Name: partial heterotopic hindlimb transplantation model in rats
Uploaded: 2021-06-09T14:45:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Partial Heterotopic Hindlimb Transplantation Model in Rats at JoVE.com

Ce travail a été soutenu par le Bureau du Secrétaire adjoint à la Défense pour les affaires de santé par le biais du Programme de recherche médicale dirigé par le Congrès sous le numéro de bourse. W81XWH-17-1-0680. Les opinions, interprétations, conclusions et recommandations sont celles des auteurs et ne sont pas nécessairement approuvées par le ministère de la Défense.

Tous les animaux ont reçu des soins sans frais conformément au Guide des NIH pour le soin et l’utilisation des animaux de laboratoire. Le Comité institutionnel de soins et d’utilisation des animaux (protocole IACUC 2017N000184) et le Bureau d’examen des soins et de l’utilisation des animaux (ACURO) ont approuvé tous les protocoles pour animaux. Des rats Lewis mâles consanguins (250-400 g) ont été utilisés pour toutes les expériences.
1. Chirurgie
<ol><li>Anesthésier les rat...

<ol>
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L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Penis+transplantation:+first+US+experience.">Penis transplantation: first US experience.</a> Annals of Surgery. 267 (5), 983-988 (2018).</li><li>Grajek, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=First+complex+allotransplantation+of+neck+organs:+larynx,+trachea,+pharynx,+esophagus,+thyroid,+parathyroid+glands,+and+anterior+cervical+wall:+a+case+report.">First complex allotransplantation of neck organs: larynx, trachea, pharynx, esophagus, thyroid, parathyroid glands, and anterior cervical wall: a case report.</a> Annals of Surgery. 266 (2), 19-24 (2017).</li><li>Pribaz, J. J., Caterson, E. 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A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vascularized+limb+transplantation+in+the+rat.+II.+Results+with+allogeneic+grafts.">Vascularized limb transplantation in the rat. II. Results with allogeneic grafts.</a> Transplantation. 35 (4), 300-304 (1983).</li><li>Adamson, L. 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H., Ozer, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rodent+skeletal+muscle+metabolomic+changes+associated+with+static+cold+storage.">Rodent skeletal muscle metabolomic changes associated with static cold storage.</a> Transplantation Proceedings. 51 (3), 979-986 (2019).</li><li>Brandacher, G., Grahammer, J., Sucher, R., Lee, W. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+models+for+basic+and+translational+research+in+reconstructive+transplantation.">Animal models for basic and translational research in reconstructive transplantation.</a> Birth Defects Research. Part C, Embryo Today. 96 (1), 39-50 (2012).</li><li>Fleissig, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modified+heterotopic+hindlimb+osteomyocutaneous+flap+model+in+the+rat+for+translational+vascularized+composite+allotransplantation+research.">Modified heterotopic hindlimb osteomyocutaneous flap model in the rat for translational vascularized composite allotransplantation research.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments: JoVE. (146), e59458 (2019).</li><li>Ulusal, A. E., Ulusal, B. G., Hung, L. M., Wei, F. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heterotopic+hindlimb+allotransplantation+in+rats:+an+alternative+model+for+immunological+research+in+composite-tissue+allotransplantation.">Heterotopic hindlimb allotransplantation in rats: an alternative model for immunological research in composite-tissue allotransplantation.</a> Microsurgery. 25 (5), 410-414 (2005).</li><li>Jang, Y., Park, Y. E., Yun, C. W., Kim, D. H., Chung, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+vest-collar+as+a+rodent+collar+to+prevent+licking+and+scratching+during+experiments.">The vest-collar as a rodent collar to prevent licking and scratching during experiments.</a> Lab Anim. 50 (4), 296-304 (2016).</li><li>Kern, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+rodent+orthotopic+forelimb+transplantation+model+that+allows+for+reliable+assessment+of+functional+recovery+resulting+from+nerve+regeneration.">A novel rodent orthotopic forelimb transplantation model that allows for reliable assessment of functional recovery resulting from nerve regeneration.</a> American Journal of Transplantation. 17 (3), 622-634 (2017).</li><li>Perez-Abadia, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Low-dose+immunosuppression+in+a+rat+hind-limb+transplantation+model.">Low-dose immunosuppression in a rat hind-limb transplantation model.</a> Transplant International. 16 (12), 835-842 (2003).</li><li>Sucher, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Orthotopic+hind-limb+transplantation+in+rats.">Orthotopic hind-limb transplantation in rats.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (41), e2022 (2010).</li><li>Fleissig, Y. Y., Beare, J. E., LeBlanc, A. J., Kaufman, C. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evolution+of+the+rat+hind+limb+transplant+as+an+experimental+model+of+vascularized+composite+allotransplantation:+Approaches+and+advantages.">Evolution of the rat hind limb transplant as an experimental model of vascularized composite allotransplantation: Approaches and advantages.</a> SAGE Open Medicine. 8, 2050312120968721 (2020).</li><li>Lindboe, C. F., Presthus, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+denervation,+immobilization+and+cachexia+on+fibre+size+in+the+anterior+tibial+muscle+of+the+rat.">Effects of denervation, immobilization and cachexia on fibre size in the anterior tibial muscle of the rat.</a> Acta Neuropathologica. 66 (1), 42-51 (1985).</li><li>Nazzal, J. A., Johnson, T. S., Gordon, C. R., Randolph, M. A., Lee, W. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heterotopic+limb+allotransplantation+model+to+study+skin+rejection+in+the+rat.">Heterotopic limb allotransplantation model to study skin rejection in the rat.</a> Microsurgery. 24 (6), 448-453 (2004).</li></ol>

