Name: density gradient ultracentrifugation for investigating endocytic recycling in mammalian cells
Uploaded: 2021-06-30T13:15:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Density Gradient Ultracentrifugation for Investigating Endocytic Recycling in Mammalian Cells at JoVE.com

这项工作得到了香港研究资助局、香港中文大学直接资助计划、联合学院捐赠基金和TUYF慈善信托基金的资助。这项工作中的数字改编自我们之前的出版物，"ARF6-Rac1信号介导的神经突起生长通过编排ARF6和ELMO1由神经元适配器FE65增强"于2020年10月发表在FASEB杂志上。

1. 哺乳动物细胞培养和转染
<ol><li>在100mm培养皿中平板2×106 个细胞。每次转染使用四个培养皿。 注意：不同的细胞系所需的细胞数量可能会有所不同。在继续隔离步骤之前，可能需要进行优化。</li>
	<li>第二天，根据制造商的说明，用利泊酚胺转染细胞。</li>
</ol>2. 细胞采集
<ol><li>转染后48小时弃置培养基。</li>
	<li>用冰冷的PBS（10mM磷酸钠，2.68mM氯化钾，140mM氯化钠?...

<ol>
	<li>Elkin, S. R., Lakoduk, A. M., Schmid, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endocytic+pathways+and+endosomal+trafficking:+a+primer.">Endocytic pathways and endosomal trafficking: a primer.</a> Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift. 166 (7-8), 196-204 (2016).</li><li>Kumari, S., Mg, S., Mayor, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endocytosis+unplugged:+multiple+ways+to+enter+the+cell.">Endocytosis unplugged: multiple ways to enter the cell.</a> Cell Research. 20 (3), 256-275 (2010).</li><li>Naslavsky, N., Caplan, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+enigmatic+endosome+-+sorting+the+ins+and+outs+of+endocytic+trafficking.">The enigmatic endosome - sorting the ins and outs of endocytic trafficking.</a> Journal of Cell Science. 131 (13), (2018).</li><li>Cullen, P. J., Steinberg, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=To+degrade+or+not+to+degrade:+mechanisms+and+significance+of+endocytic+recycling.">To degrade or not to degrade: mechanisms and significance of endocytic recycling.</a> Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology. 19, 679-696 (2018).</li><li>Weeratunga, S., Paul, B., Collins, B. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recognising+the+signals+for+endosomal+trafficking.">Recognising the signals for endosomal trafficking.</a> Current Opinion in Cell Biology. 65, 17-27 (2020).</li><li>Khan, I., Steeg, P. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endocytosis:+a+pivotal+pathway+for+regulating+metastasis.">Endocytosis: a pivotal pathway for regulating metastasis.</a> British Journal of Cancer. 124 (1), 66-75 (2021).</li><li>Grant, B. D., Donaldson, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathways+and+mechanisms+of+endocytic+recycling.">Pathways and mechanisms of endocytic recycling.</a> Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology. 10 (9), 597-608 (2009).</li><li>Maxfield, F. R., McGraw, T. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endocytic+recycling.">Endocytic recycling.</a> Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology. 5 (2), 121-132 (2004).</li><li>McDonald, F. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Explosion+in+the+complexity+of+membrane+protein+recycling.">Explosion in the complexity of membrane protein recycling.</a> American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology. 320 (4), 483-494 (2021).</li><li>O'Sullivan, M. J., Lindsay, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Endosomal+Recycling+pathway-at+the+crossroads+of+the+cell.">The Endosomal Recycling pathway-at the crossroads of the cell.</a> International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 21 (17), 6074 (2020).</li><li>D'Souza-Schorey, C., Li, G., Colombo, M. I., Stahl, P. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+regulatory+role+for+ARF6+in+receptor-mediated+endocytosis.">A regulatory role for ARF6 in receptor-mediated endocytosis.