Name: implantation of a cranial window for repeated in vivo imaging in awake mice
Uploaded: 2021-06-22T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Implantation of a Cranial Window for Repeated In Vivo Imaging in Awake Mice at JoVE.com

所有动物实验均按照内布拉斯加大学医学中心IACUC批准的指南进行。
1. 手术前
<ol><li>准备用于病毒注射的移液器。使用移液器拉动硼硅酸盐玻璃毛细管，并以20°角斜移移液器。对移液器进行灭菌过夜。</li>
	<li>将新鲜的无菌凝胶泡沫切成小方块，准备它们。将凝胶泡沫浸入含有0.5mL盐水的无菌微量离心管中。使用前将凝胶泡沫浸泡在盐水中至少30分钟。</li>
	<li>通过将海绵条?...

<ol>
	<li>Cichon, J., Gan, W. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Branch-specific+dendritic+Ca2++spikes+cause+persistent+synaptic+plasticity.">Branch-specific dendritic Ca2+ spikes cause persistent synaptic plasticity.</a> Nature. 520 (7546), 180-185 (2015).</li><li>Goncalves, J. 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在这里，我们提出了一种植入慢性颅窗的方案，用于在空气抬起的家庭笼子上对清醒的头部受限小鼠进行皮质星形胶质细胞和神经元的 体内 成像。已经提供了颅窗应用用于表达GECI和神经元突触结构的星形胶质细胞成像的具体示例。通过使用多光子显微镜，可以在几天内重复记录星形细胞钙信号传导动力学和结构突触动力学。
慢性颅窗提供良好的光学成像质量，并允?...

