We thank Professor Hans Clevers for kindly providing the cell lines to produce recombinant R-spondin1. This work was supported by the grants from the National Key R&#38;D Program of China (2019YFA0111400), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31970779) to H.H., and the Funds for Youth Interdisciplinary and Innovation Research Group of Shandong University (2020QNQT003) to H.H.

All mice experiments were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of the School of Basic Medical Sciences at Shandong University and were carried out according to the License under Home Office guidelines and regulations (No. ECSBMSSDU2019-2-079).
NOTE: This protocol is mainly used to culture 3D organoids from isolated primary hepatocytes.
1. Establishment of Murine Hepatocyte Organoid Culture
NOTE: Extracellular matrix such as Matrige...

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The authors disclose no conflicts.

The ability to culture mature hepatocytes over long periods is fundamental in studying liver basic science, drug toxicology and hepatotropic host-microbiology infections such as malaria and the hepatitis viruses. With a well-defined niche, the protocol here sets up a culture system for hepatocytes. This protocol drives mature hepatocytes to expand in 3D culture with a heterogeneity that recapitulates cell-cell interaction, most hepatocyte function and genetic modifications, allowing the design of gene function studies an...

Organoids are self-organized, three-dimensional (3D) in vitro clusters that include self-renewing stem cells and multi-lineage differentiated cells1,2. The organoids of many organs have been established either from pluripotent or adult stem cells by well-defined niche factors including the intestine, the brain, the colon, the kidney, the liver, the pancreas, the thyroid, the stomach, the skin, and the lung3,4,5,6,7. The organoids recapitulate physical cell functions by mimicking either development (originated from embryonic or induced pluripotent stem cells, PSCs) or homeostasis/regeneration progression (originated from adult stem cells, ASCs), which opens up new avenues in disease research and therapy8,9.
As the biggest organ in mammals, the liver is mainly responsible for storage, metabolism and detoxification. Two kinds of epithelial cell types, hepatocytes and cholangiocytes, construct the basic unit of a liver lobule. Hepatocytes are responsible for 70-80% of liver function10. Although the liver has remarkable regeneration capacity, rapid loss of hepatocyte features happens during traditional monolayer culturing by dysregulated cell polarization and dedifferentiation, which increases the need of researchers and clinicians to build &#39;gap-bridging&#39; liver models in a dish. However, until recently the ex vivo expansion models from primary hepatocytes had not been well established11,12,13,14,15. Liver organoids can be established from embryonic/induced pluripotent stem cells, fibroblast conversion into hepatocyte-like cells, and tissue-derived cells. The development of liver organoids boosts the application of an in vitro model for drug screens and liver toxicity assays16,17.
Here, we describe a detailed protocol for establishing liver organoids from murine primary hepatocytes. By using this protocol, we set up an in vitro culture system of hepatocyte organoids with two perfusions of collagenase. These organoids can be passaged for long-term expansion for months. Their physiological function is highly consistent with hepatocytes. Furthermore, we also provide a detailed description of how to perform genetical manipulation, such as lentivirus infection, siRNA transduction, and CRISPR-Cas9 engineering using organoids. The propagation of hepatocyte organoids shed light on the possibility of using organoids to understand liver biology and develop personalized and translational medicine approaches.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Perfusion Buffer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EGTA</td>
			<td>Sangon Bitech</td>
			<td>A600077-0100</td>
			<td>3.50 g/L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glucose</td>
			<td>Sangon Bitech</td>
			<td>A100188-0500</td>
			<td>9.00 g/L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCl</td>
			<td>Sangon Bitech</td>
			<td>A100395-0500</td>
			<td>4.00 g/L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Na2HPO4&#183;12H2O</td>
			<td>Sangon Bitech</td>
			<td>A501727-0500</td>
			<td>1.51 g/L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Sangon Bitech</td>
			<td>A501218-0001</td>
			<td>80.0 g/L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaH2PO4&#183;2H2O</td>
			<td>Sangon Bitech</td>
			<td>A610404-0500</td>
			<td>0.78 g/L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaHCO3</td>
			<td>Sangon Bitech</td>
			<td>A500873-0500</td>
			<td>3.50 g/L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phenol Red</td>
			<td>Sangon Bitech</td>
			<td>A100882-0025</td>
			<td>0.06 g/L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digestion Buffer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCl2</td>
			<td>Sangon Bitech</td>
			<td>A501330-0005</td>
			<td>0.50 M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase IV</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C1639</td>
			<td>0.10 mg/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Sangon Bitech</td>
			<td>C621110-0010</td>
			<td>23.80 g/L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCl</td>
			<td>Sangon Bitech</td>
			<td>A100395-0500</td>
			<td>4.00 g/L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Na2HPO4&#183;12H2O</td>
			<td>Sangon Bitech</td>
			<td>A501727-0500</td>
			<td>1.51 g/L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Sangon Bitech</td>
			<td>A501218-0001</td>
			<td>80.0 g/L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaH2PO4&#183;2H2O</td>
			<td>Sangon Bitech</td>
			<td>A610404-0500</td>
			<td>0.78 g/L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaHCO3</td>
			<td>Sangon Bitech</td>
			<td>A500873-0500</td>
			<td>3.50 g/L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tip-wash Buffer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10091148</td>
			<td>stored at 4 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPBS</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>C14190500BT0</td>
			<td>stored at 4 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wash Medium</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Advanced DMEM/F12</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>12634-010</td>
			<td>stored at 4 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GlutaMAX</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>35050-061</td>
			<td>100 X</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15630-080</td>
			<td>100 X</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/streptomycin</td>
			<td>Sangon Bitech</td>
			<td>&#160;A600135-0025</td>
			<td>100 X</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Culture Medium</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>A83-01</td>
			<td>Tocris</td>
			<td>2939</td>
			<td>Stock concentration 500 &#181;M, final 
			concentration 2 &#181;M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Advanced DMEM/F12</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>12634-010</td>
			<td>stored at 4 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B-27 supplement 50x, minus vitamin A</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>1704-044</td>
