Name: design and development of a model to study the effect of supplemental oxygen on the cystic fibrosis airway microbiome
Uploaded: 2021-08-03T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Design and Development of a Model to Study the Effect of Supplemental Oxygen on the Cystic Fibrosis Airway Microbiome at JoVE.com

这项工作的一部分是在海洋生物实验室进行的，得到了海洋生物实验室，美国能源部（DE-SC0016127），NSF（MCB1822263），HHMI（授权号5600373）以及西蒙斯基金会的礼物的支持。

该研究获得了合作伙伴机构审查委员会的批准（协议编号2018P002934）。纳入标准包括为研究提供书面知情同意书的囊性纤维化成年患者。没有排除标准。根据方案指南，所有痰液样本都是在预定的门诊就诊期间从囊性纤维化患者那里收集的。
1. 人工痰培养基制备
注：此处列出的数量用于生产1 L最终人造痰液，并假设材料表中列出的特定试剂。?...

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J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=bioBakery:+a+meta'omic+analysis+environment.">bioBakery: a meta'omic analysis environment.</a> Bioinformatics. 34 (7), 1235-1237 (2018).</li><li>Truong, D. 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在这项研究中，开发了一个 体外 模型来研究高氧对肺微生物群落的影响。该模型基于人工痰培养基和血清瓶的每日喷射，可维持升高的氧气浓度，并支持在pwCF痰液中鉴定出的微生物的生长。
这种方法有几个关键步骤。首先是选择使用过滤灭菌而不是人工痰媒的热灭菌。过滤器灭菌可防止粘蛋白和培养基中其他热敏组分变性，并产生可用于微生物生长光学测量的透明?...

