Name: discovery of metastatic regulators using a rapid and quantitative intravital chick chorioallantoic membrane model
Uploaded: 2021-02-03T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Discovery of Metastatic Regulators using a Rapid and Quantitative Intravital Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane Model at JoVE.com

这项工作得到了加拿大癌症协会研究所的资助，该研究所向JDL和KS#702849。刘易斯博士在艾伯塔省癌症基金会的支持下担任前列腺癌研究的弗兰克和卡拉·索琼基主席。

所有实验都是根据艾伯塔大学机构动物护理和使用委员会的条例和准则进行的。许多研究机构不认为鸟类胚胎是活的动物，也不需要动物协议。然而，这是一个公认的观点，即鸟类胚胎会感到疼痛，因此必须尽可能人道地对待。在开始任何研究工作之前，必须联系当地动物研究机构，以确保遵守适当的法规。
1. 无壳蛋培养
<ol><li>从当地供应商处获取受精鸡蛋。本实验采用白...

<ol>
	<li>Hanahan, D., Weinberg, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hallmarks+of+cancer:+The+next+generation.">Hallmarks of cancer: The next generation.</a> Cell. 144 (5), 646-674 (2011).</li><li>Van't Veer, L. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+expression+profiling+predicts+clinical+outcome+of+breast+cancer.">Gene expression profiling predicts clinical outcome of breast cancer.</a> Nature. 415 (6871), 530-536 (2002).</li><li>Eccles, S. A., Welch, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metastasis:+recent+discoveries+and+novel+treatment+strategies.">Metastasis: recent discoveries and novel treatment strategies.</a> Lancet. 369 (9574), 1742-1757 (2007).</li><li>Weber, G. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+mechanisms+of+metastasis.">Molecular mechanisms of metastasis.</a> Cancer Letters. 270 (2), 181-190 (2008).</li><li>Chambers, A. F., Groom, A. C., MacDonald, I. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dissemination+and+growth+of+cancer+cells+in+metastatic+sites.">Dissemination and growth of cancer cells in metastatic sites.</a> Nature Reviews Cancer. 2 (8), 563-572 (2002).</li><li>Pantel, K., Brakenhoff, R. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dissecting+the+metastatic+cascade.">Dissecting the metastatic cascade.</a> Nature Reviews Cancer. 4 (6), 448-456 (2004).</li><li>Friedl, P., Wolf, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumour-cell+invasion+and+migration:+diversity+and+escape+mechanisms.">Tumour-cell invasion and migration: diversity and escape mechanisms.</a> Nature Reviews Cancer. 3 (5), 362-374 (2003).</li><li>Oudin, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumor+cell-driven+extracellular+matrix+remodeling+drives+haptotaxis+during+metastatic+progression.">Tumor cell-driven extracellular matrix remodeling drives haptotaxis during metastatic progression.</a> Cancer Discovery. 6 (5), 516-531 (2016).</li><li>Leong, H. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravital+imaging+of+embryonic+and+tumor+neovasculature+using+viral+nanoparticles.">Intravital imaging of embryonic and tumor neovasculature using viral nanoparticles.</a> Nature Protocols. 5 (8), 1406-1417 (2010).</li><li>Kain, K. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+chick+embryo+as+an+expanding+experimental+model+for+cancer+and+cardiovascular+research.">The chick embryo as an expanding experimental model for cancer and cardiovascular research.</a> Developmental Dynamics : An official Publication of the American Association of Anatomists. 243 (2), 216-228 (2014).</li><li>Zijlstra, A., Lewis, J., Degryse, B., Stuhlmann, H., Quigley, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+inhibition+of+tumor+cell+intravasation+and+subsequent+metastasis+via+regulation+of+in+vivo+tumor+cell+motility+by+the+tetraspanin+CD151.">The inhibition of tumor cell intravasation and subsequent metastasis via regulation of in vivo tumor cell motility by the tetraspanin CD151.</a> Cancer Cell. 13 (3), 221-234 (2008).</li><li>Palmer, T. D., Lewis, J., Zijlstra, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+analysis+of+cancer+metastasis+using+an+avian+embryo+model.">Quantitative analysis of cancer metastasis using an avian embryo model.</a> Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE. (51), e2815 (2011).</li><li>Stoletov, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+in+vivo+whole+genome+motility+screen+reveals+novel+therapeutic+targets+to+block+cancer+metastasis.">Quantitative in vivo whole genome motility screen reveals novel therapeutic targets to block cancer metastasis.</a> Nature Communications. 9 (1), 2343 (2018).</li><li>Leong, H. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Invadopodia+are+required+for+cancer+cell+extravasation+and+are+a+therapeutic+target+for+metastasis.">Invadopodia are required for cancer cell extravasation and are a therapeutic target for metastasis.</a> Cell Reports. 8 (5), 1558-1570 (2014).</li><li>Willetts, L., Bond, D., Stoletov, K., Lewis, J. 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在这里，我们描述了基于快速荧光显微镜的活性筛选方案，可用于重要的应用，如基因或药物候选屏幕。使用这种鹰凸轮模型快速筛选和量化使用感兴趣的表型的癌细胞，这些癌细胞已被遗传感兴趣的基因库转导或与单个表达结构发生感染。由于转导或转染协议因库类型而异，因此未包含在此程序中。表型相关的转移菌落从 CAM 中切除，扩展和 DNA 分离，用于高通量测序，以确定兴趣的表达结构。...

