. 3 (2), 89-96 (2020).</li><li>Shirai, Y., Daimon, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mutations+in+cardinal+are+responsible+for+the+red-1+and+peach+eye+color+mutants+of+the+red+flour+beetle+Tribolium+castaneum.">Mutations in cardinal are responsible for the red-1 and peach eye color mutants of the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum.</a> Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 529 (2), 372-378 (2020).</li><li>Hunter, W. B., Gonzalez, M. T., Tomich, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=BAPC-assisted+CRISPR/Cas9+system:+targeted+delivery+into+adult+ovaries+for+heritable+germline+gene+editing+(Arthropoda:+Hemiptera).">BAPC-assisted CRISPR/Cas9 system: targeted delivery into adult ovaries for heritable germline gene editing (Arthropoda: Hemiptera).</a> bioRxiv. , 478743 (2018).</li><li>Chaverra Rodriguez, D., Bui, M., Li, M., Raban, R., Akbari, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developing+genetic+tools+to+control+ACP.">Developing genetic tools to control ACP.</a> Citrus Research Board Citrograph Magazine. 11 (1), 64-68 (2020).</li></ol>

Com o recente aumento do uso de nasonia vitripennis como organismo modelo para várias questões biológicas2,3,7,17, há a necessidade de desenvolver e otimizar métodos de injeção para permitir um protocolo simplificado e eficiente para a análise funcional dos genes N. vitripennis. Os métodos atuais envolvendo microinjeção embrionária de reagentes de edição de genes...

A edição de genes CRISPR/Cas9 é uma tecnologia poderosa para estudos genéticos funcionais, especialmente em muitos organismos modelo em ascensão, como a vespa-jóia, Nasonia vitripennis. A facilidade de criação e a disponibilidade de um genoma completo fazem da vespa joia um importante sistema experimental para elucidar os mecanismos moleculares de diferentes processos biológicos. Por exemplo, n. vitripennis tem sido recentemente usado para desvendar a base epigenética do sistema de determinação sexual haplodiploide1,2, a biologia dos cromossomos B3,4,5,6, e a base genética para a regulação circadiana e sazonal7,8. Algumas das características que tornam n. vitripennis favoráveis ao trabalho incluem tempo de geração curta (~2 semanas a 25 °C), altas taxas de reprodução, separação sexual fácil na fase pupal, e a capacidade de diapausa e armazenar cepas a 4 °C. O ciclo de vida começa com vespas fêmeas parasitando a pupa da mosca-do-sopro, Sarcófaga bullata. Através de seu ovipositor, as fêmeas colocam até 50 ovos no caso pupal da mosca-do-sopro. Os ovos se desenvolvem em larvas que se alimentam da pupa S. bullata, continuam a se desenvolver nos próximos dias, e depois filhotes, seguidos de eclosão adulta e surgimento do pupário hospedeiro9.
Ferramentas moleculares para a realização de estudos genéticos funcionais em N. vitripennis, como a interferência de RNA (RNAi)10 e CRISPR/Cas911,12, estão disponíveis, mas são limitadas, principalmente devido a dificuldades na realização de microinjeções embrionárias13. Como os ovos de vitripennis n. exigem um hospedeiro pupal para o desenvolvimento, a manipulação de ovos é muito desafiadora. Os embriões em estágio pré-blastoderm devem ser coletados do hospedeiro blowfly pupae, rapidamente microinjetados, e imediatamente transferidos de volta para o hospedeiro para o desenvolvimento13. Essas etapas requerem treinamento de precisão e especialização para evitar danificar os embriões microinjetados ou os hospedeiros pupal13. Além disso, os ovos são muito pequenos e frágeis, especialmente após microinjeções, com um citoplasma muito viscoso causando um entupimento contínuo da agulha injetora13. Essas características tornam as microinjeções embrionárias excepcionalmente desafiadoras, exigindo operadores altamente treinados e equipamentos especializados que estão ausentes na maioria dos laboratórios de N. vitripennis.
A otimização de métodos alternativos de injeção para a entrega de reagentes CRISPR contribuiria para a consolidação de N. vitripennis como organismo modelo. A manipulação de pupas e adultos é menos desafiadora do que manipular embriões e pode ser realizada com uma configuração básica de injeção. Aqui, dois protocolos são descritos para injeção de pupas e adultos: um envolvendo equipamentos especializados para injeções, e outro envolvendo o uso de um conjunto de tubos aspiradores equipados com uma agulha capilar de vidro. O uso de tubo aspirador é particularmente adequado para laboratórios que não têm acesso a equipamentos especializados para microinjeções de embriões. Injeções eficientes de diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento de N. vitripennis, incluindo pupas brancas ou pretas e vespas adultas, são demonstradas. Vespas na fase pupal branca são particularmente adequadas para experimentos de knockdown mediados pela RNAi. Embora o RNAi em Nasonia tenha sido descrito pela primeira vez por Lynch e Desplan em 200610,não há procedimento visual disponível para a forma como as injeções RNAi são realizadas. RNAi foi recentemente usado para descobrir o gene haploidizador do B-cromossomo PSR (Relação Sexual Paternal)3 e estudar o envolvimento do gene do relógio, período, em ritmos biológicos N. vitripennis 7.
Pupas pretas e vespas adultas podem ser usadas para induzir a edição de genes germânicos CRISPR/Cas9 usando protocolos de Controle de Ovário ReMOT (Transdução de Ovário Mediado por Receptor) e BAPC (Cápsulas de Peptídeos Anfífilos Ramificados). Estes dois métodos de entrega de ovários foram recentemente descritos como eficazes na Nasonia para a geração de mutações germinas no gene alvo, cinnabar7,12. Aqui, é fornecido um protocolo simplificado para injeções, incluindo um procedimento visual de uma metodologia passo a passo para injeções pupal e adultas que podem ser utilizadas para gerar estudos genéticos funcionais na Nasonia e provavelmente em outras vespas parasitoides, sem exigir equipamentos especializados e contornar microinjeções embrionárias.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>100 x 15 mm Stackable Petri Dishes, Polystyrene, Mono, Sterile</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>960-97693-083</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aluminosilicate glass capillary tubing 1 mm(outside diameter) x 0.58 mm (inner diameter)</td>
			<td>Sutter Instruments</td>
			<td>BF100-58-10</td>
			<td>Can also use Borosilicate or Quartz</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aspirator tube assemblies for calibrated microcapillary pipettes</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A5177-5EA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BAPC</td>
			<td>phoreus biotech</td>
			<td>BAPtofect-25 0.5 mg Kit</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cas9 Protein with NLS</td>
			<td>PNABio</td>
			<td>CP01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissecting needle</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>10806-330</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNase/RNase-Free distilled Water</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>10977-015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Femtojet Express programmable microinjector</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Femtotips Microloader tips</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>E5242956003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine-tip paintbrush</td>
			<td>ZEM</td>
			<td>2595</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flesh fly pupae,&#160;Sarcophaga bullata</td>
			<td>Ward&#39;s Science</td>
			<td>470180-392</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Food colorant dye</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass Test Tubes</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>982010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glue</td>
			<td>Elmer&#39;s</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>washable, no toxic school glue</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micropipette Puller</td>
			<td>Sutter Instruments</td>
			<td>P-1000 or P-2000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope Slides</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>12-550-A3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereo Microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>SZ51</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