囊性纤维化（CF）是一种遗传性疾病，其特征在于无法清除肺部的粘液，导致反复感染和进行性肺功能下降，通常导致需要肺移植或死亡。囊性纤维化（pwCF）患者的气道微生物组似乎跟踪疾病活动1，与不良长期结局相关的微生物多样性减少2，3。在pwCF的临床研究中，补充氧疗与更晚期的疾病4，5相关，尽管传统上，氧疗的使用仅被视为疾病严重程度的标志6 。最近一项针对呼吸衰竭患者的临床试验研究表明，较高的患者氧气水平与严重细菌感染的增加和更高的死亡率相矛盾7，这表明补充氧气可能有助于疾病的发病机制。补充氧气对囊性纤维化肺微生物组以及相关的肺和气道微生物群落的影响尚未得到很好的研究。
由于后勤困难以及与未知医疗益处或伤害的干预措施相关的潜在伦理问题，机械研究通常无法直接对人类受试者进行。在这些情况下，将人类生物标本整合到模型系统中的转化方法可以提供重要的生物学见解。虽然使用或耐受氧气的能力传统上是微生物分类的重要组成部分，但对于向环境引入辅助氧气的治疗性如何扰乱气道微生物群落知之甚少。为了阐明辅助供氧对pwCF气道微生物组的未知影响，我们需要解决两个主要挑战;首先，创建一种培养基，在生理上接近CF痰的组成;其次，创建一个模型系统，允许在较长的时间内保持培养物中升高的氧浓度。
人工痰培养基（ASM）被广泛用于模拟肺痰体外8、9、10，但对具体配方没有明确的共识。该协议描述了一种精心设计的人造痰液培养基配方和制备策略，以从生理上近似于来自pwCF的痰液。表1概述了基于已发表文献的所选配方值。基本化学成分和pH值与人类CF痰液研究确定的值相匹配11，12，13。使用蛋黄加入低浓度的生理营养素，其作为最终体积的0.25%加入，以及维生素和微量金属混合物14，15。粘蛋白是痰16的关键成分，包括在1%w / v14。虽然过滤器杀菌更费力，但过滤器灭菌被选择在更传统的热灭菌实践之上，以减少由热引起的基本介质组分变性的潜在问题10。过滤器灭菌的另一个好处是它产生透明的介质（由于盐和蛋白质的沉淀和凝固，热灭菌可以产生浑浊的介质），允许这种人造痰培养基用于根据浊度的增加来跟踪微生物生长。
该高氧培养模型系统基于厌氧培养技术，其中添加而不是去除氧气，从而为pwCF补充氧气的使用效果创建了模型。 图1 和相关氧气喷射方案概述了氧气喷射系统的组件，这些组件可以从一般实验室和医院供应商处以低成本获得。该系统能够将压缩氧气和空气混合到21%-100%氧气的固定浓度。氧气传感器的集成允许验证输出气体混合物的浓度，以及检查先前喷射的血清瓶的流出气体成分，以验证氧气条件是否保持在所需范围内。
该协议概述了创建人造痰液培养基的程序，氧气喷射系统的构建和使用，以及两者在差氧条件下用于培养CF痰液的应用。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>BME Vitamins (100x) Solution</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>B6891</td>
			<td>Concentrated solution of supplemental vitamins.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Crimper, 30 mm</td>
			<td>DWK Life Sciences</td>
			<td>224307</td>
			<td>Crimper for attaching aluminum seals to serum bottles.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-(+)-Glucose</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>G7021</td>
			<td>Solid glucose powder (dextrorotatory isomer).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diaphragm Pump ME 2 NT</td>
			<td>VACUUBRAND</td>
			<td>20730003</td>
			<td>Vacuum pump for vacuum filtration.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Egg Yolk Emulsion</td>
			<td>HiMedia</td>
			<td>FD045</td>
			<td>Sterile emulsion of 30% egg yolk in saline.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ferritin, Cationized from Horse Spleen</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>F7879</td>
			<td>Ferritin (iron-storage protein) solution.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FIREBOY plus Safety Bunsen Burner</td>
			<td>Integra Biosciences</td>
			<td>144000</td>
			<td>Bunsen burner with user interface and safety features.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrion pH Paper (1.0&#8211;14.0)</td>
			<td>Micro Essential Laboratory</td>
			<td>94</td>
			<td>pH testing paper for the range of 1.0&#8211;14.0.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrion pH Paper (4.0&#8211;9.0)</td>
			<td>Micro Essential Laboratory</td>
			<td>55</td>
			<td>pH testing paper for the range of 4.0&#8211;9.0.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrion pH Paper (6.0&#8211;8.0)</td>
			<td>Micro Essential Laboratory</td>
			<td>345</td>
			<td>pH testing paper for the range of 6.0&#8211;8.0.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hypodermic Needle-Pro EDGE Safety Device, 18 G</td>
			<td>Smiths Medical</td>
			<td>401815</td>
			<td>18 G needles with safety caps.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>In-Line Pressure Gauge</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>20469</td>
			<td>Gas pressure gauge for monitoring bottle pressure.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Innova 42 Incubated Shaker</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>2231000756</td>
			<td>Combination incubator/orbital shaker.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer-Lok Syringe with Attached Needle</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>309580</td>
			<td>Combination 3 mL syringe and 18 G needle.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Valve Assortment</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>14011</td>
			<td>Valves for gas flow tubing.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LSE Orbital Shaker</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>6780-NP</td>
			<td>Orbital shaker to agitate media during filtration.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium Sulfate Heptahydrate</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>M2773</td>
			<td>Solid epsom salt (magnesium sulfate heptahydrate).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Medical Air Single Stage Regulator with Flowmeter</td>
			<td>Western Enterprises</td>
			<td>M1-346-15FM</td>
			<td>Air flow rate regulator with 15 L/min meter.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM Amino Acids (50x) Solution</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>M5550</td>
			<td>Concentrated solution of essential amino acids.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM Non-Essential Amino Acids (100x) Solution</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>M7145</td>
			<td>Concentrated solution of non-essential amino acids.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Millex-GP Filter, 0.22 &#181;m</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>SLMP25SS</td>
			<td>0.22 &#181;m polyethersulfone membrane sterile syringe filter.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Milli-Q Academic</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>ZMQS60E01</td>
