Name: three-dimensional navigation-guided, prone, single-position, lateral lumbar interbody fusion technique
Uploaded: 2021-07-15T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Three-dimensional Navigation-guided, Prone, Single-position, Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion Technique at JoVE.com

We thank the dedicated work from our nurses and surgical technicians in making the advance of this technique a possibility.

NOTE: The protocol follows the guidelines of and was approved by the Brigham human research ethics committee.
1. Equipment and positioning
<ol>
	<li>Use an open Jackson table for the procedure. Ensure the availability of both frameless stereotactic navigation and intraoperative neuromonitoring with lower extremity electromyography (EMGs), which are critical to the success of the case. 
	&#8203;NOTE: An open Jackson table allows the abdominal viscera to fall away from the spine during th...

<ol>
	<li>Ozgur, B. M., Aryan, H. E., Pimenta, L., Taylor, W. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extreme+lateral+interbody+fusion+(XLIF):+a+novel+surgical+technique+for+anterior+lumbar+interbody+fusion.">Extreme lateral interbody fusion (XLIF): a novel surgical technique for anterior lumbar interbody fusion.</a> The Spine Journal. 6 (4), 435-443 (2006).</li><li>Kwon, B., Kim, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lateral+lumbar+interbody+fusion:+indications,+outcomes,+and+complications.">Lateral lumbar interbody fusion: indications, outcomes, and complications.</a> Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 24 (2), 96-105 (2016).</li><li>Rodgers, W. B., Gerber, E. J., Patterson, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intraoperative+and+early+postoperative+complications+in+extreme+lateral+interbody+fusion:+an+analysis+of+600+cases.">Intraoperative and early postoperative complications in extreme lateral interbody fusion: an analysis of 600 cases.</a> Spine. 36 (1), 26-32 (2011).</li><li>Pimenta, L., Turner, A. W. L., Dooley, Z. A., Parikh, R. D., Peterson, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biomechanics+of+lateral+interbody+spacers:+going+wider+for+going+stiffer.">Biomechanics of lateral interbody spacers: going wider for going stiffer.</a> The Scientific World Journal. 2012, 381814 (2012).</li><li>Ploumis, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biomechanical+comparison+of+anterior+lumbar+interbody+fusion+and+transforaminal+lumbar+interbody+fusion.">Biomechanical comparison of anterior lumbar interbody fusion and transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion.</a> Journal of Spinal Disorders &amp; Techniques. 21 (2), 120-125 (2008).</li><li>Blizzard, D. J., Thomas, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MIS+single-position+lateral+and+oblique+lateral+lumbar+interbody+fusion+and+bilateral+pedicle+screw+fixation:+feasibility+and+perioperative+results.">MIS single-position lateral and oblique lateral lumbar interbody fusion and bilateral pedicle screw fixation: feasibility and perioperative results.</a> Spine. 43 (6), 440-446 (2018).</li><li>Ouchida, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simultaneous+single-position+lateral+interbody+fusion+and+percutaneous+pedicle+screw+fixation+using+O-arm-based+navigation+reduces+the+occupancy+time+of+the+operating+room.">Simultaneous single-position lateral interbody fusion and percutaneous pedicle screw fixation using O-arm-based navigation reduces the occupancy time of the operating room.</a> European Spine Journal. 29 (6), 1277-1286 (2020).</li><li>Lamartina, C., Berjano, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prone+single-position+extreme+lateral+interbody+fusion+(Pro-XLIF):+preliminary+results.">Prone single-position extreme lateral interbody fusion (Pro-XLIF): preliminary results.</a> European Spine Journal. 29, 6-13 (2020).</li><li>Quiceno, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single+position+spinal+surgery+for+the+treatment+of+grade+II+spondylolisthesis:+A+technical+note.">Single position spinal surgery for the treatment of grade II spondylolisthesis: A technical note.</a> Journal of Clinical Neuroscience. 65, 145-147 (2019).</li><li>Buckland, A. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single+position+circumferential+fusion+improves+operative+efficiency,+reduces+complications+and+length+of+stay+compared+with+traditional+circumferential+fusion.">Single position circumferential fusion improves operative efficiency, reduces complications and length of stay compared with traditional circumferential fusion.</a> The Spine Journal. , (2020).</li></ol>

This study provides a detailed protocol for a prone, single-position, 3D-navigation-guided lateral lumbar interbody fusion (Pro-LLIF). Pro-LLIF permits concurrent access to the anterior and posterior spine and does not require patient repositioning, unlike the two-stage OLIF or XLIF approach9. This single-position approach has been associated with decreased operative time, anesthesia time, and surgical staffing requirements, presenting physical and financial benefits8,...