转移是癌症患者死亡的主要原因1，2，3。转移性癌细胞利用不同的信号通路，取决于癌症的类型，在整个转移级联的五个步骤：局部入侵，内化，在循环中生存，奢侈和殖民地扩张在遥远的转移点。目前对这一转移过程的理解表明，有两个瓶颈步骤，一个是原发性肿瘤对癌细胞的定向侵入，二是建立远地点转移病变4、5、6。这两个步骤都需要癌细胞在初始入侵或遥远转移性病变形成的部位与胶原蛋白和血管积极相互作用。因此，转移性癌细胞必须能够附着在细胞上，重塑胶原纤维，并沿着血管壁定向侵入7。筛选模型，可以迅速识别抗金属治疗目标，以阻止癌细胞完成这些步骤是最重要的。现有的体外筛查模型并不能完全模拟复杂的活组织环境。鼠标型号既昂贵又耗时。因此，迫切需要提供复杂的活组织环境和快速识别目标的活体筛查平台。
在过去十年中，鸡胚胎已被确定为人类癌症转移8、9、10、11、12的强大且具有成本效益的模型。小鸡胆管素膜（CAM）组织是薄和半透明的，这使得它非常适合细胞和细胞群落行为在原发性肿瘤和/或转移位点12的活性显微成像。从多个人类癌细胞系的原发性肿瘤生长可以在微注射到CAM组织后几天内启动和转移。癌细胞可以通过多种方式管理到CAM组织，包括静脉注射、内膜或作为植物上的胶原蛋白，这种灵活性使研究人员能够专注于癌症进展的特定阶段，例如转移性病变形成、从原发性肿瘤中侵入或血管生成。
在这里，我们描述了一个定量筛选平台，可用于测量癌细胞建立侵入性转移性病变的能力。用表达库转导的癌细胞以低密度静脉注射到CAM血管中。转移菌落形成4-5天，然后评估由此产生的殖民地的入侵能力和血管相互作用。未入侵的个体菌落被切除、传播，其表型通过重新注射和量化菌落紧凑度和癌细胞血管接触在CAM中得到确认。负责单转移性群落突变表型的表达库结构通过高通量测序从分离的群落基因组DNA中识别出来。同一平台可进一步用于验证基因与观察到表型之间的因果关系，或对观察到的表型进行深入的机械研究。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1 mL disposable syringes</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>BD309659</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 mL conical centrifuge tubes.</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>CLS430791-500EA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>18 gauge x 1 1/2&#160; BD precision needle</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>BD305196</td>
			<td>we use 1.2mm x 40mm, it is possible to use shorter needles if preferred</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2.5% Trypsin solution</td>
			<td>many sources are available</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4T1 mouse breast cancer</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CRL-2539</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B16F10 mouse melanoma cell line</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CRL-6475</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Benchtop centrifuge.</td>
			<td>many sources are available</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Any TC compatible centrifuge that can be used to spin down the cells is suitable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Circular coverslips, 22 mm.</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12-545-101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C0130-100MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Confocal microscope</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>We use Nikon A1r</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cotton swabs</td>
			<td>many sources are available</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>must be sterilized before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Culture media appropriate for the cell lines used</td>
			<td>many sources are available</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>We grow HT1080, HEp3 and b16 cell lines in DMEM, 10% FBS media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Egg incubator</td>
			<td>many sources are available</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>An exact model that is necessary depends on the scale of the screen. Available sources are MGF Company Inc., Savannah, GA, or&#160; Lyon Electric Company Inc., Chula Vista, CA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>eppendor tubes , 1.5ml</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T4816-250EA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fertilized White Leghorn eggs</td>
			<td>any local supplyer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>fine forceps</td>
			<td>many sources are available</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>must be sterilized begfore use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hemocytometer&#160;</td>
			<td>Millipore-Sigma</td>
			<td>MDH-4N1-50PK</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HT1080 human fibrosarcoma cell line</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CCL-121</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Image analysis software</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>We use Nikon Elements</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lectin Lens Culinary Agglutinin (LCA) conjugated with Fluorescein or Rhodamine&#160;</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td>RL-1042, FL-1041</td>
			<td>Dilute stock (5mg/ml) 50-100x depending on the microscope sensetivity. Must be a different color from the color of cell line used for screening</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MDA-MB-468 human breast cancer</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>HTB-132</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS (1x)</td>
			<td>many sources are available</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plastic weighting dishes&#160;</td>
			<td>Simport</td>
			<td>CA11006-614</td>
			<td>dimensions are 78x78x25mm; many other sources are available</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>small surgical scissors&#160;</td>
			<td>many sources are available</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>must be sterilized before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium borosilicate glass capillary tubes, outer diameter 1.0 mm, inner diameter 0.58 mm, 10 cm length&#160;</td>
			<td>Sutter Instrument</td>
			<td>BF100-58-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Square petri dishes (used as lids for the weighting dishes).</td>
			<td>&#160;VWR&#160;</td>
			<td>CA25378-115&#160;</td>
			<td>dimensions are 100x100x15mm; many other sources are available</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereo fluorescent microscope&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>We use Zeiss Lumar v12</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tygon R-3603 laboratory tubing</td>
			<td>Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td>AAC00001</td>
			<td>1/32 in inner diameter, 3/32 in. outer diameter, 1/32 in. wall thickness</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>U-118 MG human glioblastoma</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>HTB-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>U-87 MG human glioblastoma</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>HTB-14</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vertical pipette puller&#160;</td>
			<td>many sources are available</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>we use David Kopf Instruments, Tujunga, CA; Model 720</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