pupal and adult injections for rnai and crispr gene editing in nasonia vitripennis

A vespa joia, Nasonia vitripennis,tornou-se um sistema modelo eficiente para estudar epigenética da determinação sexual haplo-diploide, biologia do cromossomo B, interações hospedeiras-simbiontes, especiação e síntese de veneno. Apesar da disponibilidade de várias ferramentas moleculares, incluindo CRISPR/Cas9, estudos genéticos funcionais ainda são limitados neste organismo. A maior limitação da aplicação da tecnologia CRISPR/Cas9 em N. vitripennis decorre dos desafios das microinjeções embrionárias. As injeções de embriões são particularmente difíceis neste organismo e, em geral, em muitas vespas parasitoides, devido ao pequeno tamanho de embrião e à exigência de uma pupa hospedeira para o desenvolvimento embrionário. Para enfrentar esses desafios, o parto complexo de ribonucleoproteína Cas9 em ovários femininos por injeção adulta, em vez de microinjeção embrionária, foi otimizado, resultando em edições germinas somáticas e herediáveis. Os procedimentos de injeção foram otimizados em pupas e vespas fêmeas usando controle remot (Transdução de ovário Mediado por Receptor de Carga) ou BAPC (Cápsulas de Peptídeos Anfífilos Ramificados). Esses métodos são mostrados como alternativas eficazes à injeção de embriões, permitindo mutações germinas específicas do local e hereiáveis.

Este artigo apresenta dois métodos fáceis para microinjeção pupal e adulta, seja usando um femtojet ou um tubo aspirador. O primeiro método permite uma injeção mais precisa de líquido, que é importante para a consistência rnai, enquanto o segundo permite a injeção de quantidades maiores de líquido em nasonia pupae ou adultos.
Os resultados representativos apresentados na Tabela 1 mostram bo...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Pupal and Adult Injections for RNAi and CRISPR Gene Editing in Nasonia vitripennis at JoVE.com

Pupal and Adult Injections for RNAi and CRISPR Gene Editing in Nasonia vitripennis

Aqui, descrevemos métodos para injeções pupais eficientes e adultas em Nasonia vitripennis como alternativas acessíveis à microinjeção de embriões, permitindo a análise funcional de genes de interesse usando RNA-silenciamento via interferência de RNA (RNAi) ou nocaute genético via edição de genoma CRISPR/Cas9.

Injeções de pupal e adultos para edição de genes RNAi e CRISPR em Nasonia vitripennis

The jewel wasp, Nasonia vitripennis, has become an efficient model system to study epigenetics of haplo-diploid sex determination, B-chromosome biology, ...

