Name: assessing whole-body lipid-handling capacity in mice
Uploaded: 2020-11-24T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessing Whole-Body Lipid-Handling Capacity in Mice at JoVE.com

Dette arbejde er støttet af National Institutes of Health (NIH), tilskud R00-DK114498, og United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), tilskud CRIS: 3092-51000-062 til Y. Z.

Dyr er anbragt under standardiserede forhold efter dyrepleje og forsøgsprotokoller godkendt af den institutionelle Animal Care and Use Committee af Baylor College of Medicine (BCM). Dyr fodres med en standard eller speciel kost, vand ad libitum og holdes med en 12-timers dag / nat cyklus.
1. Måling af faste serum lipider
<ol><li>Overfør mus til et nyt bur efter kl. 17 og hurtigt med fri adgang til vand natten over (med ca. 16 timers faste før eksperimentet). Den overnattende faste sikrer...

<ol>
	<li>Dixon, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+chylomicron+uptake+into+lacteals.">Mechanisms of chylomicron uptake into lacteals.</a> Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1207, 52-57 (2010).</li><li>Nuno, J., de Oya, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lipoprotein+lipase:+review.">Lipoprotein lipase: review.</a> Revista Cl&#237;nica Espa&#241;ola. 170 (3-4), 83-87 (1983).</li><li>Williams, K. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+processes+that+handle+--+and+mishandle+--+dietary+lipids.">Molecular processes that handle -- and mishandle -- dietary lipids.</a> Journal of Clinical Investigation. 118 (10), 3247-3259 (2008).</li><li>Burla, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MS-based+lipidomics+of+human+blood+plasma:+a+community-initiated+position+paper+to+develop+accepted+guidelines.">MS-based lipidomics of human blood plasma: a community-initiated position paper to develop accepted guidelines.</a> Journal of Lipid Research. 59 (10), 2001-2017 (2018).</li><li>Umpleby, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hormone+measurement+guidelines:+Tracing+lipid+metabolism:+the+value+of+stable+isotopes.">Hormone measurement guidelines: Tracing lipid metabolism: the value of stable isotopes.</a> Journal of Endocrinology. 226 (3), 1-10 (2015).</li><li>Mitchell, B. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+paired+sibling+analysis+of+the+beta-3+adrenergic+receptor+and+obesity+in+Mexican+Americans.">A paired sibling analysis of the beta-3 adrenergic receptor and obesity in Mexican Americans.</a> Journal of Clinical Investigation. 101 (3), 584-587 (1998).</li><li>Mahoney, L. B., Denny, C. A., Seyfried, T. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Caloric+restriction+in+C57BL/6J+mice+mimics+therapeutic+fasting+in+humans.">Caloric restriction in C57BL/6J mice mimics therapeutic fasting in humans.</a> Lipids in Health and Disease. 5, 13 (2006).</li><li>Hayek, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dietary+fat+increases+high+density+lipoprotein+(HDL)+levels+both+by+increasing+the+transport+rates+and+decreasing+the+fractional+catabolic+rates+of+HDL+cholesterol+ester+and+apolipoprotein+(Apo)+A-I.+Presentation+of+a+new+animal+model+and+mechanistic+studies+in+human+Apo+A-I+transgenic+and+control+mice.">Dietary fat increases high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels both by increasing the transport rates and decreasing the fractional catabolic rates of HDL cholesterol ester and apolipoprotein (Apo) A-I. Presentation of a new animal model and mechanistic studies in human Apo A-I transgenic and control mice.</a> Journal of Clinical Investigation. 91 (4), 1665-1671 (1993).</li><li>Hogarth, C. A., Roy, A., Ebert, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genomic+evidence+for+the+absence+of+a+functional+cholesteryl+ester+transfer+protein+gene+in+mice+and+rats.">Genomic evidence for the absence of a functional cholesteryl ester transfer protein gene in mice and rats.</a> Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part B: Biochemistry &amp; Molecular Biology. 135 (2), 219-229 (2003).</li><li>Tall, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functions+of+cholesterol+ester+transfer+protein+and+relationship+to+coronary+artery+disease+risk.">Functions of cholesterol ester transfer protein and relationship to coronary artery disease risk.</a> Journal of Clinical Lipidology. 4 (5), 389-393 (2010).</li><li>Singh, A. K., Singh, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Triglyceride+and+cardiovascular+risk:+A+critical+appraisal.">Triglyceride and cardiovascular risk: A critical appraisal.</a> Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 20 (4), 418-428 (2016).</li><li>Miller, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Triglycerides+and+cardiovascular+disease:+a+scientific+statement+from+the+American+Heart+Association.">Triglycerides and cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association.</a> Circulation. 123 (20), 2292-2333 (2011).</li><li>Dron, J. S., Hegele, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetics+of+Hypertriglyceridemia.">Genetics of Hypertriglyceridemia.</a> Frontiers in Endocrinology (Lausanne). 11, 455 (2020).</li><li>Dole, V. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+relation+between+non-esterified+fatty+acids+in+plasma+and+the+metabolism+of+glucose.">A relation between non-esterified fatty acids in plasma and the metabolism of glucose.</a> Journal of Clinical Investigation. 35 (2), 150-154 (1956).</li><li>Bartelt, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brown+adipose+tissue+activity+controls+triglyceride+clearance.">Brown adipose tissue activity controls triglyceride clearance.</a> Nature Medicine. 17 (2), 200-205 (2011).</li><li>de Souza, C. J., Burkey, B. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Beta+3-adrenoceptor+agonists+as+anti-diabetic+and+anti-obesity+drugs+in+humans.">Beta 3-adrenoceptor agonists as anti-diabetic and anti-obesity drugs in humans.</a> Current Pharmaceutical Design. 7 (14), 1433-1449 (2001).</li><li>Braun, K., Oeckl, J., Westermeier, J., Li, Y., Klingenspor, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Non-adrenergic+control+of+lipolysis+and+thermogenesis+in+adipose+tissues.">Non-adrenergic control of lipolysis and thermogenesis in adipose tissues.</a> Journal of Experimental Biology. 221, (2018).</li></ol>

