Name: imaging molecular adhesion in cell rolling by adhesion footprint assay
Uploaded: 2021-09-27T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Imaging Molecular Adhesion in Cell Rolling by Adhesion Footprint Assay at JoVE.com

这项工作得到了加拿大创新基金会（CFI 35492），加拿大自然科学和工程研究委员会发现补助金（RGPIN-2017-04407），研究基金新前沿（NFRFE-2018-00969），迈克尔史密斯健康研究基金会（SCH-2020-0559）和不列颠哥伦比亚大学杰出基金的支持。

1. 寡核苷酸标记和杂交
<ol><li>还原蛋白G二硫键<ol>
<li>将 10 毫克蛋白 G （ProtG） 溶于 1 毫升超纯水中。 注意：这里的蛋白质G在C末端用单个半胱氨酸残基和N-末端聚组氨酸标签修饰。</li>
		<li>用P6柱将≥20μLProtG（10mg / mL）置换至1x PBS（pH 7.2）中。</li>
		<li>在缓冲液交换后测量蛋白质浓度。 注意：典型浓度为7-8毫克/毫升。</li>
		<li>通过将3mg TCEP溶解到90μL1x PBS（pH 7.2）中，然后加?...

<ol>
	<li>McEver, R. P., Zhu, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rolling+cell+adhesion.">Rolling cell adhesion.</a> Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology. 26 (1), 363-396 (2010).</li><li>Ley, K., Laudanna, C., Cybulsky, M. I., Nourshargh, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Getting+to+the+site+of+inflammation:+The+leukocyte+adhesion+cascade+updated.">Getting to the site of inflammation: The leukocyte adhesion cascade updated.</a> Nature Reviews Immunology. 7 (9), 678-689 (2007).</li><li>Zarbock, A., Ley, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neutrophil+adhesion+and+activation+under+flow.">Neutrophil adhesion and activation under flow.</a> Microcirculation. 16 (1), 31-42 (2009).</li><li>Etzioni, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adhesion+molecules+-+Their+role+in+health+and+disease.">Adhesion molecules - Their role in health and disease.</a> Pediatric Research. 39 (2), 191-198 (1996).</li><li>van de Vijver, E., vanden Berg, T. K., Kuijpers, T. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Leukocyte+adhesion+deficiencies.">Leukocyte adhesion deficiencies.</a> Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America. 27 (1), 101-116 (2013).</li><li>Hanna, S., Etzioni, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Leukocyte+adhesion+deficiencies.">Leukocyte adhesion deficiencies.</a> Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1250 (1), 50-55 (2012).</li><li>Geng, Y., Marshall, J. R., King, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glycomechanics+of+the+metastatic+cascade:+Tumor+cell-endothelial+cell+interactions+in+the+circulation.">Glycomechanics of the metastatic cascade: Tumor cell-endothelial cell interactions in the circulation.</a> Annals of Biomedical Engineering. 40 (4), 790-805 (2012).</li><li>Yasmin-Karim, S., King, M. R., Messing, E. M., Lee, Y. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=E-selectin+ligand-1+controls+circulating+prostate+cancer+cell+rolling/adhesion+and+metastasis.">E-selectin ligand-1 controls circulating prostate cancer cell rolling/adhesion and metastasis.</a> Oncotarget. 5 (23), 12097-12110 (2014).</li><li>Marshall, B. T., Long, M., Piper, J. W., Yago, T., McEver, R. P., Zhu, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+observation+of+catch+bonds+involving+cell-adhesion+molecules.">Direct observation of catch bonds involving cell-adhesion molecules.</a> Nature. 423 (6936), 190-193 (2003).</li><li>Hammer, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adhesive+dynamics.">Adhesive dynamics.</a> Journal of Biomechanical Engineering. 136 (2), 021006 (2014).</li><li>Yasunaga, A. B., Murad, Y., Kapras, V., Menard, F., Li, I. T. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+interpretation+of+cell+rolling+velocity+distribution.">Quantitative interpretation of cell rolling velocity distribution.</a> Biophysical Journal. 120 (12), 2511-2520 (2021).</li><li>Li, I. T. S., Ha, T., Chemla, Y. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mapping+cell+surface+adhesion+by+rotation+tracking+and+adhesion+footprinting.">Mapping cell surface adhesion by rotation tracking and adhesion footprinting.</a> Scientific Reports. 7 (1), 44502 (2017).</li><li>Yasunaga, A. B., Li, I. T. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantification+of+fast+molecular+adhesion+by+fluorescence+footprinting.">Quantification of fast molecular adhesion by fluorescence footprinting.</a> Science Advances. 7 (34), (2021).</li><li>Dempsey, G. T., Vaughan, J. C., Chen, K. H., Bates, M., Zhuang, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+fluorophores+for+optimal+performance+in+localization-based+super-resolution+imaging.">Evaluation of fluorophores for optimal performance in localization-based super-resolution imaging.</a> Nature Methods. 8 (12), 1027-1040 (2011).</li><li>Zhu, M., Lerum, M. Z., Chen, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+to+prepare+reproducible,+homogeneous,+and+hydrolytically+stable+aminosilane-derived+layers+on+silica.">How to prepare reproducible, homogeneous, and hydrolytically stable aminosilane-derived layers on silica.</a> Langmuir. 28 (1), 416-423 (2012).</li><li>Chandradoss, S. D., Haagsma, A. C., Lee, Y. K., Hwang, J. H., Nam, J. M., Joo, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surface+passivation+for+single-molecule+protein+studies.">Surface passivation for single-molecule protein studies.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments: JoVE. (86), e50549 (2014).</li><li>Schnitzbauer, J., Strauss, M. T., Schlichthaerle, T., Schueder, F., Jungmann, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Super-resolution+microscopy+with+DNA-PAINT.">Super-resolution microscopy with DNA-PAINT.</a> Nature Protocols. 12 (6), 1198-1228 (2017).</li><li>Chalfoun, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MIST:+Accurate+and+scalable+microscopy+image+stitching+tool+with+stage+modeling+and+error+minimization.">MIST: Accurate and scalable microscopy image stitching tool with stage modeling and error minimization.</a> Scientific Reports. 7 (1), 4988 (2017).</li><li>Wang, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Constructing+modular+and+universal+single+molecule+tension+sensor+using+protein+G+to+study+mechano-sensitive+receptors.">Constructing modular and universal single molecule tension sensor using protein G to study mechano-sensitive receptors.</a> Scientific Reports. 6, 1-10 (2016).</li><li>Crockett-Torabi, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selectins+and+mechanisms+of+signal+transduction.">Selectins and mechanisms of signal transduction.</a> Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 63 (1), 1-14 (1998).</li><li>Ye, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+P-selectin+and+PSGL-1+axis+accelerates+atherosclerosis+via+activation+of+dendritic+cells+by+the+TLR4+signaling+pathway.">The P-selectin and PSGL-1 axis accelerates atherosclerosis via activation of dendritic cells by the TLR4 signaling pathway.</a> Cell Death and Disease. 10 (7), 507 (2019).</li><li>Saha, K., Bender, F., Gizeli, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+study+of+IgG+binding+to+proteins+G+and+A:+Nonequilibrium+kinetic+and+binding+constant+determination+with+the+acoustic+waveguide+device.">Comparative study of IgG binding to proteins G and A: Nonequilibrium kinetic and binding constant determination with the acoustic waveguide device.</a> Analytical Chemistry. 75 (4), 835-842 (2003).</li><li>Murad, Y., Li, I. 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粘附足迹测定可以可视化细胞滚动粘附过程中PSGL-1和P-选择素之间的分子粘附事件。该过程由P-选择素介导的捕获开始，然后在流体剪切应力下滚动。实验过程中的潜在问题通常涉及细胞滚动不良或缺少荧光轨迹，即使细胞滚动良好。这些问题通常是由于在协议中的关键步骤中进行质量控制而引起的，如故障排除表（表1）中所列。 
生物分子和缓冲液需要过滤并储...

