Name: assessing whole-body lipid-handling capacity in mice
Uploaded: 2020-11-24T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessing Whole-Body Lipid-Handling Capacity in Mice at JoVE.com

Dette arbeidet støttes av National Institutes of Health (NIH), grant R00-DK114498, og United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), grant CRIS: 3092-51000-062 til Y. Z.

Dyr er plassert i standardiserte forhold etter dyrepleie og eksperimentelle protokoller godkjent av Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee fra Baylor College of Medicine (BCM). Dyr blir matet en standard eller spesiell diett, vann ad libitum, og holdes med en 12-timers dag / natt syklus.
1. Måling av faste serumlipider
<ol><li>Overfør mus til et nytt bur etter kl. 17.00 og rask med fri tilgang til vann, over natten (med rundt 16 timers faste før eksperimentet). Nattfastingen sikrer f...

<ol>
	<li>Dixon, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+chylomicron+uptake+into+lacteals.">Mechanisms of chylomicron uptake into lacteals.</a> Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1207, 52-57 (2010).</li><li>Nuno, J., de Oya, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lipoprotein+lipase:+review.">Lipoprotein lipase: review.</a> Revista Cl&#237;nica Espa&#241;ola. 170 (3-4), 83-87 (1983).</li><li>Williams, K. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+processes+that+handle+--+and+mishandle+--+dietary+lipids.">Molecular processes that handle -- and mishandle -- dietary lipids.</a> Journal of Clinical Investigation. 118 (10), 3247-3259 (2008).</li><li>Burla, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MS-based+lipidomics+of+human+blood+plasma:+a+community-initiated+position+paper+to+develop+accepted+guidelines.">MS-based lipidomics of human blood plasma: a community-initiated position paper to develop accepted guidelines.</a> Journal of Lipid Research. 59 (10), 2001-2017 (2018).</li><li>Umpleby, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hormone+measurement+guidelines:+Tracing+lipid+metabolism:+the+value+of+stable+isotopes.">Hormone measurement guidelines: Tracing lipid metabolism: the value of stable isotopes.</a> Journal of Endocrinology. 226 (3), 1-10 (2015).</li><li>Mitchell, B. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+paired+sibling+analysis+of+the+beta-3+adrenergic+receptor+and+obesity+in+Mexican+Americans.">A paired sibling analysis of the beta-3 adrenergic receptor and obesity in Mexican Americans.</a> Journal of Clinical Investigation. 101 (3), 584-587 (1998).</li><li>Mahoney, L. B., Denny, C. A., Seyfried, T. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Caloric+restriction+in+C57BL/6J+mice+mimics+therapeutic+fasting+in+humans.">Caloric restriction in C57BL/6J mice mimics therapeutic fasting in humans.</a> Lipids in Health and Disease. 5, 13 (2006).</li><li>Hayek, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dietary+fat+increases+high+density+lipoprotein+(HDL)+levels+both+by+increasing+the+transport+rates+and+decreasing+the+fractional+catabolic+rates+of+HDL+cholesterol+ester+and+apolipoprotein+(Apo)+A-I.+Presentation+of+a+new+animal+model+and+mechanistic+studies+in+human+Apo+A-I+transgenic+and+control+mice.">Dietary fat increases high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels both by increasing the transport rates and decreasing the fractional catabolic rates of HDL cholesterol ester and apolipoprotein (Apo) A-I. Presentation of a new animal model and mechanistic studies in human Apo A-I transgenic and control mice.</a> Journal of Clinical Investigation. 91 (4), 1665-1671 (1993).</li><li>Hogarth, C. A., Roy, A., Ebert, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genomic+evidence+for+the+absence+of+a+functional+cholesteryl+ester+transfer+protein+gene+in+mice+and+rats.">Genomic evidence for the absence of a functional cholesteryl ester transfer protein gene in mice and rats.</a> Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part B: Biochemistry &amp; Molecular Biology. 135 (2), 219-229 (2003).</li><li>Tall, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functions+of+cholesterol+ester+transfer+protein+and+relationship+to+coronary+artery+disease+risk.">Functions of cholesterol ester transfer protein and relationship to coronary artery disease risk.</a> Journal of Clinical Lipidology. 4 (5), 389-393 (2010).</li><li>Singh, A. K., Singh, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Triglyceride+and+cardiovascular+risk:+A+critical+appraisal.">Triglyceride and cardiovascular risk: A critical appraisal.</a> Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 20 (4), 418-428 (2016).</li><li>Miller, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Triglycerides+and+cardiovascular+disease:+a+scientific+statement+from+the+American+Heart+Association.">Triglycerides and cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association.</a> Circulation. 123 (20), 2292-2333 (2011).</li><li>Dron, J. S., Hegele, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetics+of+Hypertriglyceridemia.">Genetics of Hypertriglyceridemia.</a> Frontiers in Endocrinology (Lausanne). 11, 455 (2020).</li><li>Dole, V. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+relation+between+non-esterified+fatty+acids+in+plasma+and+the+metabolism+of+glucose.">A relation between non-esterified fatty acids in plasma and the metabolism of glucose.</a> Journal of Clinical Investigation. 35 (2), 150-154 (1956).</li><li>Bartelt, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brown+adipose+tissue+activity+controls+triglyceride+clearance.">Brown adipose tissue activity controls triglyceride clearance.</a> Nature Medicine. 17 (2), 200-205 (2011).</li><li>de Souza, C. J., Burkey, B. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Beta+3-adrenoceptor+agonists+as+anti-diabetic+and+anti-obesity+drugs+in+humans.">Beta 3-adrenoceptor agonists as anti-diabetic and anti-obesity drugs in humans.</a> Current Pharmaceutical Design. 7 (14), 1433-1449 (2001).</li><li>Braun, K., Oeckl, J., Westermeier, J., Li, Y., Klingenspor, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Non-adrenergic+control+of+lipolysis+and+thermogenesis+in+adipose+tissues.">Non-adrenergic control of lipolysis and thermogenesis in adipose tissues.</a> Journal of Experimental Biology. 221, (2018).</li></ol>