De tre beskrevne analyser fungerer robust i laboratoriet, med et par kritiske overvejelser. Overnight faste er nødvendig for bestemmelse faste serum lipid niveauer og oral intralipid tolerance test. For oral intralipid tolerance test, er det afgørende at dreje blodet ved stuetemperatur for at minimere dannelsen af et fedtlag, især på 1- og 2-timers tid punkter; det er vigtigt ikke at kassere dette fedtlag, hvis det dannes. Sørg for at overføre supernatanten med lipidlaget, og pipet forsigtigt for at blande dem samm...

Kulhydrater og lipider er to store substrater for energimetabolisme. Afvigende lipid metabolisme resulterer i mange menneskelige sygdomme, herunder type II diabetes, hjerte-kar-sygdomme, fedtlever sygdomme, og kræft. Kosten lipider, hovedsagelig triglycerider, absorberes gennem tarmen ind i lymfesystemet og kommer ind i venøscirkulationen i chylomicrons nær hjertet1. Lipider bæres af lipoproteinpartikler i blodbanen, hvor fedtsyremoietierne frigøres ved virkningen af lipoprotein lipase ved perifere organer som muskel- og fedtvæv2. De resterende kolesterolrige restpartikler ryddes af leveren3. Mus har været meget udbredt i laboratorier som en forskningsmodel til at studere lipid metabolisme. Med omfattende genetiske værktøjssæt til rådighed og en relativt kort avlscyklus er de en stærk model til at studere, hvordan lipider absorberes, syntetiseres og metaboliseres.
På grund af kompleksiteten af lipid metabolisme, sofistikerede lipidomics undersøgelser eller isotop tracer undersøgelser bruges normalt til at kvantificere samlinger af lipid arter eller lipid-relaterede metaboliske fluxes og skæbner4,5. Dette skaber en massiv udfordring for forskere uden specialiseret udstyr eller ekspertise. I dette papir, præsenterer vi tre analyser, der kan tjene som indledende tests, før teknisk udfordrende teknikker anvendes. De er ikke-terminale procedurer for musene, og dermed meget nyttige til at identificere potentielle forskelle i lipid-håndtering kapacitet og indsnævring af de berørte processer.
For det første kan måling af sende serum lipidmolekyler hjælpe en med at fastslå en mus samlede lipidprofil. Mus skal fastes, fordi mange lipidarter stiger efter måltider, og omfanget af stigningen påvirkes stærkt af kostens sammensætning. Mange lipidmolekyler, herunder total kolesterol, triglycerid og ikke-esterificeret fedtsyre (NEFA), kan måles ved hjælp af et kommercielt kit og en pladelæser, der kan læse absorbans.
For det andet, en oral intralipid tolerance test vurderer lipid-håndtering kapacitet som en nettoeffekt af absorption og stofskifte. En mundtligt administreret intralipid forårsager en stigning i cirkulerende triglyceridniveauer (1-2 timer), hvorefter serum triglyceridniveauet vender tilbage til basalniveauer (4-6 timer). Denne analyse giver oplysninger om, hvor godt en mus kan håndtere de udefrakommende lipider. Hjerte, lever, og brun fedtvæv er aktive forbrugere af triglycerider, mens hvidt fedtvæv gemmer det som en energireserve. Ændringer i disse funktioner vil føre til forskelle i testresultaterne.
Endelig, fremme lipolyse at mobilisere lagrede lipider betragtes som en mulig strategi for vægttab. Den β3-adrenergic receptor signalering vej i fedtvæv spiller en vigtig rolle i adipocyt lipolyse, og human genetik har identificeret et tab-of-funktion polymorfi Trp64Arg i β3-adrenergic receptor korreleret med fedme6. CL 316,243, en specifik og potent β3-adrenergic receptor agonist, stimulerer fedtvæv lipolyse og frigivelse af glycerol. Evaluering af en mus svar på CL 316,243 kan give værdifulde oplysninger om udvikling, forbedring og forståelse af effekten af forbindelsen.