滚动粘附级联描述了循环细胞如何拴住并沿着血管壁滚动1。被动滚动主要由selectin介导，selectins是一类主要的细胞粘附分子（CAM）1。在血液的剪切流下，表达P-选择素糖蛋白配体-1（PSGL-1）的白细胞与P-选择素形成高度瞬态键，其可能在发炎的内皮细胞表面表达。这个过程对于白细胞迁移到炎症部位至关重要2。此外，PSGL-1也是一种机械敏感受体，能够在与P-selectin3接触时触发滚动粘附级联的后续牢固粘附阶段。
影响CAM功能的基因突变会严重影响免疫系统，例如在罕见的白细胞粘附缺乏症（LAD）中，介导滚动的粘附分子的故障导致严重免疫功能低下的个体4，5，6。此外，循环肿瘤细胞已被证明在类似的滚动过程之后迁移，导致转移7，8。然而，由于细胞滚动是快速和动态的，传统的实验机械生物学方法不适合研究细胞滚动过程中的分子相互作用。虽然原子力显微镜和光学镊子等单细胞和单分子操作方法能够在单分子水平上研究分子相互作用，例如P-selectin与PSGL-1的力依赖性相互作用9，但它们不适合研究细胞滚动过程中的活粘附事件。此外，体 外 表征的相互作用不能直接回答有关 体内分子粘附的问题。例如，当细胞在其天然环境中起作用时，什么分子张力范围与生物学相关？诸如粘合剂动力学模拟10 或简单稳态模型11 之类的计算方法已经捕获了某些分子细节以及它们如何影响滚动行为，但高度依赖于建模参数和假设的准确性。其他技术，如牵引力显微镜，可以检测细胞迁移过程中的力，但不能提供足够的空间分辨率或分子张力的定量信息。这些技术都不能提供对分子力的时间动力学，空间分布和幅度异质性的直接实验观察，这些与细胞在其天然环境中的功能和行为直接相关。
因此，实施能够准确测量选择介导相互作用的分子力传感器对于提高我们对滚动附着力的理解至关重要。在这里，我们描述了附着足迹测定12 的方案，其中PSGL-1涂层珠子滚动在呈现p-selectin功能化张力计系绳（TGT）13的表面上。这些TGT是基于DNA的不可逆的力传感器，以荧光读数的形式导致永久的破裂事件历史。这是通过TGT（dsDNA）的破裂，然后用荧光标记的互补链随后标记破裂的TGT（ssDNA）来实现的。该系统的一个主要优点是它与衍射极限和超分辨率成像兼容。荧光标记的互补链可以永久结合（>12 bp）用于衍射极限成像，或者瞬态结合（7-9 bp）用于通过DNA PAINT进行超分辨率成像。这是研究TGT在主动轧制过程中破裂时滚动附着力的理想系统，但在轧制后分析荧光读数。这两种成像方法还为用户提供了更大的自由度来研究滚动附着力。通常，衍射极限成像可用于通过荧光强度提取分子断裂力13，而超分辨率成像允许对受体密度进行定量分析。由于能够研究轧制粘附的这些特性，该方法为理解轧制电池在剪切流下分子粘附的力调节机制提供了一个有前途的平台。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>4-channel drill guide</td>
			<td>Custom made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>3D printed with ABS filament</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4-holes slide</td>
			<td>Custom made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Drill clean microscope slide using a Dremel with diamond coated drill bits on a 4-channels drill guide which has a layout that matches with the centers of the 8-32 threaded holes on the aluminum clamp.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetone</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>BDH1101-4LP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acrylic spacer</td>
			<td>Custom made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Cut two blocks of acrylic sheets with the dimension of 40 mm x 30 mm x 2.5 mm. On each block, drill two 3 mm holes that are precisely aligned with the 4-40 holes on the aluminium holder.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aluminium chip holder</td>
			<td>Custom made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Machine anodized aluminium block into a C-shaped holder with the outer dimension of 640 mm x 500 mm x 65 mm and the opening dimension of 400 mm x 380 mm x 65 mm. Inlets and outlets are tapped with 8-32 thread.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aminosilane</td>
			<td>AlfaAesar</td>
			<td>L14043</td>
			<td>CAS 1760-24-3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antibiotic/antimycotic solution</td>
			<td>Cytiva HyClone</td>
			<td>SV3007901</td>
			<td>Pen/Strep/Fungiezone</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Beads, ProtG coated polystyrene</td>
			<td>Spherotech</td>
			<td>PGP-60-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine serum albumin</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>332</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buffer, DNA PAINT</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>0.05% Tween-20, 5 mM Tris, 75 mM MgCl2, 1 mM EDTA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buffer, T50M5</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>10mM Tris, 50 mM NaCl, 5 mM MgCl2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buffer, Rolling</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>HBSS with 2mM CaCl2, 2 mM MgCl2, 10 mM Hepes, 0.1% BSA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buffer, Wash</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>10 mM Tris, 50 mM NaCl, 5 mM MgCl2 and 2 mM CaCl2, 0.05% Tween 20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium chloride</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>BDH9224</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture flasks</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>10062-868</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Concentrated sulfuric acid</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>BDH3072-2.5LG</td>
			<td>95-98%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coverslip holding tweezers</td>
			<td>Techni-Tool</td>
			<td>758TW150</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diamond-coated drill bits</td>
			<td>Abrasive technology</td>
			<td>C5250510</td>
			<td>0.75 mm diamond drill</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNA, amine-ssDNA (top strand)</td>
			<td>IDT DNA</td>
			<td>Custom oligo</td>
			<td>CCGGGCGACGCAGGAGGG /3AmMO/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNA, biotin-ssDNA (bottom strand)</td>
			<td>IDT DNA</td>
			<td>Custom oligo</td>
			<td>/5BiotinTEG/ TTTTT CCCTCCTGCGTCGCCCGG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNA, imager strand for DNA-PAINT</td>
			<td>IDT DNA</td>
			<td>Custom oligo</td>
			<td>GAGGGAAA TT/3Cy3Sp/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNA, imager strand for permanent labelling</td>
			<td>IDT DNA</td>
			<td>Custom oligo</td>
			<td>CCGGGCGACGCAGG /3Cy3Sp/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Double-sided tape</td>
			<td>Scotch</td>
			<td>237</td>