Des modèles de transplantation de membres orthotopiques chez des rongeurs ont été décrits dans la littérature15,16,17; cependant, ils nécessitent une réparation nerveuse, une rattachement musculaire et une ostéosynthèse parfaite du fémur, ce qui peut être une étape très difficile. Ces modèles sont également associés à un taux de morbidité et de mortalité plus élevé chez les rongeurs14,</sup...

Au cours des deux dernières décennies, le VCA a évolué en tant que traitement révolutionnaire pour les patients qui souffrent de défiguration sévère, y compris le visage1,les amputations des membres supérieurs2,le pénis3et d’autres défauts tissulaires complexes4,5. Cependant, les conséquences de l’immunosuppression à vie entravent encore une application plus large de ces chirurgies reconstructives complexes. La recherche fondamentale est cruciale pour améliorer les stratégies anti-rejet. L’augmentation du temps de conservation du VCA est également essentielle pour améliorer la logistique de la transplantation et augmenter le bassin de donneurs (car les donneurs de VCA doivent remplir plus de critères que les donneurs d’organes solides, y compris le teint de la peau, la taille anatomique, le sexe). Dans ce contexte, les transplantations de membres de rat sont largement utilisées dans les études sur le rejet immunitaire des allogreffes6,7,les nouveaux protocoles d’induction de tolérance8et les études de préservation9,10,11. Par conséquent, ces modèles VCA sont un élément clé à maîtriser pour la recherche translationnelle VCA.
Les lambeaux ostéo-cutanés ont été décrits dans la littérature comme des modèles fiables pour étudier le VCA chez les rats8,12,13,14. Bien que les transplantations orthotopiques de membres entiers permettent une évaluation à long terme de la fonction du greffon, il s’agit d’une procédure longue associée à des taux de morbidité et de mortalité postopératoires plus élevés14. En revanche, les modèles de transplantation hétérotopique de membres ne sont pas fonctionnels, mais permettent des études reproductibles sur l’ACV. Les résultats postopératoires peuvent être anticipés de manière fiable avant le début d’une étude de transplantation de VCA chez le rat. Cette étude rapporte un modèle de transplantation de lambeau ostéocutané hétérotopique partiel chez le rat qui comprend des résultats et des complications possibles fréquents pouvant survenir en peropératoire et postopératoire au cours d’une période de suivi de trois semaines.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>24 GA angiocatheter</td>
			<td>BD Insyte Autoguard</td>
			<td>381412</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4-0 suture Black monofilament non absorbable suture</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>1667</td>
			<td>Used to suture the E-collar to the back of the neck</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4-0 suture Coated Vicryl Plus Antibacterial</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>VCP496</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adson Tissue Forceps, 11 cm, 1 x 2 Teeth with Tying Platform</td>
			<td>ASSI</td>
			<td>ASSI.ATK26426</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bipolar cords</td>
			<td>ASSI</td>
			<td>228000C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Black Polyamide Monofilament USP 10-0, 4 mm 3/8c</td>
			<td>AROSurgical</td>
			<td>T04A10N07-13</td>
			<td>Used to perform the microvascular anastomoses</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buprenorphine HCl</td>
			<td>Pharmaceutical, Inc</td>
			<td>42023-179-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dilating Forceps</td>
			<td>Fine science tools (FST)</td>
			<td>18131-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissecting Scissors 15 cm, Round Handle 8 mm diameter, Straight Slender Tapered Blade 7 mm, Lipshultz Pattern</td>
			<td>ASSI</td>
			<td>ASSI.SAS15RVL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Double Micro Clamps 5.5 x 1.5 mm</td>
			<td>Fine science tools (FST)</td>
			<td>18040-22</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Elizabethan collar</td>
			<td>Braintree Scientific</td>
			<td>EC-R1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps 13.5 cm long, Flat Handle, 9 mm wide Straight Tips 0.1 mm diameter (x2)</td>
			<td>ASSI</td>
			<td>ASSI.JFL31</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Halsey Micro Needle Holder</td>
			<td>Fine science tools (FST)</td>
			<td>12500-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heparin Lock Flush Solution, USP, 100 units/mL</td>
			<td>BD PosiFlush</td>
			<td>306424</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Patterson Veterinary</td>
			<td>14043-704-06</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Jewelers Bipolar Forceps Non Stick 11 cm, straight pointed tip, 0.25 mm tip diameter</td>
			<td>ASSI</td>
			<td>ASSI.BPNS11223</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lone Star Elastic Stays</td>
			<td>CooperSurgical</td>
			<td>3314-8G</td>
			<td>Used to retract the inguinal ligament for femoral vessels dissection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lone Star Self-Retaining Retractors</td>
			<td>CooperSurgical</td>
			<td>3301G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro-Mosquito Hemostats</td>
			<td>Fine science tools (FST)</td>
			<td>13010-12</td>
			<td>Used to retract the inguinal fat pad distally</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Needle Holder, 15 cm Round Handle, 8 mm diameter, Superfine Curved Jaw 0.2 mm tip diameter, without lock</td>
			<td>ASSI</td>
			<td>ASSI.B1582</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nylon Suture Black Monolfilament 8-0, 6.5 mm 3/8c</td>
			<td>Ethilon</td>
			<td>2808G</td>
			<td>Used to ligate collateral branches on the femoral vessels</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Offset Bone Nippers</td>
			<td>Fine science tools (FST)</td>
			<td>16101-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>S&#38;T Vascular Clamps 5.5 x 1.5 mm</td>
			<td>Fine science tools (FST)</td>
			<td>00398-02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Walton scissors</td>
			<td>Fine science tools (FST)</td>
			<td>14077-09</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

