Name: measuring cell-edge protrusion dynamics during spreading using live-cell microscopy
Uploaded: 2021-11-01T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring Cell-Edge Protrusion Dynamics during Spreading using Live-Cell Microscopy at JoVE.com

这项工作得到了NIH MH115939，NS112121，NS105640和R56MH122449-01A1（给Anthony J. Koleske）和以色列科学基金会（资助编号1462/17和2142/21）（给Hava Gil-Henn）的支持。

该协议中描述的所有方法均已获得巴伊兰大学机构动物护理和使用委员会（IACUC）的批准。
注意：本节中描述的过程的分步图形描述如图 1 所示。
1. 细胞培养
注意：该协议中使用的细胞是从野生型C57BL / 6小鼠的E11.5-13.5胚胎产生的小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞（MEF）。初级 MEF 是根据 Jacks 实验室协议生成的<sup...

<ol>
	<li>Kurosaka, S., Kashina, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+biology+of+embryonic+migration.">Cell biology of embryonic migration.</a> Birth Defects Research Part C - Embryo Today: Reviews. 84 (2), 102-122 (2008).</li><li>Pollard, T. D., Borisy, G. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+motility+driven+by+assembly+and+disassembly+of+actin+filaments.">Cellular motility driven by assembly and disassembly of actin filaments.</a> Cell. 112 (4), 453-465 (2003).</li><li>Ponti, A., Machacek, M., Gupton, S. L., Waterman-Storer, C. M., Danuser, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two+distinct+actin+networks+drive+the+protrusion+of+migrating+cells.">Two distinct actin networks drive the protrusion of migrating cells.</a> Science. 305 (5691), 1782-1786 (2004).</li><li>Chesarone, M. A., DuPage, A. G., Goode, B. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unleashing+formins+to+remodel+the+actin+and+microtubule+cytoskeletons.">Unleashing formins to remodel the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons.</a> Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 11 (1), 62-74 (2010).</li><li>Chesarone, M. A., Goode, B. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Actin+nucleation+and+elongation+factors:+mechanisms+and+interplay.">Actin nucleation and elongation factors: mechanisms and interplay.</a> Current Opinion in Cell Biology. 21 (1), 28-37 (2009).</li><li>Lee, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Actin Cytoskeleton and the Regulation of Cell Migration. Colloquium series on building blocks of the cell: cell structure and function. , (2013).</li><li>Giannone, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lamellipodial+actin+mechanically+links+myosin+activity+with+adhesion-site+formation.">Lamellipodial actin mechanically links myosin activity with adhesion-site formation.</a> Cell. 128 (3), 561-575 (2007).</li><li>Tojkander, S., Gateva, G., Lappalainen, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Actin+stress+fibers--assembly,+dynamics+and+biological+roles.">Actin stress fibers--assembly, dynamics and biological roles.</a> Journal of Cell Science. 125, 1855-1864 (2012).</li><li>Wilson, C. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myosin+II+contributes+to+cell-scale+actin+network+treadmilling+through+network+disassembly.">Myosin II contributes to cell-scale actin network treadmilling through network disassembly.</a> Nature. 465 (7296), 373-377 (2010).</li><li>Chhabra, E. S., Higgs, H. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+many+faces+of+actin:+matching+assembly+factors+with+cellular+structures.">The many faces of actin: matching assembly factors with cellular structures.</a> Nature Cell Biology. 9 (10), 1110-1121 (2007).</li><li>Hinz, B., Alt, W., Johnen, C., Herzog, V., Kaiser, H. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantifying+lamella+dynamics+of+cultured+cells+by+SACED,+a+new+computer-assisted+motion+analysis.">Quantifying lamella dynamics of cultured cells by SACED, a new computer-assisted motion analysis.</a> Experimental Cell Research. 251 (1), 234-243 (1999).</li><li>Bear, J. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antagonism+between+Ena/VASP+proteins+and+actin+filament+capping+regulates+fibroblast+motility.">Antagonism between Ena/VASP proteins and actin filament capping regulates fibroblast motility.</a> Cell. 109 (4), 509-521 (2002).</li><li>Doggett, T. M., Breslin, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Study+of+the+actin+cytoskeleton+in+live+endothelial+cells+expressing+GFP-actin.">Study of the actin cytoskeleton in live endothelial cells expressing GFP-actin.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments: JoVE. (57), e3187 (2011).</li><li>Miller, A. L., Wang, Y., Mooseker, M. S., Koleske, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Abl-related+gene+(Arg)+requires+its+F-actin-microtubule+cross-linking+activity+to+regulate+lamellipodial+dynamics+during+fibroblast+adhesion.">The Abl-related gene (Arg) requires its F-actin-microtubule cross-linking activity to regulate lamellipodial dynamics during fibroblast adhesion.</a> Journal of Cell Biology. 165 (3), 407-419 (2004).</li><li>Bryce, N. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cortactin+promotes+cell+motility+by+enhancing+lamellipodial+persistence.">Cortactin promotes cell motility by enhancing lamellipodial persistence.</a> Current Biology. 15 (14), 1276-1285 (2005).</li><li>Lapetina, S., Mader, C. C., Machida, K., Mayer, B. J., Koleske, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Arg+interacts+with+cortactin+to+promote+adhesion-dependent+cell+edge+protrusion.">Arg interacts with cortactin to promote adhesion-dependent cell edge protrusion.</a> Journal of Cell Biology. 185 (3), 503-519 (2009).</li><li>Miller, M. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+actin+polymerization+and+adhesion-dependent+cell+edge+protrusion+by+the+Abl-related+gene+(Arg)+tyrosine+kinase+and+N-WASp.">Regulation of actin polymerization and adhesion-dependent cell edge protrusion by the Abl-related gene (Arg) tyrosine kinase and N-WASp.</a> Biochemistry. 49 (10), 2227-2234 (2010).</li><li>Lukic, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pyk2+regulates+cell-edge+protrusion+dynamics+by+interacting+with+Crk.">Pyk2 regulates cell-edge protrusion dynamics by interacting with Crk.</a> Molecular Biology of the Cell. , (2021).</li></ol>