discovery of metastatic regulators using a rapid and quantitative intravital chick chorioallantoic membrane model

癌症研究的最新进展说明了癌症转移的高度复杂性。发现多个基因或基因网络参与不同程度地调节癌症转移级联基因和基因产物，取决于癌症类型、组织和单个患者特征。这些是基因治疗和个性化医学方法的潜在重要目标。开发快速筛选平台对于确定这些遗传目标至关重要。
小鸡胆碱膜（CAM）是一种高度血管化、富含胶原蛋白的膜，位于蛋壳下，允许在发育中的胚胎中进行气体交换。由于CAM的位置和血管化，我们开发它作为一个活体人类癌症转移模型，允许强大的人类癌细胞异种化和实时成像癌细胞与胶原蛋白丰富的基质和血管的相互作用。 
利用这种模型，设计了一个定量筛查平台，用于识别癌症转移的新驱动因素或抑制剂。我们用完整的人类基因组shRNA基因库转导了一池头部和颈部HEp3癌细胞，然后以低密度将细胞注入CAM血管。细胞增殖并形成单肿瘤细胞群落。无法侵入CAM组织的个体菌落被视为紧凑的菌落表型，并被切除，以识别细胞中存在的转导shRNA。对个别殖民地的入侵性进行了评估。进行了多轮选择，以降低误报率。个体、分离的癌细胞克隆或表达感兴趣基因的新设计的克隆受到原发性肿瘤形成检测或癌细胞血管共选分析。总之，我们提出了一个快速筛选平台，允许对动态和复杂的事件级联进行反转移目标识别和活性分析。

