Name: large-scale preparation of synovial fluid mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes by 3d bioreactor culture
Uploaded: 2022-07-26T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Large-Scale Preparation of Synovial Fluid Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes by 3D Bioreactor Culture at JoVE.com

National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81972116, No. 81972085, No. 81772394); Key Program of Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (No.2018B0303110003); Guangdong International Cooperation Project (No.2021A0505030011); Shenzhen Science and Technology Projects (No. GJHZ20200731095606019, No. JCYJ20170817172023838, No. JCYJ20170306092215436, No. JCYJ20170413161649437); China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No.2020M682907); Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (No.2021A1515010985); Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen (SZSM201612079); Special Funds for the Construction of High-level Hospitals in Guangdong Province.

This study was approved by the Human Ethics Committee of Shenzhen Second People&#39;s Hospital. A schematic diagram of exosomes isolated from hSF-MSCs in vitro protocol is shown in Figure 1.
1. Human SF-MSCs culture and identification
<ol>
	<li>Harvest 20 mL of SF using a syringe and needle from clinical OA patients.
	<ol>
		<li>Disinfect the knee joint of the OA patient. Puncture from the quadriceps femoris tendon outside the patella i...

<ol>
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The international society for cellular therapy position statement.</a> Cytotherapy. 8 (4), 315-317 (2006).</li><li>Lv, F. -. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Concise+review:+the+surface+markers+and+identity+of+human+mesenchymal+stem+cells.">Concise review: the surface markers and identity of human mesenchymal stem cells.</a> Stem Cells. 32 (6), 1408-1419 (2014).</li><li>Samsonraj, R. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Concise+review:+Multifaceted+characterization+of+human+mesenchymal+stem+cells+for+use+in+regenerative+medicine.">Concise review: Multifaceted characterization of human mesenchymal stem cells for use in regenerative medicine.</a> Stem Cells Translational Medicine. 6 (12), 2173-2185 (2017).</li><li>Han, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mesenchymal+stem+cells+for+regenerative+medicine.">Mesenchymal stem cells for regenerative medicine.</a> Cells. 8 (8), (2019).</li><li>Zhang, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exosomes+derived+from+human+neural+stem+cells+stimulated+by+interferon+gamma+improve+therapeutic+ability+in+ischemic+stroke+model.">Exosomes derived from human neural stem cells stimulated by interferon gamma improve therapeutic ability in ischemic stroke model.</a> Journal of Advanced Research. 24, 435-445 (2020).</li><li>Zhou, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Migration+ability+and+Toll-like+receptor+expression+of+human+mesenchymal+stem+cells+improves+significantly+after+three-dimensional+culture.">Migration ability and Toll-like receptor expression of human mesenchymal stem cells improves significantly after three-dimensional culture.</a> Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 491 (2), 323-328 (2017).</li><li>Cheng, N. C., Wang, S., Young, T. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+influence+of+spheroid+formation+of+human+adipose-derived+stem+cells+on+chitosan+films+on+stemness+and+differentiation+capabilities.">The influence of spheroid formation of human adipose-derived stem cells on chitosan films on stemness and differentiation capabilities.</a> Biomaterials. 33 (6), 1748-1758 (2012).</li><li>Guo, L., Zhou, Y., Wang, S., Wu, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epigenetic+changes+of+mesenchymal+stem+cells+in+three-dimensional+(3D)+spheroids.">Epigenetic changes of mesenchymal stem cells in three-dimensional (3D) spheroids.</a> Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine. 18 (10), 2009-2019 (2014).</li><li>Zhang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systemic+administration+of+cell-free+exosomes+generated+by+human+bone+marrow+derived+mesenchymal+stem+cells+cultured+under+2D+and+3D+conditions+improves+functional+recovery+in+rats+after+traumatic+brain+injury.">Systemic administration of cell-free exosomes generated by human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells cultured under 2D and 3D conditions improves functional recovery in rats after traumatic brain injury.</a> Neurochemistry International. 111, 69-81 (2017).</li><li>Cao, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+culture+of+MSCs+produces+exosomes+with+improved+yield+and+enhanced+therapeutic+efficacy+for+cisplatin-induced+acute+kidney+injury.">Three-dimensional culture of MSCs produces exosomes with improved yield and enhanced therapeutic efficacy for cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury.</a> Stem Cell Research &amp; Therapy. 11 (1), 206 (2020).</li></ol>