			<td>50 X</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chir 99021</td>
			<td>Tocris</td>
			<td>4423</td>
			<td>Stock concentration 30 mM, final 
			concentration 3 &#181;M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM/F12</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11330032</td>
			<td>stored at 4 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gastrin I</td>
			<td>Tocris</td>
			<td>3006</td>
			<td>Stock concentration 100 mM, final 
			concentration 10 nM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GlutaMAX</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>35050-061</td>
			<td>100 X</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15630-080</td>
			<td>100 X</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Matrigel martix</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>356231</td>
			<td>stored at -20 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N-acetylcysteine</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>A9165</td>
			<td>Stock concentration 500 mM, final 
			concentration 1 mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nictinamide</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>N0636</td>
			<td>Stock concentration 1 M, final concentration 3 mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/streptomycin</td>
			<td>Sangon Bitech</td>
			<td>&#160;A600135-0025</td>
			<td>100 X</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant human EGF</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>AF-100-15</td>
			<td>Stock concentration 100 &#181;g/ml,final concentration 50 ng/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant human FGF10</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>100-26</td>
			<td>Stock concentration 100 &#181;g/ml, final concentration 100 ng/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant human HGF</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>100-39</td>
			<td>Stock concentration 100 &#181;g/ml, final concentration 25 ng/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant Human TGF-&#945;</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>100-16A</td>
			<td>Stock concentration 100 &#181;g/ml, final concentration 100 ng/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant Human TNF-&#945;</td>
			<td>Origene</td>
			<td>TP750007-1000</td>
			<td>Stock concentration 100 &#181;g/ml, final concentration 100 ng/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632</td>
			<td>Abmole Bioscience</td>
			<td>Y-27632 dihydrochloride</td>
			<td>Stock concentration 10 mM, final concentration 10 &#181;M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rspondin-1conditioned medium</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Stable cell line generated in the Hu Lab. Final concentration 15%.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Others</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.22 &#181;m filter</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>SCGPT01RE</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>16 # silicone tube</td>
			<td>LangerPump</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>24 well, suspension</td>
			<td>Greiner bio-one</td>
			<td>GN662102-100EA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>37 &#176;C Water Bath</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>70 &#181;m filter</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>352350</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Accutase</td>
			<td>stemcell</td>
			<td>AT-104</td>
			<td>stored at 4 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-CTNNB1</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>610154</td>
			<td>Mouse</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-GAPDH</td>
			<td>CST</td>
			<td>5174S</td>
			<td>Rabbit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-HDAC7</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab50212</td>
			<td>Mouse</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-KI67</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab15580</td>
			<td>Rabbit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biological safety cabinet</td>
			<td>ESCO</td>
			<td>CCL-170B-8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Recovery Solution</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>354253</td>
			<td>stored at 4 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge 5430</td>
			<td>eppendorf</td>
			<td>542700097</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CO2 incubator</td>
			<td>ESCO</td>
			<td>AC2-4S1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMSO</td>
			<td>Sangon Bitech</td>
			<td>&#160;A100231</td>
			<td>stored at RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EVOS FL Color Imaging Systems</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>AME4300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hdac3 siRNA</td>
			<td>Guangzhou RiboBio Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>siG2003180909192555</td>
			<td>stored at -20 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hdac7 lentivirus</td>
			<td>ShanghaiGenePharmaCo.,Ltd</td>
			<td>LV2020-2364</td>
			<td>stored at -80 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hitrans G A</td>
			<td>Shanghai Genechem Co.,Ltd.</td>
			<td>REVG004</td>
			<td>Increased virus infection efficiency</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Image Pro Plus software</td>
			<td>Media Cybernetics, Bethesda, MD, USA</td>
			<td>version 6.0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lipofectamin RNAiMAX Transfection Reagent</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>13778150</td>
			<td>Increased virus infection efficiency</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Live cell dye</td>
			<td>Luna</td>
			<td>F23001</td>
			<td>stored at 4 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Low-speed desktop centrifuge</td>
			<td>cence</td>
			<td>TD5A-WS/TD5AWS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nucleofactor-&#945; 2b Device</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Opti-MEM</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>31985070</td>
			<td>stored at 4 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pasteur pipette</td>
			<td>Sangon Bitech</td>
			<td>F621006-0001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Peristaltic pump</td>
			<td>LangerPump</td>
			<td>BT100-2J</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PVDF membrane</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>IPVH00010</td>
			<td>Activate with methanol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PX458</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>48138</td>
			<td>stored at -80 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Refrigerated centrifuge</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific Heraeus</td>
			<td>Labofuge 400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RSL3</td>
			<td>MCE</td>
			<td>HY-100218A</td>
			<td>Stock concentration 10 mM, final concentration 4 &#181;M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin/EDTA</td>
			<td>Gibico</td>
			<td>25200072</td>
			<td>stored at 4 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wee1 siRNA</td>
			<td>Guangzhou RiboBio Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>siG2003180909205971</td>
			<td>stored at -20 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