De tre analysene som beskrives fungerer robust i laboratoriet, med noen få kritiske hensyn. Nattfasting er nødvendig for å bestemme fastende serum lipidnivåer og oral intralipid toleransetest. For oral intralipid toleransetest er det viktig å spinne blodet ved romtemperatur for å minimere dannelsen av et fettlag, spesielt ved 1- og 2-timers tidspunkter; det er viktig å ikke kaste bort dette fettlaget hvis det dannes. Sørg for å overføre supernatanten med lipidlaget, og rør forsiktig for å blande dem sammen fo...

Karbohydrater og lipider er to store substrater for energimetabolisme. Avvikende lipidmetabolisme resulterer i mange menneskelige sykdommer, inkludert type II diabetes, kardiovaskulære sykdommer, fettleversykdommer og kreft. Dietary lipider, hovedsakelig triglyserider, absorberes gjennom tarmen inn i lymfesystemet og går inn i venøs sirkulasjon i chylomicrons nær hjertet1. Lipider bæres av lipoproteinpartikler i blodet, hvor fettsyremoieties frigjøres ved virkningen av lipoprotein lipase ved perifere organer som muskel og fettvev2. De resterende kolesterolrike restpartiklene fjernes av leveren3. Mus har blitt mye brukt i laboratorier som forskningsmodell for å studere lipidmetabolisme. Med omfattende genetiske verktøysett tilgjengelig og en relativt kort avlssyklus, er de en kraftig modell for å studere hvordan lipider absorberes, syntetiseres og metaboliseres.
På grunn av kompleksiteten i lipidmetabolismen brukes sofistikerte lipidomiske studier eller isotopiske tracerstudier vanligvis til å kvantifisere samlinger av lipidarter eller lipidrelaterte metabolske fluxer og skjebner4,5. Dette skaper en massiv utfordring for forskere uten spesialutstyr eller kompetanse. I dette dokumentet presenterer vi tre analyser som kan fungere som innledende tester før teknisk utfordrende teknikker brukes. De er ikke-terminale prosedyrer for musene, og dermed svært nyttige for å identifisere potensielle forskjeller i lipidhåndteringskapasitet og begrense de berørte prosessene.
For det første kan måling av faste serum lipidmolekyler hjelpe en med å fastslå musens generelle lipidprofil. Mus bør fastes, fordi mange lipidarter stiger etter måltider, og omfanget av økningen påvirkes sterkt av sammensetningen av dietten. Mange lipidmolekyler, inkludert totalt kolesterol, triglyserid og ikke-esterifisert fettsyre (NEFA), kan måles ved hjelp av et kommersielt sett og en plateleser som kan lese absorbans.
For det andre evaluerer en oral intralipidtoleransetest lipidhåndteringsevne som en netto effekt av absorpsjon og metabolisme. En oralt administrert intralipid forårsaker en økning i sirkulerende triglyseridnivåer (1-2 timer), hvoretter serum triglyseridnivåene går tilbake til basale nivåer (4-6 timer). Denne analysen gir informasjon om hvor godt en mus kan håndtere de eksogene lipidene. Hjerte-, lever- og brun fettvev er aktive forbrukere av triglyserider, mens hvitt fettvev lagrer det som et energireservat. Endringer i disse funksjonene vil føre til forskjeller i testresultatene.
Til slutt, fremme lipolyse for å mobilisere lagrede lipider anses som en mulig strategi for vekttap. Den β3-adrenerge reseptorsignaleringsveien i fettvevet spiller en viktig rolle i adipocytt lipolyse, og menneskelig genetikk har identifisert et tap av funksjon polymorfisme Trp64Arg i β3-adrenerge reseptor korrelert med fedme6. CL 316,243, en spesifikk og potent β3-adrenerge reseptoragonist, stimulerer fettvev lipolyse og frigjøring av glyserol. Evaluering av musens respons på CL 316,243 kan gi verdifull informasjon om utvikling, forbedring og forståelse av effekten av forbindelsen.
Samlet kan disse testene brukes som en startskjerm for endringer i musens lipidmetaboliske tilstand. De er valgt for tilgjengeligheten av instrumenter og reagenser. Med resultatene fra disse analysene kan forskere danne et samlet bilde av dyrenes metabolske kondisjon og bestemme seg for mer sofistikerte og målrettede tilnærminger.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>20% Intralipid</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>I141</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD Slip Tip Sterile Syringes 1ml</td>