First described as extreme lateral interbody fusion (XLIF) in 2006, the lateral lumbar interbody fusion approach (LLIF) utilizes a transpsoas approach to the vertebral body1. The LLIF presents several operative advantages over other traditional approaches. First, the LLIF is one of the least invasive interbody fusion approaches, minimizing perioperative tissue damage and blood loss, as well as postoperative pain and length of hospital stay2,3. The LLIF allows for the placement of larger interbody spacers, which confers a greater likelihood of fusion and greater disc height distraction4,5. 
Several LLIF protocols are currently employed, each of which presents limitations. The two-stage approach requires two patient positions for cage placement and posterior screw fixation, respectively. This protocol may increase intraoperative time and anesthetic exposure as the surgeon must wait for patient repositioning between the first and second stages of the procedure. Single-position LLIF variants have also been developed to improve the two-position process. Using a stand-alone LLIF technique forgoes the posterior component of the LLIF surgery and thus negates the need for patient repositioning. However, this technique precludes direct posterior decompression and the added stability of pedicle screw placement. Performing the entire surgery in the lateral position has also been described, but this introduces additional ergonomic challenges for the surgeon6,7. 
A prone single-position approach effectively decreases operative time, thus speeding patients' recovery. Below, the protocol for performing a prone single-position approach for simultaneous access to the anterior and posterior lumbar spine is outlined. Unlike a previously described variation of this approach, 3D navigation is employed to guide both the lateral approach and the interbody cage placement8. Finally, this article includes a case series of the first 10 patients who underwent this prone, lateral lumbar interbody fusion (Pro-LLIF) procedure at the authors' institution.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>CONDUIT Lateral Lumbar Implants</td>
			<td>DePuy Synthes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>EIT Cellular Titanium Interbody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>COUGAR LS Lateral Spreaders</td>
			<td>DePuy Synthes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Lateral Spreaders: 6, 8, 10, 12, 16 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>COUGAR LS Lateral Trials</td>
			<td>DePuy Synthes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Parallel Trial, 18 x 6 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>COUGAR LS Lateral Trials</td>
			<td>DePuy Synthes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Lordotic Trials, 18 x 8 mm 18 x 10 mm 18 x 12 mm 18 x 14 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DePuy Synthes ATP/Lateral Discetomy Instruments</td>
			<td>Avalign Technologies LLC</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dual Lead Awl Tip Taps 4.35 mm &#8211; 10 mm</td>
			<td>DePuy Synthes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Navigation Enabled Instruments used with Medtronic StealthStation Navigation System</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EXPEDIUM 5.5 System</td>
			<td>DePuy Synthes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>with VIPER Cortical Fix Screws</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EXPEDIUM Driver Shaft T20 5.5</td>
			<td>DePuy Synthes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Navigation Enabled Instruments used with Medtronic StealthStation Navigation System</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EXPEDIUM Drive Sleeve 5.5</td>
			<td>DePuy Synthes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Navigation Enabled Instruments used with Medtronic StealthStation Navigation System</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phantom XL3 Lateral Access System</td>
			<td colspan="2">TeDan Surgical Innovations, LLC</td>
			<td>Lateral Access retractor (includes dilators and LED Lightsource)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PIPELINE LS LATERAL Fixation Pins</td>
			<td>DePuy Synthes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>The R Project, R package version 4.0, MatchIt package</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>propensity-score matching</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SENTIO MMG Lateral Probe</td>
			<td>DePuy Synthes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Lateral Access Probe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SENTIO MMG Stim Clip</td>
			<td>DePuy Synthes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>attaches to insilated dilators, conducting triggered EMG while rotating 360 degrees</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VIPER 2 1.45 mm Guidewire, Sharp</td>
			<td>DePuy Synthes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

three-dimensional navigation-guided, prone, single-position, lateral lumbar interbody fusion technique

Lateral interbody fusion provides a significant biomechanical advantage over the traditional transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion due to the large implant size and optimal implant position. However, current methods for lateral interbody cage placement require either a two-staged procedure or a single lateral decubitus position that precludes surgeons from having either full access to the posterior spine for direct decompression or comfortable pedicle screw placement.
Herein is one institution's experience with 10 cases of a prone single-position approach for simultaneous access to the anterior and posterior lumbar spine. This allows both lateral lumbar interbody cage placement, direct posterior decompression, and pedicle screw placement, all in one position. Three-dimensional (3D) navigation is utilized for increased precision in both approaching the lateral spine and interbody cage placement. The traditional blind psoas muscle tubular dilation was also modified. Tubular retractors and lateral vertebral body retractor pins were used to minimize the risks to the lumbar plexus.

Cohort demographics 
Ten consecutive patients underwent the Pro-LLIF procedure from August 2020 to February 2021. The eligibility criteria for this procedure were ages 18 and older and symptomatic degenerative spondylosis with spinal instability (spondylolisthesis or degenerative scoliosis) from L2 to L5, requiring interbody fusion. Per the institution&#39;s standard of care, all patients had trialed and failed a course of conservative management. The exclusion criteria were patients excluded from o...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Three-dimensional Navigation-guided, Prone, Single-position, Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion Technique at JoVE.com

Three-dimensional Navigation-guided, Prone, Single-position, Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion Technique

The single-position, prone, lateral approach allows for both lateral lumbar interbody placement and direct posterior decompression with pedicle screw placement in one position.

Lateral interbody fusion provides a significant biomechanical advantage over the traditional transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion due to the large ...

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