细胞边缘突出动力学，包括突起，缩回和褶皱，既是细胞运动的先决条件，也是潜在的限速事件。在这里，我们描述了一种快速而简单的方法，用于测量扩散过程中细胞边缘突起的动态。该方法可实现短时间成像，生成大量数据，不需要细胞的荧光标记或昂贵的荧光显微镜设备，并且可以用作在决定执行更多资源要求的方法之前测试细胞运动中涉及的细胞骨架动力学的初步方法。此外，可以在该?...

细胞迁移是控制所有生物体发育和功能的关键过程。细胞迁移发生在生理条件下，如胚胎发生，伤口愈合和免疫反应，以及病理条件，如癌症转移和自身免疫性疾病。尽管参与不同迁移事件的细胞类型存在差异，但所有细胞运动事件都具有相似的分子机制，这些机制在从原生动物到哺乳动物的进化中是保守的，并且涉及常见的细胞骨架控制机制，这些机制可以感知环境，响应信号并响应调节细胞行为1。
细胞迁移的初始阶段可能是在细胞的前缘形成高度动态的突起。在薄片后面，人们可以找到薄片，它将肌动蛋白与肌球蛋白II介导的收缩力耦合，并介导对底层底物的粘附。薄片由生长因子、细胞因子和细胞粘附受体等细胞外刺激诱导，并由肌动蛋白聚合驱动，肌动蛋白聚合提供推动质膜前进的物理力2，3。许多信号传导和结构蛋白与此有关;其中包括Rho GTPases，它与其他信号协调作用以激活肌动蛋白调节蛋白，例如Arp 2/3复合物，WASP家族蛋白以及Lamellipodia中的Formin和Spire家族的成员2，4，5。
除了肌动蛋白聚合外，肌球蛋白II活性还需要在薄片和前薄片上产生收缩力。这些收缩，也被定义为细胞边缘缩回，也可能是细胞外围树突状肌动蛋白解聚的结果，对于发育薄片前缘和允许突起感知细胞外基质和其他细胞的灵活性并确定迁移方向至关重要6，7，8.不能附着在基质上的细胞边缘突起将形成外周膜褶皱，片状结构，出现在薄片和薄片的腹面上，并相对于迁移方向向后移动。当薄片未能附着在基板上时，在其下方形成后薄片，并机械地将第一个薄片推向上腹面。褶皱中以前与基质平行的肌动蛋白细丝现在变得垂直于它，并且褶皱现在位于前进的薄片上方。向后移动的褶皱落回细胞质基质中，代表了回收薄片肌动蛋白的细胞机制9，10。
在这里，我们描述了一种用于测量细胞边缘突起动力学的测定方法。突起测定使用延时视频显微镜在细胞扩散阶段测量单细胞边缘突起动力学10分钟。通过从这些电影中生成运动记录仪来分析突出动力学。原则上，运动记录仪在时空图中提供移动粒子的详细定量数据，以对细胞边缘动力学进行定性理解。在时间与空间图中为所有图像堆栈绘制移动粒子的强度，其中 X 轴和 Y 轴分别表示时间和距离11。该方法使用带有ImageJ的手动运动记录仪分析来获得详细的定量数据，从而能够在低信噪比和/或高特征密度的情况下从电影和图像中检索信息，并分析在相差光学显微镜下获得的图像或图像质量差。
本文所述的细胞边缘突起动力学测定是一种快速、简单且经济高效的方法。因此，并且由于它已被证明与细胞迁移直接相关11，12，因此在决定执行更多资源要求的方法之前，它可以用作测试细胞运动中涉及的细胞骨架动力学的初步方法。此外，它还能够定量测量细胞骨架蛋白的遗传操作（敲除，敲低或拯救构建体）如何使用简单的平台影响细胞骨架动力学。该测定是探索细胞迁移背景下细胞骨架动力学的指导性模型，可用于阐明细胞运动背后的机制和分子。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>10 cm cell culture plates</td>
			<td>Greiner</td>
			<td>P7612-360EA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine serum albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A7906</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#8217;s modified Eagle medium (DMEM)</td>
			<td>Biological Industries, Israel</td>
			<td>01-055-1A</td>
			<td>Medium contains high glucose (4.5 g/L D-glucose)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#8217;s phosphate buffered saline (1xDPBS)</td>
			<td>Biological Industries, Israel</td>
			<td>02-023-1A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Biological Industries, Israel</td>