partial heterotopic hindlimb transplantation model in rats

Les allotransplantations composites vascularisées (VCA) représentent l’option de reconstruction la plus avancée pour les patients sans possibilités chirurgicales autologues après un défaut tissulaire complexe. Les transplantations faciales et faciales ont changé la vie des patients défigurés, leur donnant un nouvel organe social esthétique et fonctionnel. Malgré des résultats prometteurs, le VCA est toujours sous-performant en raison de comorbidités d’immunosuppression à vie et de complications infectieuses. Le rat est un modèle animal idéal pour les études in vivo portant sur les voies immunologiques et les mécanismes de rejet du greffon. Les rats sont également largement utilisés dans de nouvelles techniques de préservation de greffes de tissus composites, y compris les études de perfusion et de cryoconservation. Les modèles utilisés pour l’ACV chez le rat doivent être reproductibles, fiables et efficaces avec une morbidité et une mortalité postopératoires faibles. Les procédures de transplantation de membres hétérotopiques répondent à ces critères et sont plus faciles à effectuer que les greffes de membres orthotopiques. La maîtrise des modèles microchirurgicaux des rongeurs nécessite une solide expérience en microchirurgie et en soins aux animaux. Il est rapporté ici un modèle fiable et reproductible de transplantation partielle hétérotopique de lambeaux ostéocutanés chez le rat, les résultats postopératoires et les moyens de prévention des complications potentielles.

Dans cette étude mono-opérateur, 30 greffes partielles hétérotopiques syngéniques de membres ont été réalisées. Le succès a été défini au jour 21 postopératoire comme l’absence d’échec du VCA ou de complications nécessitant une euthanasie. L’évolution normale du greffon est représentée à la figure 3. La durée moyenne de l’obtention partielle des membres et de l’encart du greffon chez le receveur était de 35 et 105 minutes, respectivement; le temps moyen d’is...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Partial Heterotopic Hindlimb Transplantation Model in Rats at JoVE.com

Partial Heterotopic Hindlimb Transplantation Model in Rats

Cet article présente un protocole de transplantation de lambeau ostéocutané hétérotopique partiel chez le rat et ses résultats potentiels dans le suivi à moyen terme.

Modèle de transplantation de membres postérieurs hétérotopiques partiels chez le rat

Vascularized composite allotransplantations (VCA) represent the most advanced reconstruction option for patients without autologous surgical possibilities ...