			<td>3/4 inch width, permanent double-sided tape</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA</td>
			<td>Thermofisher</td>
			<td>15575020</td>
			<td>0.5 M EDTA, pH 8.0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Epoxy</td>
			<td>Gorilla</td>
			<td>42001</td>
			<td>5 minute curing time</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Avantor</td>
			<td>97068-085</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GelGreen</td>
			<td>Biotium</td>
			<td>41005</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glacial acetic acid</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>BDH3094-2.5LG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass, Coverslips</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12-548-5P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass, Microscope slide</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>48300-026</td>
			<td>75 mm x 25 mm x 1 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass, Staining jar</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>74830-150</td>
			<td>Wheaton Staining Jar (900620)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hanks&#39; Balanced Salt solution (HBSS)</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>04-315Q</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hemocytometer</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>Z359629-1EA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HL-60 cells</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CCL-240</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Humidity chamber slide support</td>
			<td>Custom made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>3D printed with ABS filament</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrogen peroxide</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>BDH7690-1</td>
			<td>30%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Imidazole</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>I2399</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inlets/outlets</td>
			<td>Custom made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Drill through eight 8-32 set screws using cobalt drill bits. Insert 1.5 cm&#160; polyethylene tubing (Tygon, I.D. 1/32&#8221; O.D. 3/32&#8221;) into each hollow setscrew</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iscove Modified Dulbecco Media (IMDM)</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>12-722F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium chloride</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>BDH9244</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnetic Ni-NTA beads</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>10103D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mailer tubes</td>
			<td>EMS</td>
			<td>EMS71406-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>BDH1135-4LP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro Bio-Spin P-6 Gel Columns</td>
			<td>Biorad</td>
			<td>7326200</td>
			<td>In SSC Buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PEG</td>
			<td>Laysan Bio</td>
			<td>MPEG-SVA-5000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PEG-biotin</td>
			<td>Laysan Bio</td>
			<td>Biotin-PEG-SVA-5000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium hydroxide</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>470302-132</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protein, Protein G</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab155724</td>
			<td>N-terminal His-Tag and C-terminal cysteine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protein, P-selectin-Fc</td>
			<td>R&#38;D System</td>
			<td>137-PS</td>
			<td>Recombinant Human P-Selectin/CD62P Fc Chimera Protein, CF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protein, Streptavidin</td>
			<td>Cedarlane</td>
			<td>CL1005-01-5MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pump Syringe</td>
			<td>Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td>704801</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium bicarbonate</td>
			<td>Ward&#8217;s Science</td>
			<td>470302-444</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>97061-274</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sulfo-SMCC</td>
			<td>Thermofisher</td>
			<td>22322</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe</td>
			<td>Hamilton</td>
			<td>81520</td>
			<td>Syringes with PTFE luer lock, 5 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe needles</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>305115</td>
			<td>Precision Glide 26 G, 5/8 Inch Length</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TCEP</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C4706-2G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>BDH4502-500GP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tubing, Adaptor</td>
			<td>Tygon</td>
			<td>ABW00001</td>
			<td>Formulation 3350, I.D. 1/32&#8221;; O.D. 3/32&#8221;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tubing, Polyethylene</td>
			<td>BD Intramedic</td>
			<td>427406</td>
			<td>Intramedic (PE20) I.D. 0.38mm; O.D. 1.09mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween-20</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>93773</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

