Name: selection of transporter-targeted inhibitory nanobodies by solid-supported-membrane (ssm)-based electrophysiology
Uploaded: 2021-05-03T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Selection of Transporter-Targeted Inhibitory Nanobodies by Solid-Supported-Membrane SSM-Based Electrophysiology at JoVE.com

We thank Cedric A. J. Hutter and Markus A. Seeger from the Institute of Medical Microbiology at the University of Zurich, and Gonzalo Cebrero from Biozentrum of the University of Basel for collaboration in the generation of synthetic nanobodies (sybodies). We thank Maria Barthmes and Andre Bazzone from NANION Technologies for technical assistance. This work was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) (PP00P3_170607 and NANION Research Grant Initiative to C.P.).

1. Membrane protein reconstitution
<ol>
	<li>Mix 3 mL of E. coli polar lipids with 1 mL of phosphatidylcholine in a round bottom flask under a ventilated hood.</li>
	<li>Dry the lipid mixture for 20 min under vacuum using a rotary evaporator and a water bath at 37 &#176;C to remove chloroform. If needed, dry further under nitrogen or argon gas.</li>
	<li>Using TS buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 150 mM NaCl) containing 2 mM &#946;-mercaptoethanol, resuspend lipids to 25 mg/mL.</li>
	<li>Aliquot lipids in 500 &#1...

<ol>
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J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anatomy+an+antibody+molecule:+structure,+kinetics,+thermodynamics,+and+mutational+studies+of+the+antilysozyme+antibody+D1.3.">Anatomy an antibody molecule: structure, kinetics, thermodynamics, and mutational studies of the antilysozyme antibody D1.3.</a> Immunology Reviews. 163, 45-57 (1998).</li><li>Hamers-Casterman, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Naturally+occurring+antibodies+devoid+of+light+chains.">Naturally occurring antibodies devoid of light chains.</a> Nature. 363, 446-448 (1993).</li><li>Perez, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structural+basis+of+inhibition+of+lipid-linked+oligosaccharide+flippase+PglK+by+a+conformational+nanobody.">Structural basis of inhibition of lipid-linked oligosaccharide flippase PglK by a conformational nanobody.</a> Science Reports. 7, 46641 (2017).</li><li>Grahl, A., Abiko, L. 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The technique presented here classifies nanobodies with inhibitory and non-inhibitory properties targeting electrogenic transporters. Assessing the substrate transport is possible due to the detection of the movement of charges through the transporter embedded in the membrane of proteoliposomes. Some of the critical steps during the setup of an experiment are reconstitution of active protein in liposomes, preparation of stable monolayers on SSM chips, and recovering of initial conditions after the application of the wash...

Antibodies are composed of two identical heavy chains and two light chains that are responsible for the antigen binding. Camelids have heavy-chain only antibodies that exhibit similar affinity for their cognate antigen compared to conventional antibodies1,2. The single variable domain (VHH) of heavy-chain only antibodies retain the full antigen-binding potential and has been shown to be very stable1,2. These isolated VHH molecules or &#34;nanobodies&#34; have been implemented in studies related to membrane proteins biochemistry as tools for stabilizing conformations3,4, as inhibitors5,6, as stabilization agents7, and as gadgets for&#160;structure determination8,9,10. Nanobodies can be generated by the immunization of camelids for the pre-enrichment of B-cells that encode target-specific nanobodies and subsequent isolation of B cells, followed by cloning of the nanobody library and selection by phage display11,12,13. An alternate way to generate nanobodies is based on in vitro selection methods that rely on the construction of libraries and selection by phage display, ribosome display, or yeast display14,15,16,17,18,19,20. These in vitro methods require large library sizes but benefit from avoiding animal immunization and favor the selection of nanobodies targeting proteins with relatively low stability.
The small size of nanobodies, their high stability and solubility, strong antigen affinity, low immunogenicity, and relatively easy production, make them strong candidates for the development of therapeutics21,22,23. In particular, nanobodies inhibiting the activity of multiple membrane proteins are potential assets for clinical applications5,24,25,26. In the case of membrane transporters, to evaluate whether a nanobody has inhibitory activity, it is necessary to develop an assay that allows the detection of transported substrates and/or co-substrates. Such assays usually involve labeled molecules or the design of substrate-specific detection methods, which may lack a universal application. Furthermore, the identification of inhibitory nanobodies generally requires the screening of large numbers of binders. Thus, a method that can be used in a high-throughput mode and that does not rely on labeled substrates is essential for this selection.
SSM-based electrophysiology is an extremely sensitive, highly time-resolved technique that allows the detection of movement of charges across membranes (e.g., ion binding/transport)27,28. This technique has been applied to characterize electrogenic transporters, which are difficult to study using other electrophysiology techniques due to the relative low turnover of these proteins29,30,31,32,33,34,35. SSM electrophysiology does not require the use of labeled substrates, it is suitable for high-throughput screening, and either proteoliposomes or membrane vesicles containing the transporter of interest can be used. Here, we demonstrate that SSM-based electrophysiology can be used to classify transporter-targeted nanobodies with inhibitory and non-inhibitory properties. As a proof-of-principle, we describe the reconstitution of a bacterial choline transporter into liposomes, followed by detailed steps for immobilization of proteoliposomes on the SSM sensors. We next describe how to perform SSM-based electrophysiology measurements of choline transport and how to determine the half-maximal effective concentration (EC50). We then show how to use SSM-based electrophysiology to screen multiple nanobodies and to identify inhibitors of choline transport. Finally, we describe how to determine the half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of selected inhibitory nanobodies.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1-octadecanethiol solution</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>O1858-25ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1,2-diphytanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine</td>
			<td>Avanti Polar Lipids</td>
			<td>850356C-25mg</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bio-Beads SM-2 Adsorbent (Polystyrene adsorbent beads)</td>
			<td>BioRad</td>
			<td>#152-3920</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PD 10 Desalting Columns</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>GE17-0851-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter 200 nm membrane</td>
			<td>Whatman Nucleopore</td>
			<td>WHA800282</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-Propanol</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>33539-1L-R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>n-Decane</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>8034051000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>n-dodecyl-&#223;-D-maltoside (DDM)</td>
			<td>Avanti Polar Lipids</td>
			<td>850520P-25g</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Chloride</td>
			<td>AppliChem</td>
			<td>131659.1211</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>(SSM setup) SURFE2R N1</td>
			<td>Nanion</td>
			<td>-----</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SURFE2R N1 Single Sensor Chips</td>
			<td>Nanion</td>
			<td># 161001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trizma Base</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>T1503</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>E. coli Polar Lipid Extract</td>
			<td>Avanti Polar Lipids</td>
			<td>100600C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Egg PC L-&#945;-phosphatidylcholine </td>
			<td>Avanti Polar Lipids</td>
			<td>840051C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