The mesenchymal stem cells have been widely used in regenerative medicine due to their self-renewal, differentiated into tissue cells with specialized functions, and paracrine effects16,17. Notably, the paracrine effects exerted by exosomes have attracted much attention18. Exosomes carry the bio-information of MSCs and perform their biological function and overcome MSC shortcomings, such as troublesome storage and shipment. Thus, exosomes ...

Osteoarthritis (OA), resulting from joint cartilage and underlying bone breakdown, remains a severe challenge leading to disability1,2. Without blood and nerve supply, cartilage self-healing ability is minimal once being injured3,4. In the past decades, therapies based on autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) have made some progress in OA treatment5. For chondrocyte isolation and expansion, harvesting small cartilage from the OA joint&#39;s non-weight bearing area is necessary, causing injuries to the cartilage. Also, the procedure will require a second operation to implant the expanded chondrocytes6. Thus, one-step therapies for OA treatment without cartilage injuries are under extensive exploration.
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been suggested as promising alternatives for OA treatment7,8. Originating from multiple tissues, MSCs can differentiate into chondrocytes with specific stimulation. Importantly, MSCs can modulate immune responses via anti-inflammation9. Therefore, MSCs hold significant advantages in OA treatment by repairing cartilage defects and modulating the immune response, especially in the inflammation milieu. For OA treatment, MSCs from synovial fluid (SF-MSCs) have recently attracted much attention due to their stronger chondrocyte differentiation ability than other MSC sources10,11. Notably, at the orthopedic clinic, the extraction of inflammatory SF from the joint cavity is a routine therapy to relieve the pain symptom of OA patients. Extracted inflammatory SF usually is disposed of as medical waste. Both patients and doctors are ready to consider autologous MSCs isolated from the inflammatory SF as OA treatment with very few ethical conflicts. However, SF-MSC therapy is compromised due to tumorigenic risks, long-time storage, and distant shipment barriers.
Exosomes, secreted by many cell types, including MSCs, carry most of the parent cell bio-information. It has been investigated in-depth as a cell-free therapy12,13. According to the updated resources available on the clinical trial government (ClinicalTrials.gov) website, more extensive exosome clinical studies are initiated and undertaken in the research fields of cancer, hypertension, and neuro-degenerative diseases. SF-MSC exosome treatment could be an exciting and challenging trial to cope with OA. Good manufacturing practice (GMP)-grade and large-scale exosome production are essential for clinical translation. Small-scale exosome isolation has been widely performed based on two-dimensional (2D) cell culture. However, large-scale exosome production strategies need optimization. A large-scale exosome manufacturing method was developed in this study, based on massive SF-MSC culture in xeno-free conditions. After ultracentrifugation from cell culture supernatants, exosome safety and function were validated.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>BCA assay kit</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>23227</td>
			<td>Protein concentration assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blood agar plate</td>
			<td>Nanjing Yiji Biochemical Technology Co. , Ltd.</td>
			<td>P0903</td>
			<td>Bacteria culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD105 antibody</td>
			<td>Elabscience</td>
			<td>E-AB-F1243C</td>
			<td>Flow cytometry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD34 antibody</td>
			<td>Elabscience</td>
			<td>E-AB-F1143C</td>
			<td>Flow cytometry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD45 antibody</td>
			<td>BD Bioscience</td>
			<td>555483</td>
			<td>Flow cytometry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD63 antibody</td>
			<td>Abclonal</td>
			<td>&#160;A5271</td>
			<td>Western blotting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD73 antibody</td>
			<td>Elabscience</td>
			<td>E-AB-F1242C</td>
			<td>Flow cytometry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD81 antibody</td>
			<td>ABclonal</td>
			<td>&#160;A5270</td>
			<td>Western blotting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD9 antibody</td>
			<td>Abclonal</td>
			<td>&#160;A1703</td>
			<td>Western blotting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD90 antibody</td>
			<td>Elabscience</td>
			<td>E-AB-F1167C</td>
			<td>Flow cytometry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>Centrifuge 5810R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CO2 incubator</td>
			<td>Thermo</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy</td>
			<td>ZEISS</td>
			<td>LSM 800</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cytodex</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Microcarrier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dil</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>D1556</td>
			<td>Exosome label</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EZ-PCR Mycoplasma detection kit</td>
			<td>BI</td>
			<td>20-700-20</td>
			<td>Mycoplasma detection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flowcytometry</td>
			<td>Beckman</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>MSC identification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gene Pulser II System</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad Laboratories</td>
			<td>1652660</td>
			<td>Gene transfection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GraphPad Prism 8.0.2</td>
			<td>GraphPad Software, Inc.</td>
			<td>Version 8.0.2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HLA-DR antibody</td>
			<td>Elabscience</td>
			<td>E-AB-F1111C</td>
			<td>Flow cytometry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lowenstein-Jensen culture medium</td>
			<td>Nanjing Yiji Biochemical Technology Co. , Ltd.</td>
			<td>T0573</td>
			<td>Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MesenGro</td>
			<td>StemRD</td>
			<td>MGro-500</td>
			<td>MSC culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nanosight NS300</td>
			<td>Malvern</td>
			<td>Nanosight NS300</td>
			<td>Nanoparticle tracking analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NTA 2.3 software</td>
			<td>Malvern</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Data analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Odyssey FC</td>
			<td>Gene Company Limited</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Fluorescent western blotting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OptiPrep electroporation buffer</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D3911</td>
			<td>Gene transfection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protease inhibitors cocktail</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P8340</td>
			<td>Proteinase inhibitor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNase A</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>158924</td>
			<td>Removal of RNA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sabouraud agar plate</td>
			<td>Nanjing Yiji Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>P0919</td>
			<td>Fungi culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TEM</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>JEM-1200EX</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>The Rotary Cell Culture System (RCCS)</td>
			<td>Synthecon</td>
			<td>RCCS-4HD</td>
			<td>3D culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultracentrifuge</td>
			<td>Beckman</td>
			<td>Optima XPN-100</td>
			<td>Exosome centrifuge</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