establishment and genetic manipulation of murine hepatocyte organoids

The liver is the largest organ in mammals. It plays an important role in glucose storage, protein secretion, metabolism and detoxification. As the executor for most of the liver functions, primary hepatocytes have limited proliferating capacity. This requires the establishment of ex vivo hepatocyte expansion models for liver physiological and pathological research. Here, we isolated murine hepatocytes by two steps of collagenase perfusion and established a 3D organoid culture as the 'mini-liver' to recapitulate cell-cell interactions and physical functions. The organoids consist of heterogeneous cell populations including progenitors and mature hepatocytes. We introduce the process in detailed to isolate and culture the murine hepatocytes or fetal hepatocyte to form organoids within 2-3 weeks and show how to passage them by mechanically pipetting up and down. In addition, we will also introduce how to digest the organoids into single cells for lentivirus infection of shRNA/ectopic construction, siRNA transfection and CRISPR-Cas9 engineering. The organoids can be used for drug screens, disease modelling, and basic liver research by modeling liver biology and pathobiology.

The hepatocyte organoids from female Alb-Cre; Rosa26-GFP mouse (8 weeks) were observed five days after seeding (Figure 1A). The organoids are proliferating with Ki67 positive staining (Figure 1B). Interfering expression of representative genes in hepatocyte organoids either by siRNA transfection or lentivirus infection was examined by qRT-PCR and western blot. The results are shown in Figure 2A and 2B. <strong class...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Establishment and Genetic Manipulation of Murine Hepatocyte Organoids at JoVE.com

Establishment and Genetic Manipulation of Murine Hepatocyte Organoids

A long-term ex vitro 3D organoid culture system was established from mouse hepatocytes. These organoids can be passaged and genetically manipulated by lentivirus infection of shRNA/ectopic construction, siRNA transfection and CRISPR-Cas9 engineering.

The liver is the largest organ in mammals. It plays an important role in glucose storage, protein secretion, metabolism and detoxification. As the ...