			<td>Shaotong</td>
			<td>B07F1KRMYN</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CL 316,243 Hydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C5976</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Curved Feeding Needles (18 Gauge)</td>
			<td>Kent Scientific</td>
			<td>FNC-18-2-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Free Glycerol Reagent</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>F6428</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycerol Standard Solution</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G7793</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HR SERIES NEFA-HR(2)COLOR REAGENT A</td>
			<td>Fujifilm Wako Diagnostics</td>
			<td>999-34691</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HR SERIES NEFA-HR(2)COLOR REAGENT B</td>
			<td>Fujifilm Wako Diagnostics</td>
			<td>991-34891</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HR SERIES NEFA-HR(2)SOLVENT A</td>
			<td>Fujifilm Wako Diagnostics</td>
			<td>995-34791</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HR SERIES NEFA-HR(2)SOLVENT B</td>
			<td>Fujifilm Wako Diagnostics</td>
			<td>993-35191</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketamine</td>
			<td>Vedco</td>
			<td>50989-161-06</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Matrix Plus Chemistry Reference Kit</td>
			<td>Verichem</td>
			<td>9500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro Centrifuge Tubes</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-222-168</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microhematrocrit Capillary Tube, Not Heparanized</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>22-362-574</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NEFA STANDARD SOLUTION</td>
			<td>Fujifilm Wako Diagnostics</td>
			<td>276-76491</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate Buffered Saline</td>
			<td>Boston Bioproducts</td>
			<td>BM-220</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermo Scientific Triglycerides Reagent</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>TR22421</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Total Cholesterol Reagents</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientifi</td>
			<td>TR13421</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylazine</td>
			<td>Henry Schein</td>
			<td>11695-4022-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

assessing whole-body lipid-handling capacity in mice

Vurdering av lipidmetabolisme er en hjørnestein i evaluering av metabolsk funksjon, og det anses som viktig for in vivo metabolisme studier. Lipider er en klasse av mange forskjellige molekyler med mange veier involvert i syntese og metabolisme. Et utgangspunkt for evaluering av lipid hemostase for ernæring og fedme forskning er nødvendig. Dette dokumentet beskriver tre enkle og tilgjengelige metoder som krever liten kompetanse eller praksis for å mestre, og som kan tilpasses av de fleste laboratorier for å screene for lipidmetabolismeavvik hos mus. Disse metodene er (1) måle flere faste serum lipid molekyler ved hjelp av kommersielle sett (2) analyse for kosthold lipid-håndtering evne gjennom en muntlig intralipid toleranse test, og (3) evaluere responsen på en farmasøytisk forbindelse, CL 316,243, hos mus. Sammen vil disse metodene gi en høy nivå oversikt over lipidhåndteringsevne hos mus.

Vi viser med tre utdrag at hver analyse gir verdifull informasjon om musenes lipidmetabolisme. For C57BL/6J hannmus, utfordret av åtte uker med fettfattig diett (HFD) fôring fra åtte uker, ble det totale kolesterolnivået betydelig forhøyet, mens serum triglylyserid og NEFA ikke var (Tabell 1), noe som tyder på at triglyserid og NEFA i blodet ikke er overveiende regulert av en kostholdsfettutfordring. I den andre kohorten av mus ble C57BL/6J og C57BL6/N substrains av C57BL6 matet HFD i åtte uker, f...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessing Whole-Body Lipid-Handling Capacity in Mice at JoVE.com

Assessing Whole-Body Lipid-Handling Capacity in Mice

Dette papiret gir tre enkle og tilgjengelige analyser for å vurdere lipidmetabolisme hos mus.