Research on non-canonical insect model, like parasitoid wasp, is limited because embryonic microinjection is very challenging. Our method bypasses this problem, enabling site-specific and heritable germline mutations. Injecting pupae or adult females is fast and removes the requirement for expensive equipment or specialized training required to achieve successful embryonic microinjections.This technique will allow no specialized labs that do not have access to expensive equipment to do functional studies in any insect species they are using as a model. After the optimization, this method can be used to study functional genetics of many other genes in Nasonia. We also think this method may be used to deliver nucleic acids for genetic transformation of Nasonia or other insects.Begin by setting up approximately 20 mated females singularly in small glass test tubes plugged with cotton. Add two S.bullata hosts per tube and maintain the wasps at 25 degrees Celsius and 30%relative humidity with a 12:12 light dark cycle for two to three days. After two to three days, gently remove the females using a fine tipped brush to avoid continuous over position and a synchrony in offspring development.Removed females can optionally be re-hosted or stored at five degrees Celsius for up to a month. Maintain the parasitized host at 25 degrees Celsius and 30%relative humidity with a 12:12 light dark cycle for seven days if the desired injection stage requires white pupae, for 13 days, if the required developmental stage is black pupae, or 14 days for young, newly emerged adults. When the desired stage is reached, crack open the host puparium with a dissecting needle to recover N.vitripennis pupae and adults.Prepare a glass slide by applying a line of school glue at the center. Spread the glue with the dissecting needle to obtain a thick layer, which will be used to align the pupae. Let the glue dry for approximately two minutes before transferring the pupae.Under a dissecting microscope, use a dissecting needle to apply glue on the back of the head of the pupa. Attach the pupa to the glue layer on the slide with its abdomen facing up. Align 20 to 30 pupae side-by-side on the slide.Place the slide with the pupae and a Petri dish to let the glue drive for approximately 10 minutes. Before starting the injections, test the adherence of the pupae to the glue by pushing them gently with the dissecting needle. If most of the pupae are loosened, prepare a new slide.Alternatively, remove all loose pupae and proceed to inject those that are properly attached to the slide. Load one capillary glass tube into a needle puller and pull needles following the manufacturer's instructions. Load the needle with five microliters of the prepared injection mixture using microloader pipette tips.Open the needle, sliding the tip on a surface made from two overlapping slides. Alternatively, open the tip of the needle with a pair of fine forceps to create a sharp edge. Place the slide with the aligned pupae under a dissecting microscope, then insert the needle into the femtojet's injection tube and tighten the grip head.Looking at the needle under the microscope, turn on the femtojet and set the compensation pressure and injection pressure parameters by rotating the rotary knobs. Carefully insert the needle between the second and third visible abdominal segments with a vertical angle of about 30 degrees. Inject with a continuous flow until the whole abdomen turns green in the case of white stage pupae or until the abdomen increases in size in the case of black pupae.Stop injecting when it is clear that the abdomen cannot take any more liquid or when the liquid starts flowing out of the body. Move carefully to the next pupa and repeat these steps. Transfer the slide with the injected pupae to a Petri dish.Cover the dish with its lid and place it at 25 degrees Celsius until wasp emergence. For adult preparation, separate groups of 20 virgin females in a clean small test tube with a fine paint brush. Place a glass slide on top of ice and align the female side by side on the cold slide with abdomens facing up under a dissecting scope.Load one needle with the ribonucleoprotein solution using a microloading tip and insert the needle into the connector pack of the aspirator tube assembly. Support the females from the opposite side with blunted dissecting needles, while injecting slowly into the abdomen. Avoid touching the ovipositor.This will severely damage this critical reproductive structure. Carefully insert the needle between the second and third visible abdominal segments with a vertical angle of about 30 degrees. Inject the solution into the female abdomen, stopping when no more liquid can enter or when leaking of surplus solution is observed.Move carefully to the next female and repeat these steps. When finished, gently transfer a single injected females to a new tube with one host using a paintbrush. Leave them to recover at room temperature for approximately one hour, confirm survival, and return the tubes to the rearing incubator.After adult eclosion from the injected pupae, place single wasps into a glass to plugged with cotton and insert one S.bullata host. For CRISPR/Cas9 knockout experiments, allow females to parasitize the host for one day and replace the host each day for three consecutive days. Place the parasitized host, set 25 degrees Celsius until emergence of the G0 male offspring, approximately 13 to 14 days.Under a dissecting microscope, screen G0 males for the mutated phenotypes. The cinnabar gene is responsible for eye pigmentation. Wasps with brown eyes are wild-type and wasps with bright red eyes or variations between red and brown eyes are mutants.This protocol can be used for either pupal or adult microinjection. Survival rates of this procedure range from 15 to 100%The efficiency of achieving the desired phenotype via RNAi or CRISPR without requiring laborious egg injections is shown here. When injecting pupae or adult females, the needle should be sharp and be introduced in a way that liquid should not leak immediately after injecting.If this happens, remove the needle, ensure that the tip is fine and sharp, change it if necessary or inject in a different location. Function analysis can be performed on the gene of interest targeted from this procedure. This will answer a question about the gene function and if the gene is necessary for the specific phenotype studied.

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Pupal and Adult Injections for RNAi and CRISPR Gene Editing in Nasonia vitripennis

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