在小鼠皮层中进行体内多光子荧光显微镜检查的能力对于研究细胞信号传导和结构1，2，3，4，5，6，7，8，9，疾病病理学10，11和细胞发育12，13至关重要.通过植入慢性颅窗，可以进行纵向成像，允许在活体动物中对皮质区域进行数天，数周或数月13，14的重复成像。多光子显微镜是体内重复成像的理想选择，因为改进了深度探测，减少了与所用红外激光相关的光损伤。这允许研究各种皮质区域中特定细胞的分子和细胞动力学。
多光子显微镜已用于小鼠神经元和神经胶质细胞的体内成像15，16，17，18，19，20。可以实施各种策略来标记特定的细胞类型和感兴趣的区域。一种常见的方法是使用Cre-Lox重组系统以细胞特异性方式驱动遗传编码荧光蛋白的表达。这可以用转基因小鼠进行，例如，将tdTomato“floxed”小鼠（Ai14）与在感兴趣的启动子21下表达Cre-重组酶的小鼠杂交。或者，可以通过病毒注射实现细胞和位点特异性标记。在这里，在细胞特异性启动子下编码Cre重组酶的病毒和编码絮状目的基因的病毒被注射到定义的区域中。然后，接受两种病毒载体的适当细胞类型将表达所需的基因。这些基因可以是结构标记，如tdTomato，以查看细胞形态变化22或遗传编码钙指示剂（GECI），如GCaMP和/或RCaMP，以检查钙动力学23。遗传重组的方法可以单独或组合地用于标记一种或多种细胞类型。第三种方法，不需要转基因小鼠或病毒构建体（其具有有限的包装能力），是在24的DNA构建体的子宫电穿孔中。根据电穿孔的时间，可以靶向不同的细胞类型25，26，27。
当进行多光子成像时，可以在清醒或麻醉时对小鼠进行成像。清醒小鼠的成像可以通过通过连接的头板28固定小鼠来进行。这种方法通过允许动物相对自由地移动来减轻压力，例如自由漂浮，空气支撑的聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料球29，自由漂浮的跑步机1，或空气提升的家庭笼子系统，其中小鼠被连接的头板固定并允许在开放的腔室30中移动。对于这些成像条件中的每一种，首先需要使小鼠习惯于成像设置。本文描述了使用空气提升家庭笼系统的习惯化和成像过程。
该协议描述了在皮层中植入用于纵向 体内 成像的慢性颅窗。在这里，我们将使用在星形胶质细胞中有条件表达GCaMP6f的小鼠来监测钙信号传导动力学。此外，本文描述了使用tdTomato作为神经元标签的病毒注射程序。这允许确定神经元突触结构的变化和/或作为结构标志物的可用性，从而实现对同一星形胶质细胞的重复成像。在整个实验方案中，将突出显示关键步骤，以确保从多光子显微镜获得的最佳图像质量。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>15o Pointed Blade</td>
			<td>Surgistar</td>
			<td>6500</td>
			<td>Surgery Tools</td>
		</tr>
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			<td>19 G Needles</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>305186</td>
			<td>Surgery Supply</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AAV1-CAG-FLEX-tdTomato</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>28306-AAV1</td>
			<td>Viral Vector</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AAV1-CaMKII-0-4-Cre</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>105558-AAV1</td>
			<td>Viral Vector</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acteone</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A16P4</td>
			<td>Reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alcohol Prep Pads</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Covidien 5750</td>
			<td>Surgery Supply</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Beveler</td>
			<td>Narishige</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Borosilicate Glass</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>TW100F-4</td>
			<td>Surgery Supply</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carbide Burs</td>
			<td>SS White Dental</td>
			<td>14717</td>
			<td>Surgery Tools</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carprofen (Rimadyl), 50 mg/mL</td>
			<td>Zoetis Mylan Institutional, LLC.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Drug</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Compressed Air</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>23-022-523</td>
			<td>Surgery Supply</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cotton Tip Applicators</td>
			<td>Puritan</td>
			<td>836-WC NO BINDER</td>
			<td>Surgery Supply</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cover Glass, No. 1 thickness, 3 mm/5 mm</td>
			<td>Warner Instruments</td>
			<td>64-0720, 64-0700</td>
			<td>Surgery Supply</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dental Drill</td>
			<td>Aseptico</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dexamethasone, 4 mg/mL</td>
			<td>Mylan Institutional, LLC.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Drug</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissecting Microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Duralay Liquid&#160; (dental cement liquid)</td>
			<td>Patterson Dental</td>
			<td>602-8518</td>
			<td>Reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Duralay Powder&#160; (dental cement powder)</td>
			<td>Patterson Dental</td>
			<td>602-7932</td>
			<td>Reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Enrofloxacin, 2.27%</td>
			<td>Bayer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Drug</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eye Ointment</td>
			<td>Dechra</td>
			<td>17033-211-38</td>
			<td>Surgery Supply</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fiber Lite High Intensity Illuminator</td>
			<td>Dolan-Jenner Industries</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps (Large)</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>14099</td>
			<td>Surgery Tools</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps (Small)</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>501764</td>
			<td>Surgery Tools</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GCaMP6f B6; 129S-Gt(ROSA)26Sortm95.1(CAGGCaMP6f)Hze/J</td>
			<td>The Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td>Stock No: 024105</td>
			<td>Mouse line</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Germinator</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GLAST-CreER Tg(Slc1a3-cre/ERT) 1Nat/J</td>
			<td>The Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td>Stock No: 012586</td>
			<td>Mouse Line</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Headplate</td>
			<td>Neurotar</td>
			<td>Model 1, Model 3</td>
			<td>Surgery Supply</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hemostatic forceps</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>501705</td>
			<td>Surgery Tools</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Holder for 15o Pointed Blade</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>501247</td>
			<td>Surgery Tools</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Holder for Scalpel Blades</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>500236</td>
			<td>Surgery Tools</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iodine Prep Pads</td>
			<td>Avantor</td>
			<td>15648-926</td>
			<td>Surgery Supply</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Piramal</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Surgery Supply</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane table top system with Induction Box</td>
			<td>Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane Vaporizer</td>
			<td>SurgiVet</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Krazy Glue</td>
			<td>Office Depot</td>
			<td>KG517</td>
			<td>Reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Loctite 401</td>
			<td>Henkel</td>
			<td>40140</td>
			<td>fast-curing instant adhesive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Loctite 454</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>NC9194415</td>
			<td>cyanoacrylate adhesive gel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micropipette Puller</td>
			<td>Sutter Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multiphoton Microscope</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nitrogen</td>
			<td>Matheson</td>
			<td>NI M200</td>
			<td>Gas</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oxygen</td>
			<td>Matheson</td>
			<td>OX M250</td>
			<td>Gas</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Picospritzer</td>
			<td>Parker</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>intracellular microinjection dispense system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette Tips</td>
			<td>Rainin</td>
			<td>17014340</td>
			<td>Surgery Supply</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rodent Hair Trimmer</td>
			<td>Wahl</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Saline (0.9% Sodium Chloride)</td>
			<td>Med Vet International</td>
			<td>RX0.9NACL-30BAC</td>
			<td>Surgery Supply</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel Blades, Size 11</td>
			<td>Integra</td>
			<td>4-111</td>
			<td>Surgery Tools</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scissors</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>503667</td>
			<td>Surgery Tools</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereotaxic Instrument</td>
			<td>Stoelting</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sugi Sponge Strips (sponge strips)</td>
			<td>Kettenbach Dental</td>
			<td>31002</td>
			<td>Surgery Supply</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SURGIFOAM (gel foam)</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>1972</td>
			<td>Surgery Supply</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe with 26 G Needle</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>309625</td>
			<td>Surgery Supply</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tamoxifen</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>T5648-1G</td>
			<td>Reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ti:Sapphire Laser</td>
			<td>Coherent</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transfer Pipettes</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>13-711-9AM</td>
			<td>Surgery Supply</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water Blanket</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylocaine MPF with Epinephrine (1:200,000), 10 mg/mL</td>
			<td>Fresenius Kabi USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Drug</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