			<td>04-001-1A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fibronectin from human plasma, liquid, 0.1%, suitable for cell culture</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>F0895</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass bottom dishes</td>
			<td>Cellvis</td>
			<td>D35-20-1.5-N</td>
			<td>35mm glass bottom dish, dish size 35 mm, well size 20mm, #1.5 cover glass (0.16-0.19 mm).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ImageJ software</td>
			<td>NIH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Feely available at: https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/download.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LAS-AF Leica Application Suite 3.2</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Microscope acquisition software equipped with an ORCA-Flash 4.0 V2 digital CMOS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leica AF6000</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Inverted bright field microscope (40x, NA 1.3 ) equipped with phase-contrast optics, an incubator, and CO2 unit with LAS AF acquisition software equipped with an ORCA-Flash 4.0 V2 digital CMOS camera .</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-glutamine solution</td>
			<td>Biological Industries, Israel</td>
			<td>03-020-1B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ORCA-Flash 4.0 V2 digital CMOS camera</td>
			<td>Hamamatsu Photonics</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-streptomycin solution</td>
			<td>Biological Industries, Israel</td>
			<td>03-031-1B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA solution B (0.25%), EDTA (0.05%)</td>
			<td>Biological Industries, Israel</td>
			<td>03-052-1A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

measuring cell-edge protrusion dynamics during spreading using live-cell microscopy

多细胞生物的发育和稳态依赖于细胞迁移的协调调节。细胞迁移是组织构建和再生中必不可少的事件，对胚胎发育、免疫反应和伤口愈合至关重要。细胞运动失调会导致病理障碍，如慢性炎症和癌症转移。细胞迁移、组织侵袭、轴突和枝晶生长均以肌动蛋白聚合介导的细胞边缘突起开始。在这里，我们描述了一种简单，高效，省时的方法，用于在扩散过程中对细胞边缘突起动力学进行成像和定量分析。该方法测量细胞边缘膜动力学的离散特征，例如突起，缩回和褶皱，并可用于评估关键肌动蛋白调节剂的操作如何在不同情况下影响细胞边缘突起。