			<td>Milli-Q sterile water filtration system.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MiniOX 3000 Oxygen Monitor</td>
			<td>MSA</td>
			<td>814365</td>
			<td>Gas flow oxygen percentage monitor.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MOPS Buffer (1 M, pH 9.0)</td>
			<td>Boston BioProducts</td>
			<td>BBM-90</td>
			<td>MOPS buffer for adjusting media pH.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mucin from Porcine Stomach</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>M2378</td>
			<td>Mucin (glycosylated gel-forming protein) powder.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Natural Polypropylene Barbed Fitting Kit</td>
			<td>Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td>72-1413</td>
			<td>Connectors for gas flow tubing.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nextera XT DNA Library Preparation Kit</td>
			<td>Illumina</td>
			<td>FC-131-1096</td>
			<td>Library preparation for identification during sequencing.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NovaSeq 6000 Sequencing System</td>
			<td>Illumina</td>
			<td>770-2016-025-N</td>
			<td>Shotgun sequencing platform for generating sample reads.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oxygen Single Stage Regulator with Flowmeter</td>
			<td>Western Enterprises</td>
			<td>M1-540-15FM</td>
			<td>Oxygen flow rate regulator with 15 L/min meter.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oxygen Tubing with 2 Standard Connectors</td>
			<td>SunMed</td>
			<td>2001-01</td>
			<td>Tubing for connecting gas system components.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate buffered saline, 10x, pH 7.4</td>
			<td>Molecular Biologicals International</td>
			<td>MRGF-6235</td>
			<td>Concentrated phosphate-buffered saline solution.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PC 420 Hot Plate/Stirrer</td>
			<td>Marshall Scientific</td>
			<td>CO-PC420</td>
			<td>Combination hot plate/stirrer.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium Chloride</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>P9541</td>
			<td>Solid potassium chloride salt.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PTFE Disposable Stir Bars</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-513-95</td>
			<td>Disposable magnetic stir bars.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PTFE Thread Seal Teflon Tape</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>470042-938</td>
			<td>Teflon tape for reinforcing gas system connections.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Q-Gard 2 Purification Cartridge</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>QGARD00D2</td>
			<td>Purification cartridge for Milli-Q system.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reusable Media Storage Bottles</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>06-423A</td>
			<td>Bottles for mixing and storing culture media.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber Stopper, 30 mm, Gray Bromobutyl</td>
			<td>DWK Life Sciences</td>
			<td>224100-331</td>
			<td>Rubber stoppers for serum bottles.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Serum Bottle with Molded Graduations, 500 mL</td>
			<td>DWK Life Sciences</td>
			<td>223952</td>
			<td>Glass serum bottles for sealed culturing.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small Bore Extension Set</td>
			<td>Braun Medical</td>
			<td>471960</td>
			<td>Tubing extension with luer lock connectors.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Chloride</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>S3014</td>
			<td>Solid sodium chloride salt.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spike-in Control I (High Microbial Load)</td>
			<td>ZymoBIOMICS</td>
			<td>D6320</td>
			<td>Spike-in microbes (I. halotolerans and A. halotolerans) for absolute microbial load calculations</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stericup Quick Release Sterile Vacuum Filtration System</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>S2GPU02RE</td>
			<td>250 mL 0.22 &#181;m vacuum filtration chamber.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Super Sani-Cloth Germicidal Disposable Wipes</td>
			<td>Professional Disposables International</td>
			<td>H04082</td>
			<td>Disposable germicidal wipes for sterilization.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trace Metals Mixture, 1000x</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>NC0112668</td>
			<td>Concentrated solution of physiological trace metals.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Unlined Aluminum Seal, 30 mm</td>
			<td>DWK Life Sciences</td>
			<td>224187-01</td>
			<td>Aluminum seals crimped over top of rubber stoppers.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>USP Medical Grade Air Tank</td>
			<td>Airgas</td>
			<td>AI USP200</td>
			<td>Compressed air tank for input to sparging system.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>USP Medical Grade Oxygen Tank</td>
			<td>Airgas</td>
			<td>OX USP200</td>
			<td>Compressed oxygen tank for input to sparging system.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