imaging molecular adhesion in cell rolling by adhesion footprint assay

由选择素介导的相互作用促进的滚动粘附是将白细胞募集到炎症部位的高度动态，被动的运动。这种现象发生在毛细血管后静脉中，其中血流在内皮细胞上滚动运动推动白细胞。稳定的轧制需要在粘附键形成与其机械驱动的解离之间取得微妙的平衡，使细胞在沿流动方向滚动时保持附着在表面上。与在相对静态环境中发生的其他粘附过程不同，滚动附着力是高度动态的，因为滚动电池以每秒数十微米的速度行进数千微米。因此，由于所需的时间尺度短且灵敏度高，传统的机械生物学方法（如牵引力显微镜）不适合测量单个粘附事件和相关分子力。在这里，我们描述了我们最新的粘附足迹测定方法，以对P-选择素进行成像：PSGL-1在分子水平上滚动粘附中的相互作用。该方法利用不可逆的基于DNA的张力计系绳，以荧光轨迹的形式产生分子粘附事件的永久历史。这些轨迹可以通过两种方式进行成像：（1）将数千张衍射极限图像拼接在一起以产生大视场，从而能够提取长度为数千微米的每个滚动细胞的粘附足迹，（2）执行DNA-PAINT以在小视场内重建荧光轨迹的超分辨率图像。在这项研究中，粘附足迹测定用于研究HL-60细胞在不同剪切应力下滚动。在此过程中，我们能够对P-选择蛋白的空间分布进行成像：PSGL-1相互作用，并通过荧光强度深入了解它们的分子力。因此，该方法为定量研究分子水平上滚动粘附所涉及的各种细胞 - 表面相互作用提供了基础。

上述方案描述了粘附足迹测定的实验程序。一般的实验工作流程如图 1所示，从流动室组件（图1A）到表面功能化（图1B）以及实验和成像步骤（图1C）。
图2 是ProtG-ssDNA生物偶联表征的代表性结果。在最终偶联之前收集了最终产物中三种组分的紫外/可见光谱，即Prot...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Imaging Molecular Adhesion in Cell Rolling by Adhesion Footprint Assay at JoVE.com

Imaging Molecular Adhesion in Cell Rolling by Adhesion Footprint Assay

该协议提供了执行粘附足迹测定的实验程序，以在快速细胞滚动粘合期间对粘附事件进行成像。

通过粘附足迹测定法对细胞滚动中的分子粘附进行成像

Rolling adhesion, facilitated by selectin-mediated interactions, is a highly dynamic, passive motility in recruiting leukocytes to the site of ...