Nous présentons un modèle chirurgical fiable et reproductible de transplantation hétérotopique de membres postérieurs chez le rat. Cette technique est idéale pour les études à court terme sur la préservation ou le rejet immunitaire dans le VCA. La description étape par étape permettra aux stagiaires de maîtriser rapidement la chirurgie.Pour commencer, faites une incision circonférentielle sur la peau au-dessus de la cheville au tiers distal de la jambe. Squelettiser et cautériser l’artère saphène et la branche terminale de l’artère poplitée à l’aide de pinces bipolaires. Cautériser et couper les muscles gastrocnémiens, soléaires, tibialis antérieurs et biceps fémoraux jusqu’à ce que l’os tibial soit exposé.Faites une incision de 2,5 centimètres au pli inguinal droit et disséquez le coussinet de graisse inguinale. Utilisez un rétracteur à hameçon pour saisir le ligament inguinal. Tenez le coussinet adipeux inguinal de façon distue avec une pince à pince et rétractez le coussinet adipeux pour exposer les vaisseaux fémoraux.Disséquez les vaisseaux fémoraux, individualisez les branches de Murphy et ligatez avec des attaches en nylon 8/0. Hépariniser le rat donneur en injectant l’héparine dans la veine dorsale du pénis à l’aide d’une aiguille de calibre 27,5. Complétez l’incision cutanée autour de la hanche.Utilisez la pince bipolaire pour cautériser les muscles fémoraux du biceps et du fessier superficiel, puis cautériser et couper le nerf sciatique à mi-longueur du fémur. Exposez le fémur par voie proximale au niveau de la crête fémorale postérieure et ligaturez les vaisseaux fémoraux avec des attaches en nylon au niveau du ligament inguinal. Effectuez une artériotomie sur l’artère fémorale juste en dessous de la ligature et dilatez pour insérer l’angiocathéter de calibre 24.Cautériser et couper le muscle restant sous le pédicule pour exposer la face antérieure du fémur. Utilisez le coupe-os pour couper le tibia par voie proximale et couper le fémur aussi distentairement que possible. Rincer le membre postérieur partiel avec deux millilitres de solution saline d’héparine pour obtenir un écoulement veineux clair.Placez le membre postérieur sur la glace dans une gaze stérile jusqu’au transfert microvasculaire. Disséquez le coussinet adipeux inguinal et inclinez le coussinet adipeux inguinal distalement pour exposer les vaisseaux fémoraux. Utilisez un crochet pour rétracter le ligament inguinal et une pince de serrage pour maintenir le coussinet de graisse inguinale de manière distue.Disséquez les vaisseaux fémoraux, individualisez les branches de Murphy et ligatez avec des attaches en nylon comme démontré. Ligaturez les deux vaisseaux au-dessus des vaisseaux épigastriques à l’aide de liens en nylon. Placez les pinces de l’approximateur par voie proximale, dilatez la lentille du vaisseau et rincez avec une solution saline à l’héparine.Faites une incision sur le flanc gauche au-dessus de la hanche et créez une poche sous-cutanée avec un tunnel sous-cutané jusqu’au pli inguinal. Placez la partie proximale du membre partiel et le coussinet adipeux inguinal à travers le tunnel sous-cutané pour le transfert microvasculaire. Effectuer les anastomoses veineuses et artérielles à l’aide de sutures en nylon.Retirez les deux pinces d’approximation et observez la revascularisation du membre. Effectuer un test de traite sur les deux vaisseaux pour évaluer la perméabilité de chaque anastomose. Faites une incision cutanée longitudinale sur le côté médial du membre transplanté et insérez le greffon.Retirez l’excès de peau de la greffe et fermez la plaie avec des sutures séparées et une suture courante à l’aide de sutures résorbables 4/0. Suturer ensemble les coussinets graisseux inguinaux du membre transplanté et du receveur à l’aide de deux sutures résorbables séparées et fermer le pli inguinal après le dernier examen de l’anastomose microvasculaire. L’évolution du modèle hétérotopique des membres postérieurs a été suivie jusqu’à la fin de l’étude.La repousse des cheveux a été observée au cours de la première semaine postopératoire et la rétraction cutanée est apparue après deux semaines. L’échec de l’allotransplantation composite vascularisée peut survenir au cours de la première semaine postopératoire en raison d’une thrombose microvasculaire. La thrombose veineuse était la cause d’une euthanasie précoce dans 20% des cas, qui se sont tous produits avant le cinquième jour postopératoire.La peau apparaissait bleue et devenait plus foncée chaque jour. L’automutilation est une préoccupation sérieuse dans les greffes absurdes et survient souvent entre le deuxième et le septième jour postopératoire. S’ils sont limités à moins d’un tiers de la surface du greffon et ne concernent que la peau, le débridement chirurgical et la suture à l’aide de sutures non résorbables peuvent être discutés avec le vétérinaire du personnel.La prévention de l’automutilation repose sur l’utilisation d’un collier électronique cousu au cou jusqu’au septième jour postopératoire et le nettoyage du sang ou de la croûte sur les plaies chirurgicales de l’animal. L’autophagie sévère de plusieurs couches du greffon conduit à l’euthanasie de l’animal. Les kystes cutanés sont apparus après le 14e jour postopératoire, parfois avec un centre nécrotique cutané avant la fistule.Il est essentiel de s’assurer que le placement du greffon n’empêchera pas l’animal d’être ambulatoire et que le pédicule n’est pas plié ou serré pendant l’encart du greffon. Notre équipe a effectué des études de préservation dans les membres obtenus avant la transplantation. Les effets de différentes durées d’entreposage frigorifique statique ont été évalués ainsi que différents protocoles de perfusion des membres.