在 图2中描述的实验中，将永生的MEF镀在预先涂有纤连蛋白的玻璃底培养皿上，以激活被变性BSA阻断的整合素介导的信号传导，以阻断细胞粘附的游离潜在位点，该位点不依赖于整合素活化。为了在实验当天达到70%-80%细胞汇合处的对数生长阶段，在实验前16 小时将0.7×106 MEF接种在直径为10cm的组织培养板中。在实验当天，将细胞进行胰蛋白酶消化并计数，并将20，000?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring Cell-Edge Protrusion Dynamics during Spreading using Live-Cell Microscopy at JoVE.com

Measuring Cell-Edge Protrusion Dynamics during Spreading using Live-Cell Microscopy

该协议旨在测量扩散细胞边缘突起的动态参数（突起，缩回，褶皱）。

使用活细胞显微镜测量扩散过程中的细胞边缘突起动力学

The development and homeostasis of multicellular organisms rely on coordinated regulation of cell migration. Cell migration is an essential event in the ...

细胞边缘突起测定已被证明与细胞迁移直接相关。因此，它可以用作鉴定参与细胞运动的关键蛋白质和信号传导机制的初步方法。该方法快速，简单，具有成本效益，不需要荧光标记或使用昂贵的荧光显微镜。演示该程序的将是Michal Gendler，我实验室的学生。在玻璃底皿的中心加入两毫升一个正常的盐酸溶液，并在室温下孵育20分钟。用两毫升PBS清洗盘子三次。在PBS中以每毫升10微克浓度稀释纤连蛋白，并将200微升稀释的溶液加入玻璃中心培养皿中。在37摄氏度下孵育一小时。准备1%BSA溶液和PBS，并通过0.2微米过滤器。通过在预温的水浴中在70摄氏度下孵育30分钟来使溶液变性。用两毫升PBS清洗镀膜玻璃底盘三次。加入两毫升变性BSA溶液，并将培养皿在37摄氏度下孵育一小时。用两毫升PBS清洗玻璃盘三次。实验前16~18小时，在每10厘米直径的组织培养板70.7万个细胞下达到70~80%汇合度。第二天，向组织培养板中加入两毫升胰蛋白酶溶液，孵育两到三分钟，直到细胞脱落。加入五毫升培养基以灭活胰蛋白酶。使用血细胞计数器，在底部培养皿中将细胞和板20， 000个细胞计数在两毫升的完整培养基中。然后将培养皿与接种的细胞一起在培养箱中孵育15分钟。打开加热装置，并在成像前一小时将其设置为37摄氏度。此外，打开二氧化碳装置，并在成像前10分钟将其设置为5%。10分钟。打开显微镜和照相机。打开计算机并打开显微镜采集软件。在 40 倍干透镜相差上设置放大倍率。将总影片持续时间设置为 10 分钟，时间间隔为 5 秒。孵育15分钟后，将装有粘附细胞的玻璃底培养皿放入适配器中并固定。将带有培养皿的适配器插入显微镜载物台的插槽中。取下碟盖，放置二氧化碳盖，打开二氧化碳阀门。找到合适的成像单元。聚焦在单元格上后开始电影采集。要执行图像分析，请在图像分析软件中选择直线工具，并在每45度（包括薄片和细胞边缘）上以径向排列，使垂直于突起的8条线，每20个任意单位。在主工具栏中，转到图像，选择堆栈，然后单击“Reslice”以生成描述细胞膜内单个点的运动记录仪图片。使用运动记录仪图像，提取并手动计算网格线标记的单元格中八个区域中每个区域的突起，缩回和褶皱的数量。这些数字表示每 10 分钟突出、收缩和褶皱的频率。通过关节图分析确定突出物持久性，距离和速度。要确定突出距离，请绘制从突出部分的底部到突出点最高峰的垂直线。按 M 测量以像素为单位的线的长度，并确保已知像素与千分米的比率以转换以微米为单位的长度。每10分钟手动对突起，反应和褶皱进行定量，突出物和凹陷的平均频率为5.1，褶皱的平均频率为5.1和2.1。具有代表性的运动记录仪的突出距离约为4.8微米，突出时间约为0.6分钟。表示应从分析中排除的单元格的示例。kymography分析显示，细胞在其扩散阶段不存在，并且没有显示任何明显的膜突起。最重要的是选择正确的细胞进行成像。适当的细胞应处于扩散阶段，不应接触其他细胞，以避免细胞间通信和信号传导。该方法可用作测试涉及细胞运动的细胞骨架动力学的初步工具，然后再决定执行更多需要细胞迁移测定的结果。