该协议有助于建立分子力和细胞滚动行为之间的联系，除了允许在分子水平上空间映射和量化滚动粘附。该技术允许在实际细胞滚动期间研究单个粘附事件，使我们能够直接测量生理相关的分子粘附力。在每一步中使用适当的浓度和孵育时间进行表面处理对于实现高质量的表面功能化至关重要。生物偶联的质量和适当的条件也至关重要。视觉演示对于帮助研究人员复制该协议至关重要。特别是，流室组装和后处理图像等步骤将从视觉演示中受益匪浅。首先用剃须刀片在双面胶带的两侧薄铺少量环氧树脂。使用激光切割环氧树脂涂层胶带以形成四个通道。通过将环氧胶带夹在四孔滑块和PEG盖玻片之间来创建流动芯片。使用移液器吸头，沿通道长度轻轻按压以形成良好的密封，然后将环氧树脂固化至少一小时。对齐芯片，使每个通道的开口位于适配器的中心。然后将两个透明的丙烯酸垫片放在芯片顶部。在块的中间施加牢固的压力，并在每个垫片的末端拧紧。将入口拧入支架另一侧的螺纹孔中，并通过透明丙烯酸块监控密封状况。将200微升洗涤缓冲液流入腔室以检查泄漏。如果在通道中形成气泡，请积极推动额外的200微升洗涤缓冲液以除去气泡。向流动室中加入40微升BSA以防止非特异性结合，并在湿度室中孵育10分钟。孵育后，在吐温20处向流动室中加入40微升，并再次孵育10分钟，以进一步减少非特异性结合。然后用200微升洗涤缓冲液洗涤通道，以除去所有钝化剂。对于腔室表面功能化，将40微升链霉亲和素加入流动室并孵育20分钟，然后用200微升洗涤缓冲液洗涤腔室。现在，将40微升杂交蛋白G-TGT加入流动室并孵育20分钟。用洗涤缓冲液洗涤后，加入40微升蛋白质G-TGT顶链并孵育20分钟，以完成表面上任何未混合的TGT底链，然后用洗涤缓冲液洗涤。最后，向流动室中加入40微升P-selectin-Fc并孵育60分钟，然后用洗涤缓冲液洗涤。用滚动缓冲液填充五毫升玻璃注射器，然后敲击注射器的侧面以移开并将气泡推出，因为它们漂浮在尖端。将无菌针头插入200毫米聚乙烯管中后，将针头连接到玻璃注射器上。将注射器固定在注射器泵上，并倾斜注射器泵，使柱塞侧升高以防止气泡进入通道。将管子的末端插入流室入口。将另一块200毫米聚乙烯管的一端插入出口，并将另一端浸入废烧杯中。取一至两毫升细胞悬浮液样品并离心以沉淀细胞。除去培养基，轻轻地将细胞重悬于500微升的滚动缓冲液中。小心地断开管道与入口和出口的连接，并将40微升的细胞悬浮液移入流动室。如前所述重新连接管道，确保气泡不会引入流道。通过以所需的流速启动注射器泵来开始细胞滚动实验。使用具有10X物镜的暗场显微镜观察细胞滚动。实验完成后，通过以每小时100毫升的速度注入滚动缓冲液，直到表面无细胞，将细胞从通道中取出。为了通过DNA-PAINT对局部轨迹进行成像，将40微升在DNA-PAINT缓冲液中制备的DNA-PAINT成像器链加入通道中。使用文本手稿中提到的条件进行全内反射荧光显微镜检查。本地化和渲染超分辨率图像。对于通过永久标记对长轨迹进行成像，加入永久成像器链并在T50M5缓冲液中孵育120秒。然后通过注入200微升洗涤缓冲液来洗涤通道。在关闭激发激光器的情况下录制图像，以获得背景相机噪声。通过TIRF显微镜对网格图案中的大面积进行成像。对显微镜进行编程，以扫描 400 x 50 张图像的区域，并使用 ImageJ 程序将原始数据拆分为单独的 TIP 文件，每个文件最多包含 10， 000 张图像。使用照明配置文件拼合所有图像，并使用 MIST 插件拼接图像。用于蛋白G ssDNA生物共轭表征的结果表明，蛋白G与ssDNA的比值接近一，其中蛋白G马来酰亚胺ssDNA和咪唑洗脱缓冲液光谱从正交基上适合生物共轭产物谱。使用天然PAGE来确认生物偶联，显示与单体蛋白G条带一致的亮绿色条带表明成功偶联和良好的产量。从单模光纤引入的TIRF照明曲线通常在视野中间更亮，在边缘周围变暗。为了补偿不均匀的照明并展平图像以进行定量分析，通过平均数千个单独的帧来确定照明曲线。通过从原始和照明配置文件中减去相机噪声，然后通过照明配置文件进行归一化来生成平坦的图像。原始拼接显示出与未校正图像相对应的清晰周期性图案，而从扁平图像拼接的相同视野产生平坦的背景。使用斜坡上升的流动曲线来确定剪切应力的范围，导致细胞滚动和产生荧光轨迹，在该轨迹下可以看到典型的单细胞粘附足迹。显示了对比度不足的荧光轨迹的次优和最佳结果，轨迹密度过高，最佳轨迹密度和对比度，衍射受限和DNA-PAINT成像。超过60分钟的孵育时间可确保表面功能化，适当的腔室结构可防止损坏功能化表面的气泡通过。该程序适用于对卷入滚动粘附的分子力进行定量分析，并使研究人员能够了解不同细胞类型的滚动行为。该技术使研究人员能够探索有关快速粘附事件的新问题，从而导致单分子和机械生物学研究的进一步发展。

imaging-molecular-adhesion-in-cell-rolling-by-adhesion-footprint-assay

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Assay for Adhesion and Agar Invasion in S. cerevisiae