partial-heterotopic-hindlimb-transplantation-model-in-rats

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Murine Model of CD40-activation of B cells

Research on B cells has shown that CD40 activation improves their antigen presentation capacity. When stimulated with interleukin-4 and CD40 ligand (CD40L), human B cells can be expanded without difficulties from small amounts of peripheral blood within 14 days to very large amounts of highly-pure CD40-B cells (&gt;109 cells per patient) from healthy donors as well as cancer patients1-4. CD40-B cells express important lymph node homing molecules and can attract T cells in vitro5. Furthermore they efficiently take up, process and present antigens to T cells6,7. CD40-B cells were shown to not only prime na&iacute;ve, but also expand memory T cells8,9. Therefore CD40-activated B cells (CD40-B cells) have been studied as an alternative source of immuno-stimulatory antigen-presenting cells (APC) for cell-based immunotherapy1,5,10. In order to further study whether CD40-B cells induce effective T cell responses in vivo and to study the underlying mechanism we established a cell culture system for the generation of murine CD40-activated B cells. Using splenocytes or purified B cells from C57BL/6 mice for CD40-activation, optimal conditions were identified as follows: Starting from splenocytes of C57BL/6 mice (haplotype H-2b) lymphocytes are purified by density gradient centrifugation and co-cultured with HeLa cells expressing recombinant murine CD40 ligand (tmuCD40L HeLa)11. Cells are recultured every 3-4 days and key components such as CD40L, interleukin-4, -Mercaptoethanol and cyclosporin A are replenished. In this protocol we demonstrate how to obtain fully activated murine CD40-B cells (mCD40B) with similar APC-phenotype to human CD40-B cells (Fig 1a,b). CD40-stimulation leads to a rapid outgrowth and expansion of highly pure (&gt;90%) CD19+ B cells within 14 days of cell culture (Fig 1c,d). To avoid contamination with non-transfected cells, expression of the murine CD40 ligand on the transfectants has to be controlled regularly (Fig 2). Murine CD40-activated B cells can be used to study B-cell activation and differentiation as well as to investigate their potential to function as APC in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, they represent a promising tool for establishing therapeutic or preventive vaccination against tumors and will help to answer questions regarding safety and immunogenicity of this approach12.

In this video, we demonstrate the procedure of CD40-activation and expansion of murine B cells from splenocytes of C57BL/6 mice, which can be used as a model antigen-presenting cell (APC) to study induction of immunity.

Modèle murin de CD40-activation des cellules B

Research on B cells has shown that CD40 activation improves their antigen presentation capacity. When stimulated with interleukin-4 and CD40 ligand ...

Recherche

Immunologie et infection

Orthotopic Hind-Limb Transplantation in Rats

Composite tissue allotransplantation (CTA) now represents a valid therapeutic option after the loss of a hand, forearm or digits and has become a novel therapeutic entity in reconstructive surgery. However, long term high-dose multi-drug immunosuppressive therapy is required to ensure graft survival, bearing the risk of serious side effects which halters broader application. Further progression in this field may depend on better understanding of basic immunology and ischemia reperfusion injury in composite tissue grafts.
To date, orthotopic hind limb transplantation in rats has been the preferred rodent model for reconstructive transplantation (RT), however, it is an extremely demanding procedure that requires extraordinary microsurgical skills for reattachment of vasculature, bones, muscles and nerves.
We have introduced the vascular cuff anastomosis technique to this model, providing a rapid and reliable approach to rat hind limb transplantation. This technique simplifies and shortens the surgical procedure and enables surgeons with basic microsurgical experience to successfully perform the operation with high survival and low complication rates. The technique seems to be well suited for immunological as well as ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) studies.

Here we describe the orthotopic rat hind-limb transplantation procedure, which seems to be the gold standard in vivo model for composite tissue allotransplantation research.