implantation of a cranial window for repeated in vivo imaging in awake mice

为了充分了解行为动物中神经元和神经胶质细胞的细胞生理学，有必要可视化它们的形态并记录它们在行为小鼠 体内 的活动。本文描述了一种植入慢性颅窗的方法，以允许在清醒的头部抑制小鼠中对脑细胞进行纵向成像。结合遗传策略和病毒注射，可以用结构或生理标记标记特定的细胞和感兴趣的区域。该协议展示了如何结合病毒注射来标记皮层中表达GCaMP6的星形胶质细胞附近的神经元，以便通过颅窗同时对两个细胞进行成像。相同细胞的多光子成像可以在清醒的，行为正常的动物中进行数天，数周或数月。这种方法为研究人员提供了一种实时观察细胞动力学的方法，可以应用于回答神经科学中的许多问题。

颅窗的质量可以通过神经元结构的清晰程度来评估。在良好的窗口中，树突状棘清晰可见（图1）。通过存储结构和位置数据，可以对同一动物进行数天，数周或数月的重复成像以检查相同的细胞（图1）。 图1 中的图像是从初级运动皮层的前肢区域（在5 mm窗口中）获得的。可以测量各种参数，包括树突棘和轴突的密度和动力学，?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Implantation of a Cranial Window for Repeated In Vivo Imaging in Awake Mice at JoVE.com

Implantation of a Cranial Window for Repeated In Vivo Imaging in Awake Mice

这里提出的是植入慢性颅窗的方案，用于在清醒的头部约束小鼠中对脑细胞进行纵向成像。

植入颅窗以在清醒小鼠 中重复体内 成像

To fully understand the cellular physiology of neurons and glia in behaving animals, it is necessary to visualize their morphology and record their ...

该协议描述了如何进行病毒注射并植入颅窗，以便在清醒的头部受限小鼠中对脑细胞进行成像。这种方法的优点是神经元和星形胶质细胞的结构和活动可以在多个会话中重复成像。这种方法可用于确定神经发育或神经退行性疾病模型中神经细胞如何改变，或者经验依赖性可塑性是否受损。首先使用鼻夹和耳杆将麻醉鼠标固定在立体定位框架上。使用无菌手术工具，从前额缝合线到前额缝合线到λ后部切割并去除皮肤。使用无菌尺寸11碳钢手术刀片，轻轻刮下颅骨上的所有结缔组织。在牙钻的帮助下，沿着同心圆的开口轮廓逐渐钻出颅骨，以促进骨骼的均匀变薄。每次同心刀路后，向钻孔区域添加一滴或两滴盐水，让盐水静置至少10秒钟，然后再继续钻孔。用细镊子轻轻推动颅骨的中心区域，以检查颅骨是否充分变薄并移动。确保钻孔发生的潜在脉管系统完好无损，并且骨骼未破裂。小心地将微型15度尖刀片插入变薄的骨头中，然后切割并使用浸泡在盐水中的凝胶泡沫来阻止可能发生的任何出血。使用镊子，小心地抬起并取出骨头，注意不要损坏硬脑膜。对于注射，用20微米的尖端填充无菌斜面玻璃移液器，加入病毒混合物。然后降低移液器以接触大脑表面，并继续降低200至300微米以进行2/3层注射。使用细胞内显微注射分配系统，在两分钟内对系统进行12至15次的压力注射。对于颅窗植入，将盖玻片放在颅骨的开口处。使用镊子确保玻璃在开口处齐平。要将玻璃窗的边缘密封到头骨上，请在玻璃表面的周围涂上氰基丙烯酸酯粘合剂凝胶。在粘合凝胶上涂上一层胶水。然后加入一层牙科水泥液体。当牙科水泥硬化时，在直升机型头板的中央开口周围涂上一层薄薄的胶水，并将适当尺寸的直升机型头板放在盖板玻璃上。让胶水变干。将牙科水泥粉加入1.5毫升微量离心管中，最高可达0.1毫升。将七到八滴快速固化的瞬干胶混合到粉末中，然后将所得混合物吸入一个19号针头的一毫升注射器中，该针头已被切割以形成更大的开口。将粉末混合物注入直升机杆的侧孔，直到它从两侧渗出。将牙科水泥粘合剂混合物涂在暴露的颅骨的其余部分，将头板固定在颅骨上。用布包裹鼠标，并通过其头板将其固定在空运的家庭笼子的头部固定臂上，然后将家庭笼子暴露在光线下。习惯化15分钟后，将鼠标从家庭笼子中取出。使用显微镜的宽视场模式，选择两到三个易于识别的脉管系统位置。保存血管的图像，并记录运动控制器上显示的 x 和 y 坐标。成像神经元的突触结构和星形胶质细胞中的GCaMP6f活性。在代表性分析中，通过对树突和表达GCaMP6f的星形胶质细胞的重复成像在几天内评估颅窗的质量。在一个好的窗口，神经元结构看起来很清脆，有清晰可见的树突状棘。在成像的第二天出现了两个新的棘。只有一根脊柱持续存在，并且在第五天可见。在不同时间点表达GCaMP6f的星形胶质细胞中研究了钙活性。在一次运动比赛中目睹了一场包含整个牢房的全球事件。该协议的两个关键步骤是，在移除骨头之前，需要将骨头充分变薄，以及将盖玻片正确放置在开口上。成像可以与行为分析相结合，无论是在成像期间，还是在行为后，例如学习一项新的运动技能，以确定神经元和星形胶质细胞结构和功能如何通过学习进行调节。