Yeasts are found in natural biofilms, where many microorganisms colonize surfaces. In artificial environments, such as surfaces of man-made objects, biofilms can reduce industrial productivity, destroy structures, and threaten human life. 1-3 On the other hand, harnessing the power of biofilms can help clean the environment and generate sustainable energy. 4-8
The ability of S. cerevisiae to colonize surfaces and participate in complex biofilms was mostly ignored until the rediscovery of the differentiation programs triggered by various signaling pathways and environmental cues in this organism. 9, 10 The continuing interest in using S. cerevisiae as a model organism to understand the interaction and convergence of signaling pathways, such as the Ras-PKA, Kss1 MAPK, and Hog1 osmolarity pathways, quickly placed S. cerevisiae in the junction of biofilm biology and signal transduction research. 11-20 To this end, differentiation of yeast cells into long, adhesive, pseudohyphal filaments became a convenient readout for the activation of signal transduction pathways upon various environmental changes. However, filamentation is a complex collection of phenotypes, which makes assaying for it as if it were a simple phenotype misleading. In the past decade, several assays were successfully adopted from bacterial biofilm studies to yeast research, such as MAT formation assays to measure colony spread on soft agar and crystal violet staining to quantitatively measure cell-surface adherence. 12, 21 However, there has been some confusion in assays developed to qualitatively assess the adhesive and invasive phenotypes of yeast in agar.
Here, we present a simple and reliable method for assessing the adhesive and invasive quality of yeast strains with easy-to-understand steps to isolate the adhesion assessment from invasion assessment. Our method, adopted from previous studies, 10, 16 involves growing cells in liquid media and plating on differential nutrient conditions for growth of large spots, which we then wash with water to assess adhesion and rub cells completely off the agar surface to assess invasion into the agar. We eliminate the need for streaking cells onto agar, which affects the invasion of cells into the agar. In general, we observed that haploid strains that invade agar are always adhesive, yet not all adhesive strains can invade agar medium. Our approach can be used in conjunction with other assays to carefully dissect the differentiation steps and requirements of yeast signal transduction, differentiation, quorum sensing, and biofilm formation.

We describe a qualitative assay for yeast adhesion and agar invasion as a measure of invasive and pseudohyphal differentiation. This simple assay can be used to assess the invasive phenotype of various mutants as well as the effects environmental cues and signaling pathways on yeast differentiation.

化验粘附和酿酒酵母琼脂入侵

Yeasts are found in natural biofilms, where many microorganisms colonize surfaces. In artificial environments, such as surfaces of man-made objects, ...

科研

生物学

Dissection of Organizer and Animal Pole Explants from Xenopus laevis Embryos and Assembly of a Cell Adhesion Assay

This video demonstrates the technique used for preparation of organizer and animal pole explants from Xenopus laevis embryos, including the use of the eyebrow knife - a specialized dissection tool made of one's eyebrow. The protocol for assembling an adhesion assay is also given, which probes for the presence of key adhesion molecules present on the surface organizer or animal pole cells that are critical for proper development.

组织者和动物极植从非洲爪蟾胚胎和装配一个细胞粘附实验的剖析

Title Cell Encapsulation by Droplets

通过飞沫标题细胞封装

A Behavioral Assay to Measure Responsiveness of Zebrafish to Changes in Light Intensities 

The optokinetic reflex (OKR) is a basic visual reflex exhibited by most vertebrates and plays an important role in stabilizing the eye relative to the visual scene. However, the OKR requires that an animal detect moving stripes and it is possible that fish that fail to exhibit an OKR may not be completely blind. One zebrafish mutant, the no optokinetic response c (nrc) has no OKR under any light conditions tested and was reported to be completely blind. Previously, we have shown that OFF-ganglion cell activity can be recorded in these mutants. To determine whether mutant fish with no OKR such as the nrc mutant can detect simple light increments and decrements we developed the visual motor behavioral assay (VMR). In this assay, single zebrafish larvae are placed in each well of a 96-well plate allowing the simultaneous monitoring of larvae using an automated video-tracking system. The locomotor responses of each larva to 30 minutes light ON and 30 minutes light OFF were recorded and quantified. WT fish have a brief spike of motor activity upon lights ON, known as the startle response, followed by return to lower-than baseline activity, called a freeze. WT fish also sharply increase their locomotor activity immediately following lights OFF and only gradually (over several minutes) return to baseline locomotor activity. The nrc mutants respond similarly to light OFF as WT fish, but exhibit a slight reduction in their average activity as compared to WT fish. Motor activity in response to light ON in nrc mutants is delayed and sluggish. There is a slow rise time of the nrc mutant response to light ON as compared to WT light ON response. The results indicate that nrc fish are not completely blind. Because teleosts can detect light through non-retinal tissues, we confirmed that the immediate behavioral responses to light-intensity changes require intact eyes by using the chokh (chk) mutants, which completely lack eyes from the earliest stages of development. In our VMR assay, the chk mutants exhibit no startle response to either light ON or OFF, showing that the lateral eyes mediate this behavior. The VMR assay described here complements the well-established OKR assay, which does not test the ability of zebrafish larvae to respond to changes in light intensities. Additionally, the automation of the VMR assay lends itself to high-throughput screening for defects in light-intensity driven visual responses.

A Behavioral Assay to Measure Responsiveness of Zebrafish to Changes in Light Intensities

We developed the Visual-Motor Response to quantitate the motor output of larval zebrafish in response to light increments and decrements. We also examined zebrafish vision mutants, including the no optokinetic response (nrc) mutants, which were thought to be completely blind when tested by another vision assay, the optokinetic reflex.

斑马鱼的响应行为的检测，以测量光强的变化

The optokinetic reflex (OKR) is a basic visual reflex exhibited by most vertebrates and plays an important role in stabilizing the eye relative to the ...