Kollektivt, disse tests kan bruges som en indledende skærm for ændringer i lipid metaboliske tilstand af mus. De vælges til tilgængeligheden af instrumenter og reagenser. Med resultaterne stammer fra disse analyser, forskere kan danne et samlet billede af metaboliske egnethed af deres dyr og træffe beslutning om mere sofistikerede og målrettede tilgange.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>20% Intralipid</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>I141</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD Slip Tip Sterile Syringes 1ml</td>
			<td>Shaotong</td>
			<td>B07F1KRMYN</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CL 316,243 Hydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C5976</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Curved Feeding Needles (18 Gauge)</td>
			<td>Kent Scientific</td>
			<td>FNC-18-2-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Free Glycerol Reagent</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>F6428</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycerol Standard Solution</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G7793</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HR SERIES NEFA-HR(2)COLOR REAGENT A</td>
			<td>Fujifilm Wako Diagnostics</td>
			<td>999-34691</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HR SERIES NEFA-HR(2)COLOR REAGENT B</td>
			<td>Fujifilm Wako Diagnostics</td>
			<td>991-34891</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HR SERIES NEFA-HR(2)SOLVENT A</td>
			<td>Fujifilm Wako Diagnostics</td>
			<td>995-34791</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HR SERIES NEFA-HR(2)SOLVENT B</td>
			<td>Fujifilm Wako Diagnostics</td>
			<td>993-35191</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketamine</td>
			<td>Vedco</td>
			<td>50989-161-06</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Matrix Plus Chemistry Reference Kit</td>
			<td>Verichem</td>
			<td>9500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro Centrifuge Tubes</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-222-168</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microhematrocrit Capillary Tube, Not Heparanized</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>22-362-574</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NEFA STANDARD SOLUTION</td>
			<td>Fujifilm Wako Diagnostics</td>
			<td>276-76491</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate Buffered Saline</td>
			<td>Boston Bioproducts</td>
			<td>BM-220</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermo Scientific Triglycerides Reagent</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>TR22421</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Total Cholesterol Reagents</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientifi</td>
			<td>TR13421</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylazine</td>
			<td>Henry Schein</td>
			<td>11695-4022-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

assessing whole-body lipid-handling capacity in mice

Vurdering lipid metabolisme er en hjørnesten i evalueringen metabolisk funktion, og det anses for afgørende for in vivo metabolisme undersøgelser. Lipider er en klasse af mange forskellige molekyler med mange veje involveret i deres syntese og stofskifte. Et udgangspunkt for evaluering lipid hæmostase for ernæring og fedme forskning er nødvendig. Dette papir beskriver tre nemme og tilgængelige metoder, der kræver lidt ekspertise eller praksis at mestre, og som kan tilpasses af de fleste laboratorier til at screene for lipid-metabolisme abnormiteter i mus. Disse metoder er (1) måling flere faste serum lipid molekyler ved hjælp af kommercielle kits (2) assaying for kosten lipid-håndtering kapacitet gennem en oral intralipid tolerance test, og (3) evaluere respons på en farmaceutisk forbindelse, CL 316,243, i mus. Sammen vil disse metoder give et højt niveau overblik over lipid håndtering kapacitet i mus.