Hind-Limb orthotopique transplantation chez le rat

Composite tissue allotransplantation (CTA) now represents a valid therapeutic option after the loss of a hand, forearm or digits and has become a novel ...

In vivo Imaging Method to Distinguish Acute and Chronic Inflammation

Inflammation is a fundamental aspect of many human diseases. In this video report, we demonstrate non-invasive bioluminescence imaging techniques that distinguish acute and chronic inflammation in mouse models. With tissue damage or pathogen invasion, neutrophils are the first line of defense, playing a major role in mediating the acute inflammatory response. As the inflammatory reaction progresses, circulating monocytes gradually migrate into the site of injury and differentiate into mature macrophages, which mediate chronic inflammation and promote tissue repair by removing tissue debris and producing anti-inflammatory cytokines. Intraperitoneal injection of luminol (5-amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione, sodium salt) enables detection of acute inflammation largely mediated by tissue-infiltrating neutrophils. Luminol specifically reacts with the superoxide generated within the phagosomes of neutrophils since bioluminescence results from a myeloperoxidase (MPO) mediated reaction. Lucigenin (bis-N-methylacridinium nitrate) also reacts with superoxide in order to generate bioluminescence. However, lucigenin bioluminescence is independent of MPO and it solely relies on phagocyte NADPH oxidase (Phox) in macrophages during chronic inflammation. Together, luminol and lucigenin allow non-invasive visualization and longitudinal assessment of different phagocyte populations across both acute and chronic inflammatory phases. Given the important role of inflammation in a variety of human diseases, we believe this non-invasive imaging method can help investigate the differential roles of neutrophils and macrophages in a variety of pathological conditions.

In vivo Imaging Method to Distinguish Acute and Chronic Inflammation

We describe a non-invasive imaging method for distinguishing inflammatory stages. Systemic delivery of luminol reveals areas of acute inflammation dependent upon MPO activity in neutrophils. In contrast, injection of lucigenin allows for visualization of chronic inflammation dependent upon Phox activity in macrophages.

In vivo méthode d&#39;imagerie à distinguer inflammation aiguë et chronique

Inflammation is a fundamental aspect of many human diseases. In this video report, we demonstrate non-invasive bioluminescence imaging techniques that ...

Long Term Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa Airway Infection in Mice

A mouse model of chronic airway infection is a key asset in cystic fibrosis (CF) research, although there are a number of concerns regarding the model itself. Early phases of inflammation and infection have been widely studied by using the Pseudomonas aeruginosa agar-beads mouse model, while only few reports have focused on the long-term chronic infection in vivo. The main challenge for long term chronic infection remains the low bacterial burden by P. aeruginosa and the low percentage of infected mice weeks after challenge, indicating that bacterial cells are progressively cleared by the host.
This paper presents a method for obtaining efficient long-term chronic infection in mice. This method is based on the embedding of the P. aeruginosa clinical strains in the agar-beads in vitro, followed by intratracheal instillation in C57Bl/6NCrl mice. Bilateral lung infection is associated with several measurable read-outs including weight loss, mortality, chronic infection, and inflammatory response. The P. aeruginosa RP73 clinical strain was preferred over the PAO1 reference laboratory strain since it resulted in a comparatively lower mortality, more severe lesions, and higher chronic infection. P. aeruginosa colonization may persist in the lung for over three months. Murine lung pathology resembles that of CF patients with advanced chronic pulmonary disease.
This murine model most closely mimics the course of the human disease and can be used both for studies on the pathogenesis and for the evaluation of novel therapies.

Long Term Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa Airway Infection in Mice

We describe the agar-beads method to establish persistent long-term chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa airway infection in the mouse model.

Chronique à long terme<em&gt; Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em&gt; Infection des voies respiratoires chez les souris

A mouse model of chronic airway infection is a key asset in cystic fibrosis (CF) research, although there are a number of concerns regarding the model ...

In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of T, B and Myeloid Cells Suppressive Activity and Humoral Responses from Transplant Recipients