selection of transporter-targeted inhibitory nanobodies by solid-supported-membrane (ssm)-based electrophysiology

Single domain antibodies (nanobodies) have been extensively used in mechanistic and structural studies of proteins and they pose an enormous potential as tools for developing clinical therapies, many of which depend on the inhibition of membrane proteins such as transporters. However, most of the methods used to determine the inhibition of transport activity are difficult to perform in high-throughput routines and depend on labeled substrates availability thereby complicating the screening of large nanobody libraries. Solid-supported membrane (SSM) electrophysiology is a high-throughput method, used for characterizing electrogenic transporters and measuring their transport kinetics and inhibition. Here we show the implementation of SSM-based electrophysiology to select inhibitory and non-inhibitory nanobodies targeting an electrogenic secondary transporter and to calculate nanobodies inhibitory constants. This technique may be especially useful for selecting inhibitory nanobodies targeting transporters for which labeled substrates are not available.

SSM-based electrophysiology has been extensively used for the characterization of electrogenic transporters. In the protocol presented here, we show how to use SSM-based electrophysiology to classify nanobodies targeting a secondary transporter (here a bacterial choline symporter) based on their inhibitory and non-inhibitory properties. One of the most useful features of this technique is that it allows for the high-throughput screening of multiple buffer conditions. This particular characteristic is beneficial for the a...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Selection of Transporter-Targeted Inhibitory Nanobodies by Solid-Supported-Membrane SSM-Based Electrophysiology at JoVE.com

Selection of Transporter-Targeted Inhibitory Nanobodies by Solid-Supported-Membrane SSM-Based Electrophysiology

Nanobodies are important tools in structural biology and pose a great potential for the development of therapies. However, the selection of nanobodies with inhibitory properties can be challenging. Here we demonstrate the use of solid-supported-membrane (SSM)-based electrophysiology for the classification of inhibitory and non-inhibitory nanobodies targeting electrogenic membrane transporters.

Selection of Transporter-Targeted Inhibitory Nanobodies by Solid-Supported-Membrane (SSM)-Based Electrophysiology

Single domain antibodies (nanobodies) have been extensively used in mechanistic and structural studies of proteins and they pose an enormous potential as ...

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Real-time Tracking of DNA Fragment Separation by Smartphone

Slab gel electrophoresis (SGE) is the most common method for the separation of DNA fragments; thus, it is broadly applied to the field of biology and ...

Single-molecule Manipulation of G-quadruplexes by Magnetic Tweezers

Non-canonical nucleic acid secondary structure G-quadruplexes (G4) are involved in diverse cellular processes, such as DNA replication, transcription, RNA ...

Genome-wide Quantification of Translation in Budding Yeast by Ribosome Profiling

Translation of mRNA into proteins is a complex process involving several layers of regulation. It is often assumed that changes in mRNA transcription ...

Formation of Covalent DNA Adducts by Enzymatically Activated Carcinogens and Drugs In Vitro and Their Determination by 32P-postlabeling

Formation of Covalent DNA Adducts by Enzymatically Activated Carcinogens and Drugs In Vitro and Their Determination by 32P-postlabeling

Covalent DNA adducts formed by chemicals or drugs with carcinogenic potency are judged as one of the most important factors in the initiation phase of ...

Analysis of Endocytic Uptake and Retrograde Transport to the Trans-Golgi Network Using Functionalized Nanobodies in Cultured Cells

Transport of proteins and membranes from the cell surface to the Golgi and beyond is essential for homeostasis, organelle identity and physiology. To ...

Imaging of Extracellular Vesicles by Atomic Force Microscopy

Exosomes and other extracellular vesicles (EVs) are molecular complexes consisting of a lipid membrane vesicle, its surface decoration by membrane ...

Nitropeptide Profiling and Identification Illustrated by Angiotensin II

Protein nitration is one of the most important post-translational modifications (PTM) on tyrosine residues and it can be induced by chemical actions of ...

Interactions with and Membrane Permeabilization of Brain Mitochondria by Amyloid Fibrils

A growing body of evidence indicates that membrane permeabilization, including internal membranes such as mitochondria, is a common feature and primary ...

Creating Highly Specific Chemically Induced Protein Dimerization Systems by Stepwise Phage Selection of a Combinatorial Single-Domain Antibody Library

Protein dimerization events that occur only in the presence of a small-molecule ligand enable the development of small-molecule biosensors for the ...

Rapid Determination of Antibody-Antigen Affinity by Mass Photometry

Measurements of the specificity and affinity of antigen-antibody interactions are critically important for medical and research applications. In this ...