Platelet Adhesion and Aggregation Under Flow using Microfluidic Flow Cells

Platelet aggregation occurs in response to vascular injury where the extracellular matrix below the endothelium has been exposed. The platelet adhesion cascade takes place in the presence of shear flow, a factor not accounted for in conventional (static) well-plate assays. This article reports on a platelet-aggregation assay utilizing a microfluidic well-plate format to emulate physiological shear flow conditions. Extracellular proteins, collagen I or von Willebrand factor are deposited within the microfluidic channel using active perfusion with a pneumatic pump. The matrix proteins are then washed with buffer and blocked to prepare the microfluidic channel for platelet interactions. Whole blood labeled with fluorescent dye is perfused through the channel at various flow rates in order to achieve platelet activation and aggregation. Inhibitors of platelet aggregation can be added prior to the flow cell experiment to generate IC50 dose response data.

The platelet adhesion cascade takes place in the presence of shear flow, a factor not accounted for in conventional (static) well-plate assays. This article reports on a platelet-aggregation assay utilizing a microfluidic well-plate format to emulate physiological shear flow conditions.

根据流量的血小板粘附和聚集，使用微流控流细胞

Platelet aggregation occurs in response to vascular injury where the extracellular matrix below the endothelium has been exposed. The platelet adhesion ...

Imaging Cell Shape Change in Living Drosophila Embryos

The developing Drosophila melanogaster embryo undergoes a number of cell shape changes that are highly amenable to live confocal imaging. Cell shape changes in the fly are analogous to those in higher organisms, and they drive tissue morphogenesis. So, in many cases, their study has direct implications for understanding human disease (Table 1)1-5. On the sub-cellular scale, these cell shape changes are the product of activities ranging from gene expression to signal transduction, cell polarity, cytoskeletal remodeling and membrane trafficking. Thus, the Drosophila embryo provides not only the context to evaluate cell shape changes as they relate to tissue morphogenesis, but also offers a completely physiological environment to study the sub-cellular activities that shape cells.
The protocol described here is designed to image a specific cell shape change called cellularization. Cellularization is a process of dramatic plasma membrane growth, and it ultimately converts the syncytial embryo into the cellular blastoderm. That is, at interphase of mitotic cycle 14, the plasma membrane simultaneously invaginates around each of ~6000 cortically anchored nuclei to generate a sheet of primary epithelial cells. Counter to previous suggestions, cellularization is not driven by Myosin-2 contractility6, but is instead fueled largely by exocytosis of membrane from internal stores7. Thus, cellularization is an excellent system for studying membrane trafficking during cell shape changes that require plasma membrane invagination or expansion, such as cytokinesis or transverse-tubule (T-tubule) morphogenesis in muscle.
Note that this protocol is easily applied to the imaging of other cell shape changes in the fly embryo, and only requires slight adaptations such as changing the stage of embryo collection, or using "embryo glue" to mount the embryo in a specific orientation (Table 1)8-19. In all cases, the workflow is basically the same (Figure 1). Standard methods for cloning and Drosophila transgenesis are used to prepare stable fly stocks that express a protein of interest, fused to Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) or its variants, and these flies provide a renewable source of embryos. Alternatively, fluorescent proteins/probes are directly introduced into fly embryos via straightforward micro-injection techniques9-10. Then, depending on the developmental event and cell shape change to be imaged, embryos are collected and staged by morphology on a dissecting microscope, and finally positioned and mounted for time-lapse imaging on a confocal microscope.

Imaging Cell Shape Change in Living Drosophila Embryos

Early development of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is characterized by a number of cell shape changes that are well suited for imaging approaches. This article will describe basic tools and methods required for live confocal imaging of Drosophila embryos, and will focus on a cell shape change called cellularization.

影像生活细胞的形状变化果蝇胚胎

The developing Drosophila melanogaster embryo undergoes a number of cell shape changes that are highly amenable to live confocal imaging.  Cell shape ...

Live Imaging Assay for Assessing the Roles of Ca2+ and Sphingomyelinase in the Repair of Pore-forming Toxin Wounds

Plasma membrane injury is a frequent event, and wounds have to be rapidly repaired to ensure cellular survival. Influx of Ca2+ is a key signaling event that triggers the repair of mechanical wounds on the plasma membrane within ~30 sec. Recent studies revealed that mammalian cells also reseal their plasma membrane after permeabilization with pore forming toxins in a Ca2+-dependent process that involves exocytosis of the lysosomal enzyme acid sphingomyelinase followed by pore endocytosis. Here, we describe the methodology used to demonstrate that the resealing of cells permeabilized by the toxin streptolysin O is also rapid and dependent on Ca2+ influx. The assay design allows synchronization of the injury event and a precise kinetic measurement of the ability of cells to restore plasma membrane integrity by imaging and quantifying the extent by which the liphophilic dye FM1-43 reaches intracellular membranes. This live assay also allows a sensitive assessment of the ability of exogenously added soluble factors such as sphingomyelinase to inhibit FM1-43 influx, reflecting the ability of cells to repair their plasma membrane. This assay allowed us to show for the first time that sphingomyelinase acts downstream of Ca2+-dependent exocytosis, since extracellular addition of the enzyme promotes resealing of cells permeabilized in the absence of Ca2+.