design and development of a model to study the effect of supplemental oxygen on the cystic fibrosis airway microbiome

气道微生物群落被认为在囊性纤维化（CF）和其他慢性肺部疾病的进展中起重要作用。传统上，微生物是根据其使用或耐受氧气的能力进行分类的。辅助供氧是一种常见的药物治疗，用于囊性纤维化（pwCF）患者;然而，关于氧气和气道微生物组的现有研究集中在缺氧（低氧）而不是高氧（高氧）如何影响主要有氧和兼性厌氧肺微生物群落。为了解决这一关键的知识差距，该协议是使用模仿pwCF痰液组成的人造痰液培养基开发的。使用产生透明培养基的过滤器灭菌允许光学方法跟踪悬浮培养物中单细胞微生物的生长。为了创建高氧条件，该模型系统利用已建立的厌氧培养技术来研究高氧条件;不是除去氧气，而是通过每天用压缩氧气和空气的混合物喷射血清瓶将氧气添加到培养物中。来自50 pwCF的痰液每天进行72小时的喷射，以验证该模型维持差分氧条件的能力。对来自11 pwCF的培养和未培养的痰液样本进行霰弹枪宏基因组测序，以验证该培养基支持囊性纤维化痰中常见的共生和致病微生物生长的能力。从从pwCF获得的112株分离株中获得生长曲线，以验证这种人造痰培养基支持常见囊性纤维化病原体生长的能力。我们发现该模型可以在CF痰中培养各种病原体和共生菌，在正常氧条件下恢复与未培养痰高度相似的群落，并在不同的氧气条件下产生不同的培养表型。这种新方法可能会更好地理解在pwCF中使用氧气对气道微生物群落和常见呼吸道病原体引起的意外影响。