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Live Cell Imaging of F-actin Dynamics via Fluorescent Speckle Microscopy (FSM)

Live Cell Imaging of F-actin Dynamics via Fluorescent Speckle Microscopy FSM

F - actin的动力学通过荧光活细胞成像斑点显微镜（密克罗尼西亚）

In this protocol we describe the use of Fluorescent Speckle Microscopy (FSM) to capture high-resolution images of actin dynamics in PtK1 cells. A unique ...

科研

生物学

Live Cell Response to Mechanical Stimulation Studied by Integrated Optical and Atomic Force Microscopy

机械性刺激，集成光学和原子力显微镜研究活细胞的反应

To understand the mechanism by which living cells sense mechanical forces, and how they respond and adapt to their environment, a new technology able to ...

Quantitative Live Cell Fluorescence-microscopy Analysis of Fission Yeast

裂殖酵母的活细胞定量荧光显微镜分析

Several microscopy techniques are available today that can detect a specific protein within the cell. During the last decade live cell imaging using ...

Live Cell Imaging of Primary Rat Neonatal Cardiomyocytes Following Adenoviral and Lentiviral Transduction Using Confocal Spinning Disk Microscopy

原代大鼠乳鼠心肌细胞的活细胞成像继腺病毒和慢病毒转导利用共聚焦旋转盘显微镜

Primary rat neonatal cardiomyocytes are useful in basic in vitro cardiovascular research because they can be easily isolated in large numbers in a single ...

Measuring the Stiffness of Ex Vivo Mouse Aortas Using Atomic Force Microscopy

Measuring the Stiffness of Ex Vivo Mouse Aortas Using Atomic Force Microscopy

测量的刚度<em&gt;离体</em&gt;鼠标主动脉用原子力显微镜

Arterial stiffening is a significant risk factor and biomarker for cardiovascular disease and a hallmark of aging. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a ...

Live Cell Imaging and 3D Analysis of Angiotensin Receptor Type 1a Trafficking in Transfected Human Embryonic Kidney Cells Using Confocal Microscopy

活细胞成像和血管紧张素的三维分析受体1a型贩运转染人胚肾细胞使用共聚焦显微镜

Live-cell imaging is used to simultaneously capture time-lapse images of angiotensin type 1a receptors (AT1aR) and intracellular compartments in ...

Live Cell Fluorescence Microscopy to Observe Essential Processes During Microbial Cell Growth

活体细胞荧光显微镜观察微生物细胞生长过程中的基本过程

Core cellular processes such as DNA replication and segregation, protein synthesis, cell wall biosynthesis, and cell division rely on the function of ...

Investigating the Detrimental Effects of Low Pressure Plasma Sterilization on the Survival of Bacillus subtilis Spores Using Live Cell Microscopy

Investigating the Detrimental Effects of Low Pressure Plasma Sterilization on the Survival of Bacillus subtilis Spores Using Live Cell Microscopy

用活细胞显微镜研究低压等离子体灭菌对枯草芽孢杆菌孢子存活的不利影响

Plasma sterilization is a promising alternative to conventional sterilization methods for industrial, clinical, and spaceflight purposes. Low pressure ...

Protrusion Force Microscopy: A Method to Quantify Forces Developed by Cell Protrusions

凸出力显微镜: 一种量化细胞突起力的方法

In numerous biological contexts, animal cells need to interact physically with their environment by developing mechanical forces. Among these, traction ...

Exploiting Live Imaging to Track Nuclei During Myoblast Differentiation and Fusion

在成细胞分化和融合过程中利用活成像跟踪核

Nuclear positioning within cells is important for multiple cellular processes in development and regeneration. The most intriguing example of nuclear ...