Name: acquisition of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data in the rat
Uploaded: 2021-08-28T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Acquisition of Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data in the Rat at JoVE.com

这项工作得到了国家卫生研究所国家药物滥用研究所（NIDA）的资金支持。 EDKS 和 EMB 得到了授予艾伦 I. 格林和 DJW 的格兰特 R21DA044501 的支持，格兰特 T32DA037202 授予艾伦 J. Budney] 和国家酒精滥用和酒精中毒研究所 （NIAAA） [授予艾米丽 D. K. 沙利文 F31AA028413] 。作为达特茅斯精神病学教授雷蒙德·索贝尔教授，艾伦·格林的基金提供了额外的支持。
陆汉兵得到了国家药物滥用研究所耳内研究项目国家卫生研究院的支持。
作者要感谢和感谢已故的艾伦·格林。他对共同发生的疾病领域的坚定不移的奉献有助于建立作者之间的协作。我们感谢他的指导和指导，这将非常怀念他。

所有实验均使用 9.4 T MRI 扫描仪进行，并得到了达特茅斯学院机构动物护理和使用委员会的批准。获得额外批准，以记录和显示视频中使用的动物和下面的数字。
1. 扫描前的准备工作
<ol><li>皮下输液管<ol>
<li>部分从包装中取出 23 G 针头，使针点保持无菌。</li>
		<li>牢固地握住针头的轮毂，并使用剃须刀刀片在针轴与针头接合的地方得分。</li>
		<li>将针架夹在得分正下方的轴?...

<ol>
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M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+scan+length+on+the+reliability+of+resting-state+fMRI+connectivity+estimates.">The effect of scan length on the reliability of resting-state fMRI connectivity estimates.</a> NeuroImage. 83, 550-558 (2013).</li><li>Lu, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synchronized+delta+oscillations+correlate+with+the+resting-state+functional+MRI+signal.">Synchronized delta oscillations correlate with the resting-state functional MRI signal.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (46), 18265-18269 (2007).</li><li>Lu, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Registering+and+analyzing+rat+fMRI+data+in+the+stereotaxic+framework+by+exploiting+intrinsic+anatomical+features.">Registering and analyzing rat fMRI data in the stereotaxic framework by exploiting intrinsic anatomical features.</a> Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 28 (1), 146-152 (2010).</li><li>Cox, R. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=AFNI:+software+for+analysis+and+visualization+of+functional+magnetic+resonance+neuroimages.">AFNI: software for analysis and visualization of functional magnetic resonance neuroimages.</a> Computers and Biomedical Research. 29 (3), 162-173 (1996).</li><li>Ash, J. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+connectivity+with+the+retrosplenial+cortex+predicts+cognitive+aging+in+rats.">Functional connectivity with the retrosplenial cortex predicts cognitive aging in rats.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 113 (43), 12286-12291 (2016).</li><li>Hsu, L. -. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intrinsic+insular-frontal+networks+predict+future+nicotine+dependence+severity.">Intrinsic insular-frontal networks predict future nicotine dependence severity.</a> The Journal of Neuroscience. 39 (25), 5028-5037 (2019).</li><li>Li, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Resting-state+functional+MRI+reveals+altered+brain+connectivity+and+its+correlation+with+motor+dysfunction+in+a+mouse+model+of+Huntington's+disease.">Resting-state functional MRI reveals altered brain connectivity and its correlation with motor dysfunction in a mouse model of Huntington's disease.</a> Scientific Reports. 7, (2017).</li><li>Lu, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Abstinence+from+cocaine+and+sucrose+self-administration+reveals+altered+mesocorticolimbic+circuit+connectivity+by+resting+state+MRI.">Abstinence from cocaine and sucrose self-administration reveals altered mesocorticolimbic circuit connectivity by resting state MRI.</a> Brain Connectivity. 4 (7), 499-510 (2014).</li><li>Seewoo, B. 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动物的稳定性，无论是身体还是生理，都是获得高质量的休息状态数据的关键。本协议通过通过四个不同的麻醉阶段实现稳定性。在进入麻醉的下一阶段之前，动物必须达到设定的生理阈值：由于这种方法依赖于生理自调节机制，个别动物在每个麻醉阶段可能需要的时间略有不同。我们的经验是，在每个阶段花更多的时间比匆忙通过早期阶段，而不给老鼠的生理学足够的时间来解决更有效。允许?...