The liver is the biggest organ in mammals. It plays very important role in metabolism and detoxification. Although the liver has a remarkable regeneration capacities in vitro, it is still a very big challenge for a long term to culture hepatocyte in-vitro.Here, we establish the hepatocytes organoids from mature hepatocytes. It keeps main features of hepatocytes in morphology and function. In this video, we will introduce how to culture and passage these organoids and how to perform the genetic modification of these organoids in details.First, liver perfusion and digestion. Prepare all the regions and the instruments and make them sterile. Wash the mouse and open the epidermal and the skin, and then try to find the pouch oven of the liver.Inject the needles into it, and then capture this. Do the perfusion at the speed of five milliliters per minute, until the liver becomes pale. Change them into the perfusion buffer, place carefully, watch the liver, until it becomes soft.Usually it takes three to five minutes, Then cut the liver and put them into the plates, and cut them into small pieces with the scissors. Pep it up and down frequently. Usually, it takes 10 to 15 minutes to make them into the single cell.And then pep it up and down with 10 to 15 minutes and feed them through the fitter. Make them into the single cells. Collect all the cells in the 50 milliliters tube, and centrifuge them, with the speed and then collect all the per plates.Try to keep them always in the cold ice. Make the single cell suspensions and count them with the cell counter. Usually the hepatocytes if happy, it has the lively fluorescent.The second part, we try to sit the cells and do the organoid culture. We collect all the cells suspensions, and count the cells with a certain concentro-fusion And then we mix the.Metrogels. and the code medium.Usually we take, with the medium and the metrogels, at the ratio of 1 to 2 or 1 to 3. After carefully mixing them, we sit them onto the gradient plates. We usually add 100 microliters at the 24 plate well.Put them into the incubator at the temperature of 37 degrees. After 20 minutes, we put them reverse forward with the bottom at the bottom and then at the medium. With two or three days countering, we usually see the organoids come out.This is the typical image of our organoids. We usually need single cells from organoids if we want to do the passage or do some genetic modification method We collect all the organoids from the countering plates with the coat wash buffer. We drop the supernatant, then at the coat wash buffer into the plate, mix them, so pep it up and down.And then we usually pre-wash all the tips with the wash tapes buffer. To avoid all the organoids tip onto the tips. And then with the, a new batch on ice or without it, we collect all the organoids by centro-fusion.We treat them, there's a conning radients to remove all the metrogels. After 20 to 30 minutes of incubation on ice all the metrogels are removed. We collect all the clean organoids and add trypsin to make them into single cells.After trypsin is added, we treat the organoids into the incubator. It takes 5 to 10 minutes for liver organoids to become single cells. We add more wash buffers to stop the triplatin.And then pep it up and down towards them. For option process, you can wash them one more time to remove all the trypsin. After wash by centrofusion, we can count them under the cell counter.Then we will show how to do transaction or transfection of these hepatocytes organoids. First, label the tubes of what you will do, and then we'll do the eyesight transfection according to the manufacturer's instructions. You need, the regent of lipoyl fact taming INI MaX.We add the. control and the specific gene siRNA, and incubate them with the optimum, according to the manufacturer's instructions. And then according to the cell concentration we add the RAN max and mix them thoroughly.Then we also add the RAN max with the optimum separately and put them on ice. After 5 minutes, we pep up separate RAN max mixture with different siRNAs, Specific gene RANi and II control separately and mix them thoroughly. Put them on ice again, and then we collect all the organoids, slow centrofusion, drop all the supernatant, we add the RNAi max, the siRNA mixture into this cell plate and pep it up and down thoroughly.Briefly, the cells and the label RNAi max and siRNA mixture were gentrification and incubate for 4 to 5 hours at 37 degrees. Final part, these hepatocytes organoids could also be infected by the Lenti virus. The similar message was performed as siRNA transfection.The control and the siRNA virus tubes was well prepared, And the optimum was added according to the manufacturer's instructions. Then with the infection regions like poly green and then we add different Lenti virus, according to the manufacturer's instructions constitution. Combine the single cell suspensions in organoids culture and various particles in the 1.5 milliliters eppendorf tubes, Add, well, mix them Plate this mixture, and concentrate them for 1 hour at 32 degrees.The concentrate fusion will be performed at 500 G.And after 4 to 5 hours incubation at 37 degrees the cell suspension will then be collected and seated in metrogel. And put them into the incubator again. The organ on the formation efficiency or other functional analysis could be performed 7 to 10 days later.Here is our representative results. In figure 1A, you could see our ALB-Cre Rosa 26-GFP or RFP hepatocytes organoid from mouse. In figure 1B you could see the Ki67 positive signal in staining, which has shown that our hepatocytes organoids are proliferating.In figure 2A and 2B here is a representative gene expression of our interfering expression of our genes. After genetic manipulation in hepatocytes organoids, the interfering effective is very efficient. Here is figure 2C, you could see after genetic manipulation with carsonite technology in our murine organoids.Conclusion, our results showed the hepatocytes organoids could be expanded in vitro and genetically manipulated. In summary, in this video we show how to do the liver perfusion and digestion to get the hepatocytes. How to capture the hepatocytes and passage the hepatocytes organoids.Also, we showed how to do the siRNA and vector transfection or Lenti virus infection to do the modification of the genetic of these organoids. Also, we have two shortages in our organoids. First, we didn't use per core or fur core to pure the hepatocytes.And second I think more growth factors and signaling should be tried to improve the organoids growing time.

establishment-and-genetic-manipulation-of-murine-hepatocyte-organoids

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JoVE Journal

Biology

4.3K Views.  Shandong University. The liver is the biggest organ in mammals. It plays very important role in metabolism and detoxification. Although the liver has a remarkable regeneration capacities in vitro, it is still a very big challenge for a long term to culture hepatocyte in-vitro.Here, we establish the hepatocytes organoids from mature hepatocytes. It keeps main features of hepatocytes in morphology and function. In this video, we will introduce how to culture and passage these organoids and how to perform the...