</a> Science. 267 (5201), 1175-1178 (1995).</li><li>Schweitzer, J. K., Sedgwick, A. E., D'Souza-Schorey, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ARF6-mediated+endocytic+recycling+impacts+cell+movement,+cell+division+and+lipid+homeostasis.">ARF6-mediated endocytic recycling impacts cell movement, cell division and lipid homeostasis.</a> Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology. 22 (1), 39-47 (2011).</li><li>Finicle, B. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sphingolipids+inhibit+endosomal+recycling+of+nutrient+transporters+by+inactivating+ARF6.">Sphingolipids inhibit endosomal recycling of nutrient transporters by inactivating ARF6.</a> Journal of Cell Science. 131 (12), (2018).</li><li>Lu, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=APE1+upregulates+MMP-14+via+redox-sensitive+ARF6-mediated+recycling+to+promote+cell+invasion+of+esophageal+adenocarcinoma.">APE1 upregulates MMP-14 via redox-sensitive ARF6-mediated recycling to promote cell invasion of esophageal adenocarcinoma.</a> Cancer Research. 79 (17), 4426-4438 (2019).</li><li>Qi, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Arf6-driven+endocytic+recycling+of+CD147+determines+HCC+malignant+phenotypes.">Arf6-driven endocytic recycling of CD147 determines HCC malignant phenotypes.</a> Journal of Experimental and Clinical Cancer Research. 38 (1), 471 (2019).</li><li>Crupi, M. J. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=GGA3-mediated+recycling+of+the+RET+receptor+tyrosine+kinase+contributes+to+cell+migration+and+invasion.">GGA3-mediated recycling of the RET receptor tyrosine kinase contributes to cell migration and invasion.</a> Oncogene. 39 (6), 1361-1377 (2020).</li><li>Gamara, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+Arf6+deletion+in+PLB-985+differentiated+in+neutrophil-like+cells+and+in+mouse+neutrophils:+impact+on+adhesion+and+migration.">Assessment of Arf6 deletion in PLB-985 differentiated in neutrophil-like cells and in mouse neutrophils: impact on adhesion and migration.</a> Mediators of Inflammation. 2020, 2713074 (2020).</li><li>Santy, L. C., Ravichandran, K. S., Casanova, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+DOCK180/Elmo+complex+couples+ARNO-mediated+Arf6+activation+to+the+downstream+activation+of+Rac1.">The DOCK180/Elmo complex couples ARNO-mediated Arf6 activation to the downstream activation of Rac1.</a> Current Biology. 15 (19), 1749-1754 (2005).</li><li>Wibo, M., Dumont, J. E., Brown, B. L., Marshall, N. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+fractionation+by+centrifugation+methods.">Cell fractionation by centrifugation methods.</a> Eukaryotic Cell Function and Growth: Regulation by Intracellular Cyclic Nucleotides. , 1-17 (1976).</li><li>Kelly, E. E., Horgan, C. P., McCaffrey, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rab11+proteins+in+health+and+disease.">Rab11 proteins in health and disease.</a> Biochemical Society Transactions. 40 (6), 1360-1367 (2012).</li><li>Li, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuronal+adaptor+FE65+stimulates+Rac1-mediated+neurite+outgrowth+by+recruiting+and+activating+ELMO1.">Neuronal adaptor FE65 stimulates Rac1-mediated neurite outgrowth by recruiting and activating ELMO1.</a> The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 293 (20), 7674-7688 (2018).</li><li>Chan, W. W. R., Li, W., Chang, R. C. C., Lau, K. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ARF6-Rac1+signaling-mediated+neurite+outgrowth+is+potentiated+by+the+neuronal+adaptor+FE65+through+orchestrating+ARF6+and+ELMO1.">ARF6-Rac1 signaling-mediated neurite outgrowth is potentiated by the neuronal adaptor FE65 through orchestrating ARF6 and ELMO1.