这些方案应用于来自pwCF的50个痰液样本，这些样本在马萨诸塞州波士顿马萨诸塞州总医院的门诊囊性纤维化诊所进行常规护理。使用人造痰培养基在21%，50%和100%氧气条件下培养每位患者的痰液，在24小时，48小时和72小时的培养时间从每种培养物中取出0.5mL等分试样进行测试。当提取以跟踪视觉变化时，对培养物进行拍摄。此外，在培养前取每个原发痰样本的0.5mL等分试样。这导致每位患者有10个离...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Design and Development of a Model to Study the Effect of Supplemental Oxygen on the Cystic Fibrosis Airway Microbiome at JoVE.com

Design and Development of a Model to Study the Effect of Supplemental Oxygen on the Cystic Fibrosis Airway Microbiome

该协议的目标是开发一个模型系统，用于高氧对囊性纤维化气道微生物群落的影响。 人工痰培养基模拟痰液的组成，高氧培养条件模拟了辅助氧气对肺微生物群落的影响。

研究辅助供氧对囊性纤维化气道微生物组影响的模型的设计与开发

Airway microbial communities are thought to play an important role in the progression of cystic fibrosis (CF) and other chronic pulmonary diseases. ...

这些方案旨在模拟补充氧气使用对囊性纤维化患者肺部微生物组的体外影响。该培养基配方旨在反映囊性纤维化患者的痰液的生理组成。喷射过程引入了在不同氧气条件下培养的能力。人造痰培养基的改变使其能够模仿其他慢性肺部疾病，并在其他条件下模拟微生物群落，例如并发囊性纤维化和糖尿病患者中的不同葡萄糖浓度。人工痰培养基制备步骤的概述显示了制备的ASCM，ASMM和ASBM的混合。拖把缓冲液用于将pH滴定至6.3，并在轨道振荡器上的冷室中对介质进行过滤器灭菌。首先，通过将250毫升ASCM添加到含有ASMM的一升瓶中来制备人造痰培养基。然后将250毫升ASBM加入中瓶中。使用基本的一摩尔拖把缓冲液滴定培养基，使其在pH纸上达到6.3的pH值。将人造痰液冷藏在四摄氏度下直至过滤。然后开始过滤过程，将200毫升未经过滤的人造痰液转移到带有0.22微米孔径过滤器的真空过滤系统中。将过滤系统连接到真空泵后，打开真空泵，然后将腔室放在轨道式振动器上，在四摄氏度的冷室中以每分钟90次旋转的速度振荡。在过滤350毫升介质后更换过滤器，以克服堵塞问题。经过相当量的过滤后，在额外的150毫升介质中进行过滤。用额外的腔室重复过滤，直到所有介质都被过滤掉。氧气喷射概述，显示将患者痰液加入高压灭菌血清瓶中的人工痰液培养基中。然后用气体混合物喷洒密封的血清瓶。最后，将血清瓶孵育以获得培养物Alec Watts，间隔24小时，以进行随后的元基因组学测序。要开始血清瓶培养，请在500毫升高压灭菌的血清瓶上标记样品标识符，接种日期和时间以及目标氧百分比。在生物罩中，向每个正在设置的血清瓶中加入24毫升人造痰液培养基。为了获得适合每种培养条件的足够样品体积，如有必要，用无菌磷酸盐缓冲盐水稀释样品，然后用18号针头匀浆痰，并向每个血清瓶中加入一毫升患者痰液。接下来，使用无菌镊子，将高压灭菌的橡胶塞放在每个血清瓶的顶部，按下橡胶塞而不接触塞子的底部。从抽油烟机上取下瓶子后，应用并压接铝封条。取下密封件的中心，用酒精擦拭布擦拭瓶子的顶部，然后将瓶子密封件通过本生燃烧器火焰。现在，将无菌的18号针头固定在带有过滤器的柱塞式注射器上，首先将贴有的气体释放注射器插入瓶中。现在，将无菌的18号针固定在系统的气体输出端，并将气体输出针插入瓶中。将 T 形结从储罐通过氧气监测仪。在验证流经系统的目标氧气浓度后，目标每分钟大约五升气体流量。将 T 形结从储罐重新路由到气体输出。当气体开始流过血清瓶时，请密切注意压力表，如果压力意外增加，请立即关闭系统。运行后，氧气以每分钟5升的速度在血清瓶中喷射一分钟，设置允许10次空气交换，并确保内部气氛达到所需的100%氧气浓度。取出气体释放，18号针。在让血清瓶中的压力积聚到一个大气压后，立即取出气体输出针。将血清瓶在37摄氏度的培养箱振荡器中以每分钟150次旋转的速度孵育，间隔3，24小时。每隔 24 小时采集一次 Alec Watts 进行下游分析，每次都重新分配样本。这里的例子显示了培养物在孵化前后的样子。在培养过程中测量了保持37摄氏度的痰液样品的流出氧和pH值。在12小时和24小时的喷射间隔下，氧气浓度随着时间的推移大致保持，在所有三种情况下观察到氧气浓度的适度下降。测量的pH值在生理范围内，随时间没有显着变化。未培养痰液和培养痰液中微生物负荷、多样性和群落组成的比较显示，培养痰液中微生物负荷增加了20倍。多样性指标表明，社区组成得以保存，而文化过程引入的全球差异最小。通过元基因组测序对培养和未培养痰液中的120种微生物物种进行了比较分析。在未培养和养殖的样本中鉴定出46个这些物种。35只在未培养的样本中被专门鉴定，39只在培养的样本中被专门鉴定。对于在正常21%氧浓度下从患者样本分离物中培养的人造痰液培养的常见CF肺病原体，生成基于吸收剂的生长曲线。ASM中600纳米处的光密度没有随时间变化，只有阴性对照表明无污染培养物。观察到的典型生长曲线模式表明ASM培养基可用于使用光学方法生成生长曲线。宏基因组测序在这里用于描述微生物群落组成。其他技术，如元转录组学测序可用于评估基因表达或代谢组学以评估代谢物的产生。

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Orthotopic Aortic Transplantation: A Rat Model to Study the Development of Chronic Vasculopathy

主动脉原位移植大鼠模型，研究慢性血管病变的发展

Research models of chronic rejection are essential to investigate pathobiological and pathophysiological processes during the development of transplant ...

科研

医学

Biomarkers in an Animal Model for Revealing Neural, Hematologic, and Behavioral Correlates of PTSD

在动物模型揭示神经，血液，创伤后应激障碍和行为相关因素的生物标志物

Identification of biomarkers representing the evolution of the pathophysiology of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is vitally important, not only for ...

The Dimethylnitrosamine Induced Liver Fibrosis Model in the Rat

该二甲基亚硝胺诱发肝纤维化模型大鼠

Four to six week old, male Wistar rats were used to produce animal models of liver fibrosis. The process requires four weeks of administration of 10 mg/kg ...

Topical Airway Anesthesia for Awake-endoscopic Intubation Using the Spray-as-you-go Technique with High Oxygen Flow

气道局部麻醉清醒用于内镜插管使用喷雾为你去技术在高氧流量

A patient&#39;s willingness to cooperate is an absolute precondition for successful awake intubation of the trachea. Whilst drug-sedation of patients can ...

A Primary Human Trophoblast Model to Study the Effect of Inflammation Associated with Maternal Obesity on Regulation of Autophagy in the Placenta

人体滋养层模型研究母体肥胖炎症对胎盘自噬的调节作用

Maternal obesity is associated with an increased risk of adverse perinatal outcomes that are likely mediated by compromised placental function that can be ...

Generation of Human Nasal Epithelial Cell Spheroids for Individualized Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Study

人鼻上皮细胞球体的生成与个体化囊性纤维膜电导调节的研究

While the introduction of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) modulator drugs has revolutionized care in Cystic Fibrosis (CF), the ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

用线 Myography 测定小鼠肠系膜动脉的等轴收缩力

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...