静止状态功能磁共振成像 （rs-fMRI） 是衡量大脑处于静止状态且不从事任何特定任务时血氧水平依赖 （BOLD） 信号的指标。这些信号可用于测量大脑区域之间的相关性，以确定神经网络中的功能连接。rs-fMRI 广泛应用于临床研究，因为它具有非侵入性，并且患者所需的努力量较低（与基于任务的 fMRI 相比），因此最适合不同的患者群体1。
技术进步使rs-fMRI能够适应啮齿动物模型，以揭示疾病状态背后的机制（参见参考2 供审查）。临床前动物模型，包括疾病或淘汰模型，允许广泛的实验操作不适用于人类，研究还可以利用验尸样本，以进一步加强实验2。然而，由于限制运动和减轻压力的困难，啮齿动物的MRI采集传统上是在麻醉下进行的。麻醉剂，取决于他们的药理动力学，药理动力学和分子靶点，影响脑血流，大脑新陈代谢，并可能影响神经血管耦合通路。
有许多努力，以开发麻醉方案，以保持神经血管耦合和大脑网络功能3，4，5，6，7，8。我们之前报告了麻醉系统，应用低剂量异黄酮以及低剂量的α 2肾上腺素受体激动剂脱氧丙酮9。根据这种麻醉方法，大鼠在与既定投影通路（腹腔和腹腔胸腔核、原发和二级胸膜感官皮层）相一致的区域对胡须刺激表现出强大的BOLD反应：大规模静态脑网络，包括默认模式网络10、11和显着网络12也一直被检测到。此外，这种麻醉方案允许在同一种动物上重复成像，这对纵向监测疾病进展和实验操作的效果非常重要。
在本研究中，我们详细介绍了实验设置、动物准备和生理监测程序。我们特别描述了每个阶段的特定麻醉阶段和扫描采集。每次休息状态扫描后都会评估数据质量。讨论中还包括扫描后分析的简要摘要。有兴趣发现在老鼠身上使用rs-fMRI潜力的实验室会发现这个协议很有用。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>9.4T MRI</td>
			<td>Varian/Bruker</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Varian upgraded with Bruker console running Paravision 6.0.1 software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Air-Oxygen Mixer</td>
			<td>Sechrist</td>
			<td>Model 3500CP-G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Analysis of Functional NeuroImages (AFNI)</td>
			<td>NIMH/NIH</td>
			<td>Version AFNI_18.3.03</td>
			<td>Freely available at: https://afni.nimh.nih.gov/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Animal Cradle</td>
			<td>RAPID Biomedical</td>
			<td>LHRXGS-00563</td>
			<td>rat holder with bite bar, nose cone and ear bars</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Animal Physiology Monitoring &#38; Gating System</td>
			<td>SAII</td>
			<td>Model 1025</td>
			<td>MR-compatible system including oxygen saturation, temperature, respiration and fiber optic pulse oximetry add-on</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antisedan (atipamezole hydrochloride)</td>
			<td>Patterson Veterinary</td>
			<td>07-867-7097</td>
			<td>Zoetis, Manufacturer Item #10000449</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ceramic MRI-Safe Scissors</td>
			<td>MRIequip.com</td>
			<td>MT-6003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Clippers</td>
			<td>Patterson Veterinary</td>
			<td>07-882-1032</td>
			<td>Wahl touch-up trimmer combo kit, Manufacturer Item #09990-1201</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dexmedesed (dexmedetomidine hydrochloride)</td>
			<td>Patterson Veterinary</td>
			<td>07-893-1801</td>
			<td>Dechra Veterinary Products, Manufacturer Item#17033-005-10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digital Rectal Thermometer Covers</td>
			<td>Medline</td>
			<td>MDS9608</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FMRIB Software Library</td>
			<td>FMRIB</td>
			<td>MELODIC Version 3.15</td>
			<td>Freely available at: https://fsl.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl/fslwiki</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heating Pad</td>
			<td>Cara Inc.</td>
			<td>Model 50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hemostat forceps, straight</td>
			<td>Kent Scientific</td>
			<td>INS750451-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Patterson Veterinary</td>
			<td>07-893-1389</td>
			<td>Patterson Private Label, Manufacturer Item #14043-0704-06</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane Vaporizer</td>
			<td>VetEquip Inc.</td>
			<td>911103</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lab Tape, 3/4&#34;</td>
			<td>VWR International</td>
			<td>89097-990</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Needles, 23 gauge</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>305145</td>
			<td>plastic hub removed</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Parafilm Laboratory Film</td>
			<td>Patterson Veterinary</td>
			<td>07-893-0260</td>
			<td>Medline Industries Inc., Manufacturer Item #HSFHS234526A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Planar Surface Coil</td>
			<td>Bruker</td>
			<td>T12609</td>
			<td>2cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyethylene Tubing</td>
			<td>Braintree Scientific</td>
			<td>PE50 50FT</td>
			<td>0.023&#34; (inner diameter), 0.038&#34; (outer diameter)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Puralube Ophthalmic Ointment</td>
			<td>Patterson Veterinary</td>
			<td>07-888-2572</td>
			<td>Dechra Veterinary Products, Manufacturer Item #211-38</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sprague Dawley Rats</td>
			<td>Charles River</td>
			<td>400 SAS SD</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile 0.9% Saline Solution</td>
			<td>Patterson Veterinary</td>
			<td>07-892-4348</td>
			<td>Aspen Vet, Manufacturer Item #14208186</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile Alcohol Prep Pads</td>
			<td>Medline</td>
			<td>MDS090735</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical Tape, 1&#34; (3M Durapore)</td>
			<td>Medline</td>
			<td>MMM15381Z</td>
			<td>3M Healthcare, &#34;wide medical tape&#34;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical White Paper Tape, 1/2&#34; (3M Micropore)</td>
			<td>Medline</td>
			<td>MMM15300</td>
			<td>3M Healthcare</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringes, 1 mL w/ 25 gauge needle</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>309626</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringes, 3 mL</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>309657</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vented induction and scavenging system</td>
			<td>VetEquip Inc.</td>
			<td>942102</td>
			<td>2 liter induction chamber with active scavenging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>411724</td>
			<td>omega flowmeter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>931600</td>
			<td>scavenging cube, &#34;vacuum&#34;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>921616</td>
			<td>nose cone, non-rebreathing</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