</a> FASEB Journal: Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 34 (12), 16397-16413 (2020).</li><li>Huber, L. A., Pfaller, K., Vietor, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organelle+proteomics:+implications+for+subcellular+fractionation+in+proteomics.">Organelle proteomics: implications for subcellular fractionation in proteomics.</a> Circulation Research. 92 (9), 962-968 (2003).</li><li>Fleischer, S., Kervina, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Subcellular+fractionation+of+rat+liver.">Subcellular fractionation of rat liver.</a> Methods in Enzymology. 31, 6-41 (1974).</li><li>Marsh, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endosome+and+lysosome+purification+by+free-flow+electrophoresis.">Endosome and lysosome purification by free-flow electrophoresis.</a> Methods in Cell Biology. 31, 319-334 (1989).</li><li>Stasyk, T., Huber, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zooming+in:+fractionation+strategies+in+proteomics.">Zooming in: fractionation strategies in proteomics.</a> Proteomics. 4 (12), 3704-3716 (2004).</li><li>Iordachescu, A., Hulley, P., Grover, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+method+for+the+collection+of+nanoscopic+vesicles+from+an+organotypic+culture+model.">A novel method for the collection of nanoscopic vesicles from an organotypic culture model.</a> RSC Advances. 8 (14), 7622-7632 (2018).</li><li>Chavrier, P., vander Sluijs, P., Mishal, Z., Nagelkerken, B., Gorvel, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+endosome+membrane+dynamics+characterized+by+flow+cytometry.">Early endosome membrane dynamics characterized by flow cytometry.</a> Cytometry. 29 (1), 41-49 (1997).</li><li>Chasan, A. I., Beyer, M., Kurts, C., Burgdorf, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+a+specialized,+antigen-loaded+early+endosomal+subpopulation+by+flow+cytometry.">Isolation of a specialized, antigen-loaded early endosomal subpopulation by flow cytometry.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 960, 379-388 (2013).</li><li>Thapa, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phosphatidylinositol-3-OH+kinase+signaling+is+spatially+organized+at+endosomal+compartments+by+microtubule-associated+protein+4.">Phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase signaling is spatially organized at endosomal compartments by microtubule-associated protein 4.</a> Nature Cell Biology. 22 (11), 1357-1370 (2020).</li><li>Guimaraes de Araujo, M. E., Fialka, I., Huber, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Endocytic Organelles: Methods For Preparation And Analysis. In eLS. , (2001).</li><li>Rickwood, D., Graham, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Centrifugation Techniques. , (2015).</li><li>Lamberti, G., de Araujo, M. E., Huber, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+macrophage+early+and+late+endosomes+by+latex+bead+internalization+and+density+gradient+centrifugation.">Isolation of macrophage early and late endosomes by latex bead internalization and density gradient centrifugation.</a> Cold Spring Harbor Protocols. 2015 (12), (2015).</li><li>Urbanska, A., Sadowski, L., Kalaidzidis, Y., Miaczynska, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biochemical+characterization+of+APPL+endosomes:+the+role+of+annexin+A2+in+APPL+membrane+recruitment.">Biochemical characterization of APPL endosomes: the role of annexin A2 in APPL membrane recruitment.</a> Traffic. 12 (9), 1227-1241 (2011).</li></ol>