Vi viser med tre uddrag, at hver analyse giver værdifulde oplysninger om musenes lipid metabolisme. For C57BL/6J hanmus, udfordret af otte ugers fedtrig kost (HFD) fodring starter ved otte ugers alder, samlede kolesterolniveauer var signifikant forhøjet, mens serum triglyyceid og NEFA ikke var (tabel 1), tyder på, at triglycerid og NEFA i blodet ikke overvejende er reguleret af en kosten fedt udfordring. I den anden kohorte af mus blev C57BL/6J og C57BL6/N undertræne af C57BL6 fodret HFD i otte uger,...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessing Whole-Body Lipid-Handling Capacity in Mice at JoVE.com

Assessing Whole-Body Lipid-Handling Capacity in Mice

Dette papir giver tre nemme og tilgængelige analyser til vurdering af lipid metabolisme i mus.

Vurdering af helkrops lipidhåndteringskapacitet hos mus

Assessing lipid metabolism is a cornerstone of evaluating metabolic function, and it is considered essential for in vivo metabolism studies. Lipids are a ...

Assessing lipid metabolism is a cornerstone of evaluating metabolic function and it is considered essential for in vivo metabolism studies. Due to the complexity of lipid metabolism, sophisticated lipidomic studies or isotopic tracer studies are usually used, creating a massive challenge for researchers without specialized equipment or expertise. This protocol demonstrates easy and accessible assays for assessing lipid metabolism in mice.Demonstrating the procedure will be Mingyang Huang, a research assistant from the Zhu laboratory. Begin by transferring mice to a new cage and fasting them overnight with free access to water per 16 hours before the experiment, which ensures complete emptying of the mice's gastrointestinal tracts. On the next morning, make a superficial incision in the tail vein of the mouse.And draw 25 microliters of blood from the incision into a glass capillary. Quickly blow the blood into a microcentrifuge tube. Stop the bleeding using septic powders, then refill the feed in the cage and make sure the mice show no signs of extreme stress.Perform the blood withdrawal on all mice. Allow the blood to clot by leaving it undisturbed at room temperature for one hour, then spin the clotted blood samples at 2000 x g at four degrees Celsius for 10 minutes in a refrigerated benchtop microcentrifuge. Collect the supernatant for lipid metabolite analysis.After 5:00 PM, weigh the mice to calculate the intralipid volume that will be given to them on the next day. Then, transfer them into a new cage and fast them overnight. On the next morning, mark the tales of the mice housed in one cage to help identify them in the subsequent bleeding steps.Make a nick in the tail vein and drop 15 microliters of blood from the incision into a glass capillary, and quickly blow the blood into a microcentrifuge tube for T 0 serum. Gavage mice with 20%intralipid using an 18 gauge gavage needle at a ratio of 15 microliters per gram of body weight using the pre-fasting body weight. Draw blood at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 hours.Spin the blood samples at 2000 x g for 10 minutes in a microcentrifuge. Transfer the supernatant, including the floating fat layer to a PCR tube for storage. The supernatant can be stored at minus 20 degrees Celsius for several weeks until analysis.After the last blood collection, stop the bleeding using septic powders, refill the feed in the cage and make sure the mice show no signs of extreme stress. Load two microliters of triglyceride standard and collected supernatants into a 96-well plate. Add 200 microliters of triglyceride reagent and let the plate incubate for five minutes at 37 degrees Celsius for color development.Measure the absorbance at 500 nanometers with a reference wavelength of 660 nanometers in a plate reader and calculate the sample's concentration. In the morning, weigh the mice to calculate the amount of diluted CL 316, 243 compound solution needed for the experiment. Transfer the mice into a new cage with free access to water and fast them for four hours.Make enough 1X CL compound solution from the 50X stock that was prepared by dissolving five milligrams of CL 316, 243 powder in one milliliter sterile saline or PBS. Use sterile saline or PBS for the control treatment group. Filter through a Millipore 0.22 micron PES membrane filter unit to sterilize the solution.Mark the tales of the mice housed in the same cage for easy identification during the bleeding step. Make a nick in the tail vein and draw 15 microliters of blood from the incision into a glass capillary, then quickly flow the blood into a microcentrifuge tube for the T 0 sample. Inject diluted CL compound solution intraperitoneally at a volume of 10 microliters per gram of body weight.Use a maximum of five mice for each 60 minute experiment or 10 mice for a two person team. Draw blood at 5, 15, 30, and 60 minutes after the injection. After the last blood collection, stop the bleeding using septic powders, refill the feed in the cage, and make sure the mice show no signs of extreme stress.Spin the blood samples at 2000 x g at four degrees Celsius for five minutes in a refrigerated microcentrifuge, then transfer the supernatant to a PCR tube for storage. The supernatant can be stored at minus 20 degrees Celsius for several weeks until analysis. Load one microliter of 2X serially diluted glycerol standards and collected supernatants into a 96-well plate.Add 100 microliters of free glycerol reagent and let the plate incubate for five minutes at 37 degrees Celsius for the color to develop. Measure the absorbance at 540 nanometers using a laboratory plate reader and calculate the concentration of each sample. When C57BL6/J male mice were challenged by eight weeks of a high-fat diet, total cholesterol levels were significantly elevated.Meanwhile, serum triglyceride and NEFA were not, suggesting that triglyceride and NEFA in the blood are not predominantly influenced by chronic high-fat diet challenge. In the second cohort of mice, substrains of C57BL6 were fed the high-fat diet for eight weeks starting at eight weeks of age. Their serum triglyceride levels were compared after an oral intralipid challenge.The 6/J substrain had a significantly higher peak compared to the 6/N substrain, indicating an enhanced absorption or a much slower triglyceride clearance. For eight week old C57BL6/J mice fed on normal chow, a single CL 316, 243 treatment led to a significant increase in serum glycerol. However, daily intraperitoneal pretreatment of mice with CL compound for one week led to a blunted reaction to the CL compound treatment, suggesting a quick development of resistance to the compound.Simplicity is both the power and weakness of this protocol. It does not impose a significant technical hurdle on experimenters, but the results need careful interpretation. Measurement of a specific lipid molecule by mass spectrometry or more comprehensive lipidomics should be performed for followup studies.An isotope tracing technique is usually used to understand the flux of lipid metabolism.