acquisition of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data in the rat

静态功能磁共振成像 （rs-fMRI） 已成为一种越来越流行的方法，以研究处于休息状态、非任务状态的大脑功能。此协议描述了获取 rs-fMRI 数据的临床前生存方法。将低剂量异黄酮与连续输注α 2 肾上腺素受体激动剂脱氧核糖核酸相结合，为稳定、高质量的数据采集提供了强有力的选择，同时保留了大脑网络功能。此外，这个程序允许自发呼吸和接近正常的生理在大鼠。使用此方法，其他成像序列可与静态采集相结合，创建麻醉稳定性高达 5 h 的实验协议。本协议描述了设备的设置、麻醉四个不同阶段对大鼠生理学的监测、获得休息状态扫描、数据质量评估、动物恢复以及处理后数据分析的简短讨论。此协议可用于多种临床前啮齿动物模型，以帮助揭示在休息时发生的大脑网络变化。

每次休息状态扫描后，使用独立的组件分析（ICA; 补充文件中包含的示例脚本）评估稳定性。 图 6 显示了休息状态扫描的组件输出示例。 图 6a 显示了高稳定性扫描中的信号组件。请注意，从空间上讲，该组件具有很高的区域性。在空间组件下方的时间过程中，信号是稳定的，不可预测的，表明大脑活动的真实性。底部的功率频谱显示的频...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Acquisition of Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data in the Rat at JoVE.com

Acquisition of Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data in the Rat

本协议描述了一种从使用低剂量异黄酮与低剂量脱氧多米丁结合的大鼠获得稳定静息状态功能磁共振成像 （rs-fMRI） 数据的方法。

获取大鼠的静态功能磁共振成像数据

Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) has become an increasingly popular method to study brain function in a resting, non-task ...