上述方案概述了通过超速离心从培养细胞中分离回收内体的程序。这种方法的可靠性已经由最新的出版物22证明，证明回收内体成功地从其他细胞器中分离出来（图1），如高尔基体和线粒体。为了获得良好的分离结果，需要注意一些关键步骤。在制备蔗糖溶液时，建议使用折光率仪验证溶液的折射率。62%、35%和25%蔗糖溶液在室温下的折射率分别为1.44、1.39?...

内体运输是一个基本的生理过程，涉及各种生物事件1，例如，信号受体，离子通道和粘附分子的运输。定位于质膜上的蛋白质通过内吞作用2内化。然后由早期内体3对内化蛋白进行分类。一些蛋白质被靶向溶酶体进行降解4。然而，大量的蛋白质通过快速回收和缓慢的回收过程被回收回细胞表面。在快速循环中，蛋白质离开早期内体并直接返回质膜。相反，在缓慢循环中，蛋白质首先被分选到内吞细胞回收室，然后被输送回质膜。各种货物蛋白，例如克拉菊酯、逆转录蛋白复合物、寻回物复合物和Wiskott-Aldrich综合征蛋白，以及SCAR同系物（WASH）复合物，参与这种膜循环过程4、5、6、7、8、9。内吞作用和再循环事件的平衡对细胞存活至关重要，并有助于各种细胞事件10，例如，细胞粘附，细胞迁移，细胞极性和信号转导。
ARF6是一种小型GTP酶，是内吞细胞运输7，11，12的调节因子。有趣的是，各种研究小组已经说明了ARF6在内吞细胞回收中的重要性13，14，15，16，17。该研究旨在研究ARF6介导的神经突生长与内吞细胞循环之间的关系。之前的报告表明，ARF6的激活是通过作用于细胞分裂1（DOCK180）复合物18的ELMO1-奉献物而处于Rac1活性的上游。然而，ARF6如何触发ELMO1-DOCK180介导的Rac1信号仍不清楚。采用密度梯度超速离心研究了ARF6介导的内吞细胞循环在该过程中的作用。通过使用该，从细胞裂解物19获得含有内体的回收部分。对该馏分进行蛋白质印迹以进行蛋白质含量分析。免疫印迹结果表明，在富含脑的接合蛋白FE65存在下，活性ARF6显著提高了ELMO1在含有内体的循环部分中的水平。以下方案包括（1）转染哺乳动物细胞的程序;（2）制备样品和密度梯度柱;（3）获得回收的含内体部分。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1 mL, Open-Top Thickwall Polypropylene Tube, 11 x 34 mm</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>347287</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100 mm tissue culture dish</td>
			<td>SPL</td>
			<td>20100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>13.2 mL, Certified Free Open-Top Thinwall Ultra-Clear Tube, 14 x 89 mm</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>C14277</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5x Sample Buffer</td>
			<td>GenScript</td>
			<td>MB01015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cOmplete, EDTA-free Protease Inhibitor Cocktail</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11873580001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>COX IV (3E11) Rabbit mAb</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technology</td>
			<td>4850S</td>
			<td>Rabbit monoclonal antibody for detecting COX IV.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cycloheximide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C1988</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dounce Tissue Grinder, 7 mL</td>
			<td>DWK Life Sciences</td>
			<td>357542</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) with low glucose</td>
			<td>HyClone</td>
			<td>SH30021.01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ELMO1 antibody (B-7)</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td>SC-271519</td>
			<td>Mouse monoclonal antibody for detecting ELMO1.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EndoFree Plasmid Maxi Kit</td>
			<td>QIAGEN</td>
			<td>12362</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FE65 antibody (E-20)</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td>SC-19751</td>
			<td>Goat polyclonal antibody for detecting FE65.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum, Research Grade</td>
			<td>HyClone</td>
			<td>SV30160.03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GAPDH Monoclonal Antibody (6C5)</td>
			<td>Ambion</td>
			<td>AM4300</td>
			<td>Mouse monoclonal antibody for detecting GAPDH.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ImageLab Software</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Measurement of band intensity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Imidazole</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>I2399</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lipofectamine 2000 Transfection Reagent</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>11668019</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Monoclonal Anti-&#946;-COP antibody</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G6160</td>
			<td>Mouse monoclonal antibody for detecting &#946;-COP.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Myc-tag (9B11) mouse mAb</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technology</td>
			<td>2276S</td>
			<td>Mouse monoclonal antibody for detecting myc tagged proteins.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OmniPur EDTA, Disodium Salt, Dihydrate</td>
			<td>Calbiochem</td>
			<td>4010-OP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optima L-100 XP</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>392050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optima MAX-TL</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>A95761</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Opti-MEM I Reduced Serum Media</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>31985070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS Tablets</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>18912014</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PhosSTOP</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>4906845001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RAB11A-Specific Polyclonal antibody</td>
			<td>Proteintech</td>
			<td>20229-1-AP</td>
			<td>Rabbit polyclonal antibody for detecting Rab11.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose</td>
			<td>Affymetrix</td>
			<td>AAJ21931A4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SW 41 Ti Swinging-Bucket Rotor</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>331362</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TLA-120.2 Fixed-Angle Rotor</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>362046</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA (0.05%), phenol red</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>25300062</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

density gradient ultracentrifugation for investigating endocytic recycling in mammalian cells