Vurdering av lipidhåndteringskapasitet i hele kroppen hos mus

Assessing lipid metabolism is a cornerstone of evaluating metabolic function, and it is considered essential for in vivo metabolism studies. Lipids are a ...

Assessing lipid metabolism is a cornerstone of evaluating metabolic function and it is considered essential for in vivo metabolism studies. Due to the complexity of lipid metabolism, sophisticated lipidomic studies or isotopic tracer studies are usually used, creating a massive challenge for researchers without specialized equipment or expertise. This protocol demonstrates easy and accessible assays for assessing lipid metabolism in mice.Demonstrating the procedure will be Mingyang Huang, a research assistant from the Zhu laboratory. Begin by transferring mice to a new cage and fasting them overnight with free access to water per 16 hours before the experiment, which ensures complete emptying of the mice's gastrointestinal tracts. On the next morning, make a superficial incision in the tail vein of the mouse.And draw 25 microliters of blood from the incision into a glass capillary. Quickly blow the blood into a microcentrifuge tube. Stop the bleeding using septic powders, then refill the feed in the cage and make sure the mice show no signs of extreme stress.Perform the blood withdrawal on all mice. Allow the blood to clot by leaving it undisturbed at room temperature for one hour, then spin the clotted blood samples at 2000 x g at four degrees Celsius for 10 minutes in a refrigerated benchtop microcentrifuge. Collect the supernatant for lipid metabolite analysis.After 5:00 PM, weigh the mice to calculate the intralipid volume that will be given to them on the next day. Then, transfer them into a new cage and fast them overnight. On the next morning, mark the tales of the mice housed in one cage to help identify them in the subsequent bleeding steps.Make a nick in the tail vein and drop 15 microliters of blood from the incision into a glass capillary, and quickly blow the blood into a microcentrifuge tube for T 0 serum. Gavage mice with 20%intralipid using an 18 gauge gavage needle at a ratio of 15 microliters per gram of body weight using the pre-fasting body weight. Draw blood at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 hours.Spin the blood samples at 2000 x g for 10 minutes in a microcentrifuge. Transfer the supernatant, including the floating fat layer to a PCR tube for storage. The supernatant can be stored at minus 20 degrees Celsius for several weeks until analysis.After the last blood collection, stop the bleeding using septic powders, refill the feed in the cage and make sure the mice show no signs of extreme stress. Load two microliters of triglyceride standard and collected supernatants into a 96-well plate. Add 200 microliters of triglyceride reagent and let the plate incubate for five minutes at 37 degrees Celsius for color development.Measure the absorbance at 500 nanometers with a reference wavelength of 660 nanometers in a plate reader and calculate the sample's concentration. In the morning, weigh the mice to calculate the amount of diluted CL 316, 243 compound solution needed for the experiment. Transfer the mice into a new cage with free access to water and fast them for four hours.Make enough 1X CL compound solution from the 50X stock that was prepared by dissolving five milligrams of CL 316, 243 powder in one milliliter sterile saline or PBS. Use sterile saline or PBS for the control treatment group. Filter through a Millipore 0.22 micron PES membrane filter unit to sterilize the solution.Mark the tales of the mice housed in the same cage for easy identification during the bleeding step. Make a nick in the tail vein and draw 15 microliters of blood from the incision into a glass capillary, then quickly flow the blood into a microcentrifuge tube for the T 0 sample. Inject diluted CL compound solution intraperitoneally at a volume of 10 microliters per gram of body weight.Use a maximum of five mice for each 60 minute experiment or 10 mice for a two person team. Draw blood at 5, 15, 30, and 60 minutes after the injection. After the last blood collection, stop the bleeding using septic powders, refill the feed in the cage, and make sure the mice show no signs of extreme stress.Spin the blood samples at 2000 x g at four degrees Celsius for five minutes in a refrigerated microcentrifuge, then transfer the supernatant to a PCR tube for storage. The supernatant can be stored at minus 20 degrees Celsius for several weeks until analysis. Load one microliter of 2X serially diluted glycerol standards and collected supernatants into a 96-well plate.Add 100 microliters of free glycerol reagent and let the plate incubate for five minutes at 37 degrees Celsius for the color to develop. Measure the absorbance at 540 nanometers using a laboratory plate reader and calculate the concentration of each sample. When C57BL6/J male mice were challenged by eight weeks of a high-fat diet, total cholesterol levels were significantly elevated.Meanwhile, serum triglyceride and NEFA were not, suggesting that triglyceride and NEFA in the blood are not predominantly influenced by chronic high-fat diet challenge. In the second cohort of mice, substrains of C57BL6 were fed the high-fat diet for eight weeks starting at eight weeks of age. Their serum triglyceride levels were compared after an oral intralipid challenge.The 6/J substrain had a significantly higher peak compared to the 6/N substrain, indicating an enhanced absorption or a much slower triglyceride clearance. For eight week old C57BL6/J mice fed on normal chow, a single CL 316, 243 treatment led to a significant increase in serum glycerol. However, daily intraperitoneal pretreatment of mice with CL compound for one week led to a blunted reaction to the CL compound treatment, suggesting a quick development of resistance to the compound.Simplicity is both the power and weakness of this protocol. It does not impose a significant technical hurdle on experimenters, but the results need careful interpretation. Measurement of a specific lipid molecule by mass spectrometry or more comprehensive lipidomics should be performed for followup studies.An isotope tracing technique is usually used to understand the flux of lipid metabolism.