静态功能磁共振成像，或休息状态fMRI，已成为一种越来越流行的方法，研究大脑功能在休息非任务状态。技术进步使休憩状态fMRI能够适应啮齿动物模型，并可用于揭示疾病状态背后的机制。这里描述的协议结合了低剂量异黄酮与低剂量去多米多米丁，允许高质量的数据采集和保存大脑网络功能。这种方法还允许自发呼吸和接近正常的生理长达五个小时。在这段视频中，我们涵盖了在麻醉、动物诱导和制备、动物设置、解剖扫描采集和休息状态扫描采集四个不同阶段对大鼠生理学的监测，然后对数据进行质量评估。使用系统从所有需要的区域提供吸入麻醉剂和清除废气，在30%富氧空气中诱导2.5%异黄素麻醉。一旦动物麻醉，从室中取出，称量动物，并将其放在加热垫的加热垫上的准备空间，保持在2.5%异黄素。将眼部润滑软膏涂在每只眼睛上，以防止干燥。确认麻醉的深度缺乏脚趾捏反应，使用剪子剃两英寸由两英寸平方面积在动物的背部下腰部区域直接在尾巴上方。使用25口径针头将腹腔内注射到腹部右下象限中，每公斤施用0.015毫克的去克肌氨酸溶液。开关异黄素从准备空间流向动物摇篮。把动物移到动物的摇篮里。将老鼠的门牙牢牢地放在咬栏上。将鼻锥压在鼻子上，以确保紧贴。如果鼻锥不覆盖下颚，Parafilm 可用于轻轻地将下颚紧闭，同时密封在鼻锥周围。将呼吸垫放在动物腹部下方的肋骨笼下，并重新定位，直到呼吸波形显示以每次呼吸为中心的深槽。呼吸低于每分钟40次时，进入麻醉的下一阶段。将耳塞插入耳道，使鼠头稳定在动物摇篮中。一旦定位，向前拉在咬杆上，并确认头部不动。根据需要重新调整鼻锥和帕拉膜。将温度探头插入预润滑的一次性探头盖中。轻轻地将温度探针插入直肠约 1/2 英寸，然后用医用胶带将其胶带插入尾部底部。将脉冲氧计夹放在后脚的骨质区域，确保光源位于脚底。夹子的旋转会影响信号，因此，创建一个保持爪子和夹子直立的支架将导致更大的稳定性。计算每公斤脱氧多明的输液率0.015毫克。将药物泵设置为计算的输液率并填充输液管。使用酒精擦拭，清洁剃须区，去除任何杂乱的头发。将皮肤捏在尾巴底部上方大约两个手指宽度。将1/3的输液线针插入帐篷皮肤。用一条三英寸宽的医用胶带将针头固定在皮肤上。将第二块宽的医疗胶带放在第一块穿过老鼠的上面，并附着在动物摇篮的两侧。铁磁针必须密封好，以防止扫描过程中的运动。开始输液皮下去克西霉素。将一块纱布放在老鼠鼻桥上，为线圈创建一个水平表面。使用不干扰 MRI 信号的纸胶带将线圈固定在鼠头上，使其集中在大脑上。将纸巾放在动物身上，用实验室胶带将它们固定在动物摇篮上。如果使用空气加热系统，将塑料布包裹在整个摇篮周围以容纳暖空气。将动物移入孔中并调谐磁铁。将异黄素降低到1.5%，使呼吸量稳步增加，达到每分钟约45至50次呼吸。在解剖扫描期间保持在此级别。使用 FLASH 定位扫描确保大脑与磁铁同位素中心对齐。重新定位动物，并在必要时重复。运行更高分辨率的 RARE 定位扫描，并使用此扫描输出对齐以大脑为中心的 15 个下垂切片。使用中间的下垂切片，将中心轴向切片对齐到前部切口的凹口，该切片显示为暗点。请注意切片偏移，以便稍后在休息状态扫描中使用。使用 FLASH 和 RARE 轴向协议获取 23 片，以帮助在扫描后分析期间注册到公共空间。使用按压序列在整个大脑中闪闪发光。完成解剖扫描后，将异黄素降低到0.5至0.75%调整，使动物的呼吸每分钟60至65次。在此级别上至少停留 10 分钟，然后开始静态扫描以确保稳定性。当生理稳定时，使用与解剖轴向系列相同的切片偏移获得 15 片 EPI 扫描。每次休息状态扫描完成后，使用独立的组件分析检查质量，将数据分解成空间和时间组件。获得至少三次高质量的休息状态扫描。扫描完成后，将异黄素增加到2%，并停止皮下去皮除虫素输注。将动物摇篮从磁孔中取出，然后返回动物准备空间。使用25米针将每公斤稀释的阿提帕梅索溶液注射0.015毫克。将鼠子放回加热垫顶部的家庭笼子中，并监视直到动物流动。使用独立的组件分析，在每次休息状态扫描后评估稳定性。此处显示的是一个非常高稳定性的示例。请注意，从空间上讲，这些组件具有很高的区域性。在中间面板显示的时间过程中，信号是稳定的，不可预测的，这表明真正的大脑活动。底部的功率频谱显示的频率主要较低。此处显示的是来自相同扫描的噪声组件。注意功率频谱中的非区域性、高频时程和单个高频峰值。在扫描后分析期间，应取消噪音组件。最后，该组件来自麻醉不稳定的扫描。显示的时间过程是可变和不规则的。当这种情况发生时，需要改进麻醉方案，通常对鼻锥的天花板和废气的清理。动物的稳定性，无论是身体还是生理，都是获得高质量的休息状态数据的关键。动物必须达到进入麻醉下一阶段之前设定的生理阈值。遵循这种生存技术，休息状态fMRI可用于纵向研究，结合实验操作，并探索疾病模型。低剂量异黄素与本协议中使用的去多米多米丁的结合，为有兴趣在啮齿动物大脑静息状态成像的研究人员提供了各种各样的临床前研究。