large-scale preparation of synovial fluid mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes by 3d bioreactor culture

Exosomes secreted by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been suggested as promising candidates for cartilage injuries and osteoarthritis treatment. Exosomes for clinical application require large-scale production. To this aim, human synovial fluid MSCs (hSF-MSCs) were grown on microcarrier beads, and then cultured in a dynamic three-dimension (3D) culture system. Through utilizing 3D dynamic culture, this protocol successfully obtained large-scale exosomes from SF-MSC culture supernatants. Exosomes were harvested by ultracentrifugation and verified by a transmission electron microscope, nanoparticle transmission assay, and western blotting. Also, the microbiological safety of exosomes was detected. Results of exosome detection suggest that this approach can produce a large number of good manufacturing practices (GMP)-grade exosomes. These exosomes could be utilized in exosome biology research and clinical osteoarthritis treatment.

Flow cytometry was used to identify the surface markers of SF-MSCs, according to the minimal criteria to define human MSCs recommended by the International Society for Cellular Therapy14,15. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that SF-MSCs cultured in this study met the identification criteria of MSCs. They were negative for CD34, CD45, and HLA-DR (below 3%) and positive for CD73, CD90, and CD105 (above 95%) (Figure 2).
<p class="jo...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Large-Scale Preparation of Synovial Fluid Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes by 3D Bioreactor Culture at JoVE.com

Large-Scale Preparation of Synovial Fluid Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes by 3D Bioreactor Culture

Here, we present a protocol to produce a large number of GMP-grade exosomes from synovial fluid mesenchymal stem cells using a 3D bioreactor.

Exosomes secreted by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been suggested as promising candidates for cartilage injuries and osteoarthritis treatment. ...

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