Live Imaging Assay for Assessing the Roles of Ca2+ and Sphingomyelinase in the Repair of Pore-forming Toxin Wounds

Live imaging of cells exposed to the lipophilic dye FM1-43 allows precise determination of the kinetics by which pore-forming toxins are removed from the plasma membrane. This is a sensitive assay that can be used to assess requirements for Ca2+, sphingomyelinase and other factors on plasma membrane repair.

实时成像检测方法的评估钙的作用<sup&gt; 2 +</sup&gt;和鞘磷脂酶在成孔毒素伤口的修复

Plasma membrane injury is a frequent event, and wounds have to be rapidly repaired to ensure cellular survival. Influx of Ca2+ is a key signaling event ...

In Vivo 4-Dimensional Tracking of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adult Mouse Calvarial Bone Marrow

Through a delicate balance between quiescence and proliferation, self renewal and production of differentiated progeny, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) maintain the turnover of all mature blood cell lineages. The coordination of the complex signals leading to specific HSC fates relies upon the interaction between HSCs and the intricate bone marrow microenvironment, which is still poorly understood[1-2].
We describe how by combining a newly developed specimen holder for stable animal positioning with multi-step confocal and two-photon in vivo imaging techniques, it is possible to obtain high-resolution 3D stacks containing HSPCs and their surrounding niches and to monitor them over time through multi-point time-lapse imaging. High definition imaging allows detecting ex vivo labeled hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) residing within the bone marrow. Moreover, multi-point time-lapse 3D imaging, obtained with faster acquisition settings, provides accurate information about HSPC movement and the reciprocal interactions between HSPCs and stroma cells.
Tracking of HSPCs in relation to GFP positive osteoblastic cells is shown as an exemplary application of this method. This technique can be utilized to track any appropriately labeled hematopoietic or stromal cell of interest within the mouse calvarium bone marrow space.

In Vivo 4-Dimensional Tracking of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adult Mouse Calvarial Bone Marrow

The nature of the interactions between hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) and bone marrow niches is poorly understood. Custom hardware modifications and a multi-step acquisition protocol allow the use of two-photon and confocal microscopy to image ex vivo labeled HSPCs homed within bone marrow areas, tracking interactions and movement.

在造血干细胞和祖细胞的成年小鼠颅骨骨髓体内四维跟踪

Through a delicate balance between quiescence and proliferation, self renewal and production of differentiated progeny, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) ...

Activating Autophagy by Aerobic Exercise in Mice

Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation pathway essential for cell homeostasis, function and differentiation. Under stress conditions, autophagy is induced and targets various cargos, such as bulk cytosol, damaged organelles and misfolded proteins, for degradation in lysosomes. Resulting nutrient molecules are recycled back to the cytosol for new protein synthesis and ATP production. Upregulation of autophagy has beneficial effects against the pathogenesis of many diseases, and pharmacological and physiological strategies to activate autophagy have been reported. Aerobic exercise is recently identified as an efficient autophagy inducer in multiple organs in mice, including muscle, liver, heart and brain. Here we show procedures to induce autophagy in vivo by either forced treadmill exercise or voluntary wheel running. We also demonstrate microscopic and biochemical methods to quantitatively analyze autophagy levels in mouse tissues, using the marker proteins LC3 and p62 that are transported to and degraded in lysosomes along with autophagosomes.

Autophagy activation is beneficial in the prevention of a number of diseases. One of the physiological approaches to induce autophagy in vivo is physical exercise. Here we show how to activate autophagy by aerobic exercise and measure autophagy levels in mice.

小鼠中自噬激活有氧运动

Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation pathway essential for cell homeostasis, function and differentiation. Under stress conditions, autophagy is induced ...

Analyzing Cell Surface Adhesion Remodeling in Response to Mechanical Tension Using Magnetic Beads

Mechanosensitive cell surface adhesion complexes allow cells to sense the mechanical properties of their surroundings. Recent studies have identified both force-sensing molecules at adhesion sites, and force-dependent transcription factors that regulate lineage-specific gene expression and drive phenotypic outputs. However, the signaling networks converting mechanical tension into biochemical pathways have remained elusive. To explore the signaling pathways engaged upon mechanical tension applied to cell surface receptor, superparamagnetic microbeads can be used. Here we present a protocol for using magnetic beads to apply forces to cell surface adhesion proteins. Using this approach, it is possible to investigate not only force-dependent cytoplasmic signaling pathways by various biochemical approaches, but also adhesion remodeling by magnetic isolation of adhesion complexes attached to the ligand-coated beads. This protocol includes the preparation of ligand-coated superparamagnetic beads, and the application of define tensile forces followed by biochemical analyses. Additionally, we provide a representative sample of data demonstrating that tension applied to integrin-based adhesion triggers adhesion remodeling and alters protein tyrosine phosphorylation.

Cell surface adhesions are central in mechanotransduction, as they transmit mechanical tension and initiate the signaling pathways involved in tissue homeostasis and development. Here, we present a protocol for dissecting the biochemical pathways that are activated in response to tension, using ligand-coated magnetic microbeads and force application to adhesion receptors.

分析细胞表面粘附重塑回应机械张力使用磁珠

Mechanosensitive cell surface adhesion complexes allow cells to sense the mechanical properties of their surroundings. Recent studies have identified both ...