内体运输是调节各种生物事件的重要细胞过程。蛋白质从质膜内化，然后运输到早期内体。内化的蛋白质可以转运到溶酶体进行降解或再循环回质膜。需要一个强大的内吞循环途径来平衡膜材料从内吞作用中的去除。据报道，各种蛋白质可以调节该途径，包括ADP-核糖基化因子6（ARF6）。密度梯度超速离心是细胞分级分离的经典方法。离心后，将细胞器沉淀在其等光表面。这些馏分被收集并用于其他下游应用。这里描述的是使用密度梯度超速离心从转染的哺乳动物细胞中获取回收的含内体部分的方案。对分离的馏分进行标准的蛋白质印迹以分析其蛋白质含量。通过采用该方法，我们发现吞噬和细胞动力1（ELMO1）的质膜靶向，一种与Ras相关的C3肉毒杆菌毒素底物1（Rac1）鸟嘌呤核苷酸交换因子，是通过ARF6介导的内吞循环。

通过密度梯度超速离心对未转染的HEK293细胞进行分馏后，从梯度顶部开始收集12个组分。收获的馏分用稀释缓冲液以1：1的比例稀释并进行第二轮离心。然后将样品进行蛋白质印迹以分析其蛋白质含量。 如图1所示，回收内体标记物Rab11在馏分720中被检测到。还探测了其他亚细胞标志物，包括β-COP，COX IV，GAPDH，EEA1，Rab7和Lamp1。在分数7中也检测到正EEA1信号。...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Density Gradient Ultracentrifugation for Investigating Endocytic Recycling in Mammalian Cells at JoVE.com

Density Gradient Ultracentrifugation for Investigating Endocytic Recycling in Mammalian Cells

本文旨在提出一种利用蔗糖密度梯度超速离心制备哺乳动物细胞内体回收的方案。

密度梯度超速离心研究哺乳动物细胞内吞循环

Endosomal trafficking is an essential cellular process that regulates a broad range of biological events. Proteins are internalized from the plasma ...

该协议有助于从转染的哺乳动物细胞中分离出含有部分的回收内体，以促进通过内吞细胞运输的蛋白质运输的研究。该技术易于处理，适用于组织和细胞样品。演示该程序的将是来自劳博士实验室的博士生翟宇琪小姐。首先，在100毫米培养皿中将2倍10到6个细胞。第二天，根据制造商的说明用脂质酸转染细胞。要收获细胞，转染后48小时丢弃培养基，并用冰冷的PBS洗涤细胞两次。然后向每道菜中加入一毫升冰冷的PBS，并辅以0.5X蛋白酶抑制剂混合物和0.5X磷酸酶抑制剂混合物。接下来，使用细胞刮刀，收集细胞并将细胞悬浮液转移到15毫升离心管中。使用摆动斗式转子离心细胞。弃去上清液并将细胞沉淀轻轻地重悬于五毫升的均质缓冲液中。通过离心再次收集细胞，并将细胞沉淀重悬于一毫升均质缓冲液中。使用Dounce均质机使用15至20次笔程使细胞均质化。然后将同源物转移到两毫升离心管中。向均质液中加入700微升均质缓冲液。然后旋转稀释的同源物并收集1.5毫升的上清液。再次旋转收集的上清液，然后收集1.4毫升的上清液并将其标记为核后上清液。为了制备密度梯度柱，将1.2毫升核后上清液转移到超速离心管中。然后向样品中加入一毫升62%蔗糖溶液，并通过轻柔移液充分混合。接下来，在样品顶部小心地加入3.3毫升35%蔗糖溶液，然后在35%蔗糖溶液的基础上加入2.2毫升25%蔗糖溶液。最后，用均质缓冲液将超速离心管填充到顶部。离心密度梯度柱，从梯度的顶部开始，小心地收集12个馏分，每个馏分1毫升。接下来，用一毫升稀释缓冲液稀释所有馏分并离心稀释的样品。离心后，吸出上清液并加入50微升1X样品缓冲液以收获馏分。在馏分七中检测到回收的内体标记Rab11。还探测了其他亚细胞标志物，包括β COP，COX IV，GAPDH，EEA1，Rab 7和Lamp1。在Squater seven中也检测到阳性EEA1信号。此处显示了 GAPDH、Cox IV 和 Rab11 在 Fraction 7 和核后上清液中测得的条带强度。用ELMO1，ELMO1 ARF6Q67L或ELMO1 ARF6Q67L FE65转译HEC293细胞后，在ARF6Q67L和FE65过表达的ELMO1分布中没有发现变化。比较不同转染者之间第七部分的ELMO1水平，发现在ARF6Q67L共转染后升高。当ARF6Q67L和FE65共同表达时，观察到进一步增加。相反，敲除FE65降低了ARF6介导的Elmo1在馏分七中的富集。获得的分数可用于后续分析。例如，蛋白质印迹以可视化部分中的蛋白质水平变化。