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of live Drosophila melanogaster using Magic Angle Spinning

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of live Drosophila melanogaster using Magic Angle Spinning

生活磁共振波谱果蝇</em用魔角旋转

High-Resolution Magic Angle Spinning (HRMAS) proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) is a novel non-destructive technique that improves spectral ...

科研

神经科学

Multiple-mouse Neuroanatomical Magnetic Resonance Imaging

多鼠神经解剖学磁共振成像

The field of mouse phenotyping with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is rapidly growing, motivated by the need for improved tools for characterizing and ...

High-resolution Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Methods for Human Midbrain

高分辨率人类中脑功能磁共振成像方法

Functional MRI (fMRI) is a widely used tool for non-invasively measuring correlates of human brain activity. However, its use has mostly been focused upon ...

The Use of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy as a Tool for the Measurement of Bi-hemispheric Transcranial Electric Stimulation Effects on Primary Motor Cortex Metabolism

磁共振波谱的用途，用于对初级运动皮层新陈代谢双半球经颅电刺激效果的测量工具一

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a neuromodulation technique that has been increasingly used over the past decade in the treatment of ...

High-resolution In Vivo Manual Segmentation Protocol for Human Hippocampal Subfields Using 3T Magnetic Resonance Imaging

High-resolution In Vivo Manual Segmentation Protocol for Human Hippocampal Subfields Using 3T Magnetic Resonance Imaging

高分辨率<em&gt;在体内</em&gt;使用3T磁共振成像手动分割协议为人类海马子字段

The human hippocampus has been broadly studied in the context of memory and normal brain function and its role in different neuropsychiatric disorders has ...

High-resolution Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Human Subcortex In Vivo and Postmortem

High-resolution Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Human Subcortex In Vivo and Postmortem

高分辨率结构磁共振人类皮质下的成像<I&gt;在体内</I&gt;与死亡

The focus of this study was to test the resolution limits of structural MRI of a postmortem brain compared to living human brains. The resolution of ...

A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Protocol for Stroke Onset Time Estimation in Permanent Cerebral Ischemia

脑缺血中风发作时间估计的磁共振成像协议

MRI provides a sensitive and specific imaging tool to detect acute ischemic stroke by means of a reduced diffusion coefficient of brain water. In a rat ...

Microstate and Omega Complexity Analyses of the Resting-state Electroencephalography

静止状态脑电图的微状态和欧米茄复杂性分析

Microstate and omega complexity are two reference-free electroencephalography (EEG) measures that can represent the temporal and spatial complexities of ...

Functional Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy at 7 T in the Rat Barrel Cortex During Whisker Activation

大鼠桶内皮层 7 t 的功能磁共振波谱在晶氏体活化过程中的应用

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy offers the opportunity to measure cerebral metabolite contents in vivo and noninvasively. Thanks to ...

Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Chronic Spinal Cord Compression

扩散张量磁共振成像在慢性脊髓压迫中的应用

Chronic spinal cord compression is the most common cause of spinal cord impairment in patients with nontraumatic spinal cord damage. Conventional magnetic ...