The main concern in transplantation is to achieve specific tolerance through induction of regulatory cells. The understanding of tolerance mechanisms requires reliable models. Here, we describe models of tolerance to cardiac allograft in rat, induced by blockade of costimulation signals or by upregulation of immunoregulatory molecules through gene transfer. Each of these models allowed in vivo generation of regulatory cells such as regulatory T cells (Tregs), regulatory B cells (Bregs) or regulatory myeloid cells (RegMCs). In this manuscript, we describe two complementary protocols that have been used to identify and define in vitro and in vivo regulatory cell activity to determine their responsibility in tolerance induction and maintenance. First, an in vitro suppressive assay allowed rapid identification of cells with suppressive capacity on effector immune responses in a dose dependent manner, and can be used for further analysis such as cytokine measurement or cytotoxicity. Second, the adoptive transfer of cells from a tolerant treated recipient to a newly irradiated grafted recipient, highlighted the tolerogenic properties of these cells in controlling graft directed immune responses and/or converting new regulatory cells (termed infectious tolerance). These methods are not restricted to cells with known phenotypic markers and can be extended to any cell population. Furthermore, donor directed allospecificity of regulatory cells (an important goal in the field) can be assessed by using third party donor cells or graft either in vitro or in vivo. Finally, to determine the specific tolerogenic capacity of these regulatory cells, we provide protocols to assess the humoral anti-donor antibody responses and the capacity of the recipient to develop humoral responses against new or former known antigens. The models of tolerance described can be used to further characterize regulatory cells, to identify new biomarkers, and immunoregulatory molecules, and are adaptable to other transplantation models or autoimmune diseases in rodent or human.

In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of T, B and Myeloid Cells Suppressive Activity and Humoral Responses from Transplant Recipients

Here, we present a protocol to induce tolerance in transplantation, and assess in vitro and in vivo the suppressive capacity of distinct cell subsets from the recipient and the immune status of the recipient toward donor or exogenous antigens.

In Vitro et In Vivo l’évaluation d’activité Suppressive T, B et les cellules myéloïdes et des réponses humorales de receveurs de transplantation

The main concern in transplantation is to achieve specific tolerance through induction of regulatory cells. The understanding of tolerance mechanisms ...

A Recovery Cardiopulmonary Bypass Model Without Transfusion or Inotropic Agents in Rats

Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is indispensable in cardiovascular surgery. Despite the dramatic refinement of CPB technique and devices, multi-organ complications related to prolonged CPB still compromise the outcome of cardiovascular surgeries, and may worsen postoperative morbidity and mortality. Animal models recapitulating the clinical usage of CPB enable the clarification of the pathophysiological processes that occur during CPB, and facilitate pre-clinical studies to develop strategies protecting against these complications. Rat CPB models are advantageous because of their greater cost-effectiveness, convenient experimental processes, abundant testing methods at the genetic or protein levels, and genetic consistency. They can be used for investigating the immune system activation and synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines, compliment activation, and production of oxygen free radicals. The rat models have been refined and have gradually taken the place of large-animal models. Here, we describe a simple CPB model without transfusion and/or inotropic agents in a rat. This recovery model allows the study of the long-term multiple organ sequelae of CPB.

Here, we present a protocol to describe a simple recovery cardiopulmonary bypass model without transfusion or inotropic agents in a rat. This model allows the study of the long-term multiple organ sequelae of cardiopulmonary bypass.

Un modèle de circulation extracorporelle de récupération sans Transfusion ou Agents inotropes chez le rat

Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is indispensable in cardiovascular surgery. Despite the dramatic refinement of CPB technique and devices, multi-organ ...

An Immunological Model for Heterotopic Heart and Cardiac Muscle Cell Transplantation in Rats

Heterotopic heart transplantation in rats has been a commonly used model for diverse immunological studies for more than 50 years. Several modifications have been reported since the first description in 1964. After 30 years of performing heterotopic heart transplantation in rats, we have developed a simplified surgical approach, which can be easily taught and performed without further surgical training or background.
After dissection of the ascending aorta and the pulmonary artery and ligation of superior and inferior caval and pulmonary veins, the donor heart is harvested and subsequently perfused with ice-cold saline solution supplemented with heparin. After clamping and incising the recipient abdominal vessels, the donor ascending aorta and pulmonary artery are anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava, respectively, using continuous running sutures.
Depending on different donor-recipient combinations, this model allows analyses of either acute or chronic rejection of allografts. The immunological significance of this model is further enhanced by a novel approach of in-ear injection of vital cardiac muscle cells and subsequent analysis of draining cervical lymphatic tissue.

We describe a model of heterotopic abdominal heart transplantation in rats, implying modifications of current strategies, which lead to a simplified surgical approach. Additionally, we describe a novel rejection model by in-ear injection of vital cardiac muscle cells, allowing further transplant immunological analyses in rats.

Un modèle immunologique pour la transplantation héterotopique de cellules cardiaques et cardiaques chez les rats

Heterotopic heart transplantation in rats has been a commonly used model for diverse immunological studies for more than 50 years. Several modifications ...