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Transthoracic Echocardiography in Mice

In recent years, murine models have become the primary avenue for studying the molecular mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction resulting from changes in gene ...

Assessing Teratogenic Changes in a Zebrafish Model of Fetal Alcohol Exposure

Evaluering Teratogene Ændringer i en Zebrafisk Model af Føtalt Alkohol Eksponering

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a severe manifestation of embryonic exposure to ethanol. It presents with characteristic defects to the face and organs, ...

Protocol for Long Duration Whole Body Hyperthermia in Mice

Protokol for Long Duration Whole Body Hypertermi i mus

Hyperthermia is a general term used to define the increase in core body temperature above normal. It is often used to describe the increased core body ...

Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention

Vurdere ændringer i flygtige narkose Følsomhed af mus efter lokale eller systemiske farmakologisk intervention

One desirable endpoint of general anesthesia is  the state of unconsciousness, also known as hypnosis. Defining the hypnotic state in animals is  less ...

A Method to Study the Impact of Chemically-induced Ovarian Failure on Exercise Capacity and Cardiac Adaptation in Mice

En metode til at undersøge virkningen af ​​Kemisk induceret ovariesvigt på arbejdskapacitet og Cardiac Tilpasning i mus

The risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) increases in post-menopausal women, yet, the role of exercise, as a preventative measure for CVD risk in ...

Carotid Artery Infusions for Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Analysis of Taxanes in Mice

Halspulsåren infusioner farmakokinetisk og farmakodynamisk analyse af Taxaner i mus

When proposing the use of a drug, drug combination, or drug delivery into a novel system, one must assess the pharmacokinetics of the drug in the study ...

Assessing Specificity of Anticancer Drugs In Vitro

Assessing Specificity of Anticancer Drugs In Vitro

Vurdering Specificitet af Anticancer Drugs<em&gt; In vitro</em

A procedure for assessing specificity of anticancer drugs in vitro using cultures containing both tumor and non-tumor cells is demonstrated. The key ...

Phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Tool for Measuring In Vivo Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Capacity in Human Skeletal Muscle

Phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Tool for Measuring In Vivo Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Capacity in Human Skeletal Muscle

Fosfor-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: et redskab til måling<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Mitokondrie Oxidativ phosphorylering Kapacitet i human skeletmuskulatur

Skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) capacity, which is critically important in health and disease, can be measured in vivo ...

Whole Body and Regional Quantification of Active Human Brown Adipose Tissue Using 18F-FDG PET/CT

Whole Body and Regional Quantification of Active Human Brown Adipose Tissue Using 18F-FDG PET/CT

Hele kroppen og regionale kvantificering af aktive menneskelige brunt fedtvæv bruger 18F-FDG PET/CT

In endothermic animals, brown adipose tissue (BAT) is activated to produce heat for defending body temperature in response to cold. BAT&#39;s ability to ...

Assessing Therapeutic Angiogenesis in a Murine Model of Hindlimb Ischemia

Vurdering af terapeutisk angiogenese i en murine model af baglemmer iskæmi

Critical limb ischemia (CLI) is a serious condition that entails a high risk of lower limb amputation. Despite revascularization being the gold-standard ...