如果大多数位于毛细血管中的细胞是单细胞，并且位于彼此显著的差异（+0.05-0.1 厘米），因此菌落在5-6天的潜伏期后不会重叠（图3A），则癌细胞注射被认为是成功的。注射没有成功，如果在大多数毛细血管中可以看到癌细胞的积累，显示这一点的胚胎应该被丢弃（图2E）。大量注射的癌细胞在注射后24小时内会灭亡，使一些胚...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Discovery of Metastatic Regulators using a Rapid and Quantitative Intravital Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane Model at JoVE.com

Discovery of Metastatic Regulators using a Rapid and Quantitative Intravital Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane Model

这是一种有效的方法来筛选抑制剂或癌症转移的驱动因素。细胞，用表达库转导，被注射到鸡胆碱膜血管，形成转移菌落。已降低或增加侵入性的菌落被切除、扩大、重新注入以确认其表型，最后使用高吞吐量测序进行分析。

使用快速和定量的细胞内胆碱膜模型发现转移调节器

Recent advances in cancer research has illustrated the highly complex nature of cancer metastasis. Multiple genes or genes networks have been found to be ...

我们的协议允许有效地识别基因或基因组合，阻止癌症入侵的观众。过度养殖不需要先进的动物设施进行维护。整体而言，作为一般或一般的特殊图书馆，可以在几周内在观众中放映。这种过度筛选系统将帮助研究人员发现新的治疗基因靶点或基因靶点组合，可用于阻止癌症转移。对于 IV 注射，将细胞浓缩到每毫升 0.5 到 100 万细胞，使用冰冷 1X PBS 稀释或重新悬浮细胞。预计每10个胚胎需要大约1毫升的细胞悬浮。要组装注射装置，将针头安装到注射器上，然后用三到五厘米长的管子将注射器针伸出。使用细钳打破胸针的尖端。将注射器加载到癌细胞悬浮物的 50 到 200 微升。并将玻色硅酸盐针插入管中。检查针头有细胞堵塞和气泡。如果在毛细内观察到细胞堵塞，取出毛细圈，重新悬浮细胞，代之以新的毛细子。使用柱塞推出任何气泡。取下盖盖，在立体镜下转移胚胎。识别在CAM表面注射的适当静脉：通常只比胸腺素针尖的直径稍宽，位于胚胎和称重盘壁之间的中间。它通常更容易注射在紧邻静脉分叉的点。将针尖压在血管壁上，在与血流相同的方向施加温和的压力。如有必要，使用棉签帮助锚定或稳定正在注入的容器。轻轻地将注射器柱塞压低 2 到 10 秒，直到注入所需的音量。如果注射部位出现过度出血或液体积聚，则丢弃胚胎。从CAM中取出针头，用棉签轻轻涂抹注射部位，以去除任何血液或多余的癌细胞。用盖子盖住称重盘中注入的胚胎，并将其送回孵化器。重复手术，直到所有胚胎被注射。目视检查胚胎是否细菌或霉菌污染或死亡。按照实验室处理程序丢弃受污染的胚胎。确保转移菌落在注射后的第一到三天内呈均匀形状。并在注射后第 4 到 5 天识别侵入性或非侵入性转移菌落。注射后的第五天，从孵化器中取出胚胎，检查并定位胚胎CAM进行转移性细胞群分布。在解剖显微镜下，用细钳轻轻将含有转移性兴趣群的CAM组织向上拉，并用手术剪刀将其切断。将 CAM 组织转移到空的无菌 1.5 毫升管中，并关闭管盖。重复切除程序，直到所有感兴趣的菌落被收集到单独的管子中。用微离心机管轻轻切碎CAM组织，为每个菌落使用单独的无菌18测量针。加入100微升1X胶原蛋白-A溶液，在37摄氏度下孵育30分钟。在环境温度下以 300 倍 G 的速度旋转细胞和 CAM 组织 5 分钟。吸气胶原蛋白-A溶液，并重新暂停细胞不完整的介质，以获得细胞兴趣线。然后再次旋转细胞和组织。将细胞和组织片段重新悬挂在一毫升的完整介质和选择因子（如果有）中。然后转移到一个12井组织培养皿井。在接下来的一到三周内，每天监测癌细胞的生长和污染。当细胞达到70%至80%的汇流转移他们到一个更大的体积培养皿。一旦达到足够的癌细胞数量，就开始测序或下一轮选择。胚胎显示由于注射不成功而积聚的癌细胞，在大多数毛细血管中都可以看到。当达到最佳细胞浓度和注射持续时间时，注射后第五天转导细胞应产生多种菌落表型，大多数菌落的侵入性取决于分散在CAM组织中的癌细胞。应注意看起来紧凑且距离邻近殖民地足够远的转移性菌落，这些菌落可以用钳子、剪刀和一块 CAM 组织切除。隔离正屏幕命中应在重新注射时显示紧凑的菌落表型。在测量癌细胞血管接触时，应注意血管壁污渍亮度，并为血管壁信号注射适量的卵清素。尝试此协议时避免注射不足或过度，并消除过度出血或液体积聚。使用这种技术已经识别出一些在观众中驱动癌细胞入侵的新基因。