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

Isolation of High-density Lipoproteins for Non-coding Small RNA Quantification

高密度脂蛋白的分离的非编码小RNA定量

The diversity of small non-coding RNAs (sRNA) is rapidly expanding and their roles in biological processes, including gene regulation, are emerging. Most ...

科研

生物化学

Protein Complex Affinity Capture from Cryomilled Mammalian Cells

从Cryomilled哺乳动物细胞中的蛋白质复合物亲和捕获

Affinity capture is an effective technique for isolating endogenous protein complexes for further study. When used in conjunction with an antibody, this ...

Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs

哺乳动物基因翻译起始复合体形成的 Toeprinting 分析

Translation initiation is the rate-limiting step of protein synthesis and represents a key point at which cells regulate their protein output. Regulation ...

Dissipative Microgravimetry to Study the Binding Dynamics of the Phospholipid Binding Protein Annexin A2 to Solid-supported Lipid Bilayers Using a Quartz Resonator

用石英谐振器研究磷脂结合蛋白附件 a2 与固体支持的脂质层结合动力学的耗散微重法

The dissipative quartz crystal microbalance technique is a simple and label-free approach to measure simultaneously the mass uptake and viscoelastic ...

Analysis of Endocytic Uptake and Retrograde Transport to the Trans-Golgi Network Using Functionalized Nanobodies in Cultured Cells

培养细胞功能化纳米化对跨 golgi 网络的内分泌吸收和逆行迁移分析

Transport of proteins and membranes from the cell surface to the Golgi and beyond is essential for homeostasis, organelle identity and physiology. To ...

Atomic Absorbance Spectroscopy to Measure Intracellular Zinc Pools in Mammalian Cells

原子吸纳光谱测量哺乳动物细胞细胞内锌池

Transition metals are essential micronutrients for organisms but can be toxic to cells at high concentrations by competing with physiological metals in ...

Isolation and Analysis of Plasma Lipoproteins by Ultracentrifugation

超中心对等离子脂蛋白的分离和分析

Analysis of plasma lipoproteins and apolipoproteins is an essential part for the diagnosis of dyslipidemia and studies of lipid metabolism and ...

Cell Fractionation of U937 Cells by Isopycnic Density Gradient Purification

通过等密度梯度纯化对U937细胞进行细胞分级分离

This protocol describes a method to obtain subcellular protein fractions from mammalian cells using a combination of detergents, mechanical lysis, and ...

Polysome Profiling without Gradient Makers or Fractionation Systems

无需梯度测定器或分馏系统的多聚体分析

Polysome fractionation by sucrose density gradient centrifugation is a powerful tool that can be used to create ribosome profiles, identify specific mRNAs ...

Efficient and Scalable Production of Full-length Human Huntingtin Variants in Mammalian Cells using a Transient Expression System

Full-length huntingtin (FL HTT) is a large (aa 1-3,144), ubiquitously expressed, polyglutamine (polyQ)-containing protein with a mass of approximately 350 ...