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Implantation of a Cranial Window for Repeated In Vivo Imaging in Awake Mice

A Thin-skull Window Technique for Chronic Two-photon In vivo Imaging of Murine Microglia in Models of Neuroinflammation

A Thin-skull Window Technique for Chronic Two-photon In vivo Imaging of Murine Microglia in Models of Neuroinflammation

一个慢性双光子薄颅骨窗口技术在体内 Neuroinflammation模型小鼠小胶质细胞成像

Traditionally in neuroscience, in vivo two photon imaging of the murine central nervous system has either involved the use of open-skull1,2 or ...

科研

神经科学

Multimodal Imaging of Stem Cell Implantation in the Central Nervous System of Mice

在中央小鼠中枢神经系统的干细胞移植的多模态成像

During the past decade, stem cell transplantation has gained increasing interest as primary or secondary therapeutic modality for a variety of diseases, ...

Functional Neuroimaging Using Ultrasonic Blood-brain Barrier Disruption and Manganese-enhanced MRI

使用超声波血脑屏障破坏和锰增强MRI的脑功能成像

Although mice are the dominant model system for studying the genetic and molecular underpinnings of neuroscience, functional neuroimaging in mice remains ...

Thinned-skull Cortical Window Technique for In Vivo Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging

Thinned-skull Cortical Window Technique for In Vivo Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging

稀疏的头骨皮层的窗口技术<em在体内</em光学相干断层成像

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a biomedical imaging technique  with high spatial-temporal resolution. With its minimally invasive approach OCT  has ...

Lateral Chronic Cranial Window Preparation Enables In Vivo Observation Following Distal Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Mice

Lateral Chronic Cranial Window Preparation Enables In Vivo Observation Following Distal Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Mice

横向慢性颅窗口准备启用<em&gt;在体内</em&gt;观察继末节小鼠大脑中动脉闭塞

Focal cerebral ischemia (i.e., ischemic stroke) may cause major brain injury, leading to a severe loss of neuronal function and consequently to a host of ...

Piezo High Accuracy Surgical Osteal Removal (PHASOR): A Technique for Improved Cranial Window Surgery in Mice

Piezo High Accuracy Surgical Osteal Removal PHASOR: A Technique for Improved Cranial Window Surgery in Mice

压电高精度手术骨切除 (相量): 改进小鼠颅骨窗手术的技术

Multiphoton microscopy has been widely adapted for imaging neurons in vivo. Repeated imaging requires implantation of a cranial window or repeated ...

Laminectomy and Spinal Cord Window Implantation in the Mouse

拉米内切手术和脊髓窗口植入小鼠

This protocol describes a method for spinal cord laminectomy and glass window implantation for in vivo imaging of the mouse spinal cord. An integrated ...

In Vivo Two-photon Imaging of Cortical Neurons in Neonatal Mice

In Vivo Two-photon Imaging of Cortical Neurons in Neonatal Mice

体内新生小鼠皮层神经元的双光子成像

Two-photon imaging is a powerful tool for the in vivo analysis of neuronal circuits in the mammalian brain. However, a limited number of in vivo imaging ...

In vivo Calcium Imaging in Mouse Inferior Olive

In vivo Calcium Imaging in Mouse Inferior Olive

在体内 小鼠劣质橄榄中的钙成像

Inferior olive (IO), a nucleus in the ventral medulla, is the only source of climbing fibers that form one of the two input pathways entering the ...

Construction and Implementation of Carbon Fiber Microelectrode Arrays for Chronic and Acute In Vivo Recordings

Construction and Implementation of Carbon Fiber Microelectrode Arrays for Chronic and Acute In Vivo Recordings

用于慢性和急性体内记录的碳纤维微电极阵列 的 构建和实现

Multichannel electrode arrays offer insight into the working brain and serve to elucidate neural processes at the single-cell and circuit levels. ...

植入颅窗以在清醒小鼠 中重复体内 成像

植入颅窗以在清醒小鼠中重复体内成像