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

Advanced Animal Model of Colorectal Metastasis in Liver: Imaging Techniques and Properties of Metastatic Clones

肝大肠癌转移的高级动物模型：成像技术和转移性克隆性质

Patients with a limited number of hepatic metastases and slow rates of progression can be successfully treated with local treatment approaches1,2. ...

科研

癌症研究

A Syngeneic Mouse Model of Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma for Quantitative and Longitudinal Assessment of Preclinical Therapies

转移性的型号同源小鼠肾细胞癌的临床前疗法的定量和纵向评估

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) affects &#62; 60,000 people in the United States annually, and ~ 30% of RCC patients have multiple metastases at the time of ...

Detection of a Circulating MicroRNA Custom Panel in Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer

转移性结直肠癌患者循环微 rna 自定义面板的检测

There is increasing interest in liquid biopsy for cancer diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic monitoring, creating the need for reliable and useful ...

Comparing Metastatic Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Model Established in Mouse Kidney and on Chicken Chorioallantoic Membrane

比较在小鼠肾脏和鸡胆膜上建立的转移性透明细胞肾细胞癌模型

Metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common subtype of kidney cancer. Localized ccRCC has a favorable surgical outcome. However, ...

Identification of Transcription Factor Regulators using Medium-Throughput Screening of Arrayed Libraries and a Dual-Luciferase-Based Reporter

使用阵列库的中等通量筛选和基于双 Luciferase 的分录报告器识别转录因子稳压器

Transcription factors can alter the expression of numerous target genes that influence a variety of downstream processes making them good targets for ...

Using the Chicken Chorioallantoic Membrane In Vivo Model to Study Gynecological and Urological Cancers

利用活体中鸡胆膜研究妇科和泌尿癌

Mouse models are the benchmark tests for in vivo cancer studies. However, cost, time, and ethical considerations have led to calls for alternative in vivo ...

A Novel Stromal Fibroblast-Modulated 3D Tumor Spheroid Model for Studying Tumor-Stroma Interaction and Drug Discovery

用于研究肿瘤-斯特罗马相互作用和药物发现的新型斯特罗姆纤维细胞-模组3D肿瘤球体模型

Tumor-stroma interactions play an important role in cancer progression. Three-dimensional (3D) tumor spheroid models are the most widely used in vitro ...

Quantifying the Brain Metastatic Tumor Micro-Environment using an Organ-On-A Chip 3D Model, Machine Learning, and Confocal Tomography

使用有机体片 3D 模型、机器学习和共声断层扫描量化脑转移肿瘤微环境

Brain metastases are the most lethal cancer lesions; 10-30% of all cancers metastasize to the brain, with a median survival of only ~5-20 months, ...

An Ex Vivo Brain Slice Model to Study and Target Breast Cancer Brain Metastatic Tumor Growth

An Ex Vivo Brain Slice Model to Study and Target Breast Cancer Brain Metastatic Tumor Growth

一 种研究 并靶向乳腺癌脑转移性肿瘤生长的离体脑切片模型

Brain metastasis is a serious consequence of breast cancer for women as these tumors are difficult to treat and are associated with poor clinical ...

Monitoring Breast Cancer Growth and Metastatic Colony Formation in Mice using Bioluminescence

使用生物发光监测小鼠乳腺癌生长和转移集落形成

Breast cancer is a frequent heterogeneous malignancy and the second leading cause of mortality in women, mainly due to distant organ metastasis. Several ...