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Transthoracic Echocardiography in Mice

In recent years, murine models have become the primary avenue for studying the molecular mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction resulting from changes in gene ...

Assessing Teratogenic Changes in a Zebrafish Model of Fetal Alcohol Exposure

Vurdere Teratogene Endringer i en sebrafisk Model of Fetal Alcohol Exposure

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a severe manifestation of embryonic exposure to ethanol. It presents with characteristic defects to the face and organs, ...

Protocol for Long Duration Whole Body Hyperthermia in Mice

Protokoll for lang varighet Whole Body Hypertermi i Mus

Hyperthermia is a general term used to define the increase in core body temperature above normal. It is often used to describe the increased core body ...

Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention

Vurdere endringer i Volatile Narkose Følsomhet av Mus etter lokale eller systemiske Farmakologisk Intervention

One desirable endpoint of general anesthesia is  the state of unconsciousness, also known as hypnosis. Defining the hypnotic state in animals is  less ...

A Method to Study the Impact of Chemically-induced Ovarian Failure on Exercise Capacity and Cardiac Adaptation in Mice

En metode for å studere virkningen av kjemisk-indusert eggstokksvikt på arbeidskapasiteten og Cardiac Adaptation i Mus

The risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) increases in post-menopausal women, yet, the role of exercise, as a preventative measure for CVD risk in ...

Carotid Artery Infusions for Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Analysis of Taxanes in Mice

Carotisar infusjoner for farmakokinetiske og farmakodynamiske Analyse av Taxaner i Mus

When proposing the use of a drug, drug combination, or drug delivery into a novel system, one must assess the pharmacokinetics of the drug in the study ...

Assessing Specificity of Anticancer Drugs In Vitro

Assessing Specificity of Anticancer Drugs In Vitro

Vurdere Spesifisitet av kreftmedisiner<em&gt; In Vitro</em

A procedure for assessing specificity of anticancer drugs in vitro using cultures containing both tumor and non-tumor cells is demonstrated. The key ...

Phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Tool for Measuring In Vivo Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Capacity in Human Skeletal Muscle

Phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Tool for Measuring In Vivo Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Capacity in Human Skeletal Muscle

Fosfor-31 Magnetic Resonance spektroskopi: Et verktøy for måling<em&gt; I Vivo</em&gt; Mitokondriell oksidativ fosforylering Kapasitet i Human Skeletal Muscle

Skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) capacity, which is critically important in health and disease, can be measured in vivo ...

Whole Body and Regional Quantification of Active Human Brown Adipose Tissue Using 18F-FDG PET/CT

Whole Body and Regional Quantification of Active Human Brown Adipose Tissue Using 18F-FDG PET/CT

Hele kroppen og regionale kvantifisering av aktiv person brune fettvev med 18F-FDG PET/CT

In endothermic animals, brown adipose tissue (BAT) is activated to produce heat for defending body temperature in response to cold. BAT&#39;s ability to ...

Assessing Therapeutic Angiogenesis in a Murine Model of Hindlimb Ischemia

Vurdering av terapeutiske angiogenese i en murine modell av Hindlimb bentap ischemia

Critical limb ischemia (CLI) is a serious condition that entails a high risk of lower limb amputation. Despite revascularization being the gold-standard ...