Optimization of the Cuff Technique for Murine Heart Transplantation

Murine cardiac transplantation has been performed for more than 40 years. With advancements in microsurgery, certain new techniques have been used to improve surgical efficiency. In our lab, we have optimized the cuff technique with two major steps. First, we used the inner tube technique to insert a temporary inner tube into the external jugular vein and carotid artery blood vessel to facilitate eversion of the vessel over the cuff. Second, we performed complete heterotopic cardiac transplantation through the collaboration of two experienced surgeons. These modifications effectively reduced the operation time to 25 minutes, with a success rate of 95%. In this report, we describe these procedures in detail and provide a supplemental video. We believe that this report on the improved cuff technique will offer practical guidance for murine heterotopic heart transplantation and will enhance the utility of this mouse model for basic research.

We introduce an inner tube approach to the cuff technique for mouse cervical heterotopic heart transplantation to help evert the vessel over the cuff. We found that cooperation between two experienced surgeons markedly shortens the operation time.

Optimisation de la technique de manchette pour la transplantation cardiaque murine

Murine cardiac transplantation has been performed for more than 40 years. With advancements in microsurgery, certain new techniques have been used to ...

Bone Marrow Transplantation Procedures in Mice to Study Clonal Hematopoiesis

Clonal hematopoiesis is a prevalent age-associated condition that results from the accumulation of somatic mutations in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). Mutations in driver genes, that confer cellular fitness, can lead to the development of expanding HSPC clones that increasingly give rise to progeny leukocytes harboring the somatic mutation. Because clonal hematopoiesis has been associated with heart disease, stroke, and mortality, the development of experimental systems that model these processes is key to understanding the mechanisms that underly this new risk factor. Bone marrow transplantation procedures involving myeloablative conditioning in mice, such as total-body irradiation (TBI), are commonly employed to study the role of immune cells in cardiovascular diseases. However, simultaneous damage to the bone marrow niche and other sites of interest, such as the heart and brain, is unavoidable with these procedures. Thus, our lab has developed two alternative methods to minimize or avoid possible side effects caused by TBI: 1) bone marrow transplantation with irradiation shielding and 2) adoptive BMT to non-conditioned mice. In shielded organs, the local environment is preserved allowing for the analysis of clonal hematopoiesis while the function of resident immune cells is unperturbed. In contrast, the adoptive BMT to non-conditioned mice has the additional advantage that both the local environments of the organs and the hematopoietic niche are preserved. Here, we compare three different hematopoietic cell reconstitution approaches and discuss their strengths and limitations for studies of clonal hematopoiesis in cardiovascular disease.

We describe three methods of bone marrow transplantation (BMT): BMT with total-body irradiation, BMT with shielded irradiation, and BMT method with no pre-conditioning (adoptive BMT) for the study of clonal hematopoiesis in mouse models.

Procédures de transplantation de moelle osseuse chez la souris pour étudier l’hématopoïèse clonale

Clonal hematopoiesis is a prevalent age-associated condition that results from the accumulation of somatic mutations in hematopoietic stem and progenitor ...

Purification and Expansion of Mouse Invariant Natural Killer T Cells for in vitro and in vivo Studies

Invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) cells are innate-like T Lymphocytes expressing a conserved semi-invariant T cell receptor (TCR) specific for self or microbial lipid antigens presented by the non-polymorphic MHC class I-related molecule CD1d. Preclinical and clinical studies support a role for iNKT cells in cancer, autoimmunity and infectious diseases. iNKT cells are very conserved throughout species and their investigation has been facilitated by mouse models, including CD1d-deficient or iNKT-deficient mice, and the possibility to unequivocally detect them in mice and men with CD1d tetramers or mAbs specific for the semi-invariant TCR. However, iNKT cells are rare and they need to be expanded to reach manageable numbers for any study. Because the generation of primary mouse iNKT cell line in vitro has proven difficult, we have set up a robust protocol to purify and expand splenic iNKT cells from the iV&#945;14-J&#945;18 transgenic mice (iV&#945;14Tg), in which iNKT cells are 30 times more frequent. We show here that primary splenic iV&#945;14Tg iNKT cells can be enriched through an immunomagnetic separation process, yielding about 95-98% pure iNKT cells. The purified iNKT cells are stimulated by anti-CD3/CD28 beads plus IL-2 and IL-7, resulting in 30-fold expansion by day +14 of the culture with 85-99% purity. The expanded iNKT cells can be easily genetically manipulated, providing an invaluable tool to dissect mechanisms of activation and function in vitro and, more importantly, also upon adoptive transfer in vivo.

We describe a rapid and robust protocol to enrich invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells from mouse spleen and expand them in vitro to suitable numbers for in vitro and in vivo studies.

Purification et expansion de cellules T tueuses naturelles invariantes de souris pour des études in vitro et in vivo

Invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) cells are innate-like T Lymphocytes expressing a conserved semi-invariant T cell receptor (TCR) specific for self or ...