Name: drosophila passive avoidance behavior as a new paradigm to study associative aversive learning
Uploaded: 2021-10-15T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Drosophila Passive Avoidance Behavior as a New Paradigm to Study Associative Aversive Learning at JoVE.com

这项研究得到了NIH R15ES029673（AKM）的部分支持。

1. 被动回避装置的制备
<ol><li>钻一个垂直于14 mL聚丙烯培养管壁面的4 mm孔，距离管底部8 mm。 注：使用电钻和5/32钻头以获得最佳效果。</li>
	<li>使用钢美工刀，切掉14 mL聚丙烯培养管的上部，形成45毫米长的管底部碎片。底部碎片用作下部隔间。</li>
	<li>使用单刃剃须刀片切断1，000 μL蓝色移液器吸头的尖端，使开口足够宽，以便单个苍蝇通过。切掉蓝色尖端的变窄部分，形成一个12...

<ol>
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G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Loss+of+calcium/calmodulin+responsiveness+in+adenylate+cyclase+of+rutabaga,+a+Drosophila+learning+mutant.">Loss of calcium/calmodulin responsiveness in adenylate cyclase of rutabaga, a Drosophila learning mutant.</a> Cell. 37 (1), 205-215 (1984).</li><li>Quinn, W. G., Sziber, P. P., Booker, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Drosophila+memory+mutant+amnesiac.">The Drosophila memory mutant amnesiac.</a> Nature. 277 (5693), 212-214 (1979).</li><li>Dudai, Y., Jan, Y. N., Byers, D., Quinn, W. G., Benzer, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=dunce,+a+mutant+of+Drosophila+deficient+in+learning.">dunce, a mutant of Drosophila deficient in learning.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 73 (5), 1684-1688 (1976).</li><li>Busto, G. U., Cervantes-Sandoval, I., Davis, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Olfactory+learning+in+Drosophila.">Olfactory learning in Drosophila.</a> Physiology. 25 (6), 338-346 (2010).</li><li>Tully, T., Quinn, W. 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J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evolution+of+the+techniques+used+in+studying+associative+olfactory+learning+and+memory+in+adult+Drosophila+in+vivo:+A+historical+and+technical+perspective.">Evolution of the techniques used in studying associative olfactory learning and memory in adult Drosophila in vivo: A historical and technical perspective.</a> Invertebrate Neuroscience. 14 (1), 1-11 (2014).</li><li>Vogt, K., Yarali, A., Tanimoto, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reversing+stimulus+timing+in+visual+conditioning+leads+to+memories+with+opposite+valence+in+Drosophila.">Reversing stimulus timing in visual conditioning leads to memories with opposite valence in Drosophila.</a> PloS One. 10 (10), 0139797 (2015).</li><li>Koemans, T. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+courtship+conditioning+as+a+measure+of+learning+and+memory.">Drosophila courtship conditioning as a measure of learning and memory.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (124), e55808 (2017).</li><li>Ali, Y. O., Escala, W., Ruan, K., Zhai, R. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assaying+locomotor,+learning,+and+memory+deficits+in+Drosophila+models+of+neurodegeneration.">Assaying locomotor, learning, and memory deficits in Drosophila models of neurodegeneration.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (49), e2504 (2011).</li><li>Bozler, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+systems+level+approach+to+temporal+expression+dynamics+in+Drosophila+reveals+clusters+of+long+term+memory+genes.">A systems level approach to temporal expression dynamics in Drosophila reveals clusters of long term memory genes.</a> Plos Genetics. 13 (10), 1007054 (2017).</li><li>Atucha, E., Roozendaal, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+inhibitory+avoidance+discrimination+task+to+investigate+accuracy+of+memory.">The inhibitory avoidance discrimination task to investigate accuracy of memory.</a> Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience. 9, 60 (2015).</li><li>Thiels, E., Hoffman, E. K., Gorin, M. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+reliable+behavioral+assay+for+the+assessment+of+sustained+photophobia+in+mice.">A reliable behavioral assay for the assessment of sustained photophobia in mice.</a> Current Eye Research. 33 (5), 483-491 (2008).</li><li>Detrait, E. R., Hanon, E., Dardenne, B., Lamberty, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+inhibitory+avoidance+test+optimized+for+discovery+of+cognitive+enhancers.">The inhibitory avoidance test optimized for discovery of cognitive enhancers.</a> Behavior Research Methods. 41 (3), 805-811 (2009).</li><li>Piper, M. D. W., Partridge, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+as+a+model+for+ageing.">Drosophila as a model for ageing.</a> Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Molecular Basis of Disease. 1864 (9), 2707-2717 (2018).</li><li>Chalmers, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+multicomponent+screen+for+feeding+behaviour+and+nutritional+status+in+Drosophila+to+interrogate+mammalian+appetite-related+genes.">A multicomponent screen for feeding behaviour and nutritional status in Drosophila to interrogate mammalian appetite-related genes.</a> Molecular Metabolism. 43, 101127 (2021).</li><li>Gargano, J. W., Martin, I., Bhandari, P., Grotewiel, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+iterative+negative+geotaxis+(RING):+a+new+method+for+assessing+age-related+locomotor+decline+in+Drosophila.">Rapid iterative negative geotaxis (RING): a new method for assessing age-related locomotor decline in Drosophila.</a> Experimental Gerontology. 40 (5), 386-395 (2005).</li><li>Yang, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simple+homemade+tools+to+handle+fruit+flies-Drosophila+melanogaster.">Simple homemade tools to handle fruit flies-Drosophila melanogaster.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (149), e59613 (2019).</li><li>Barradale, F., Sinha, K., Lebestky, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantification+of+Drosophila+grooming+behavior.">Quantification of Drosophila grooming behavior.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (125), e55231 (2017).</li><li>Denmark, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+chronic+social+defeat+stress+on+mouse+self-grooming+behavior+and+its+patterning.">The effects of chronic social defeat stress on mouse self-grooming behavior and its patterning.</a> Behavioural Brain Research. 208 (2), 553-559 (2010).</li><li>Kalueff, A. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurobiology+of+rodent+self-grooming+and+its+value+for+translational+neuroscience.">Neurobiology of rodent self-grooming and its value for translational neuroscience.</a> Nature Reviews: Neuroscience. 17 (1), 45-59 (2016).</li><li>Motulsky, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Intuitive biostatistics: A nonmathematical guide to statistical thinking. Fourth edition. , (2018).</li><li>Qiao, B., Li, C., Allen, V. W., Shirasu-Hiza, M., Syed, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Automated+analysis+of+long-term+grooming+behavior+in+Drosophila+using+a+k-nearest+neighbors+classifier.">Automated analysis of long-term grooming behavior in Drosophila using a k-nearest neighbors classifier.</a> Elife. 7, 34497 (2018).</li><li>Mu, M. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+limbic+circuitry+involved+in+emotional+stress-induced+grooming.">A limbic circuitry involved in emotional stress-induced grooming.</a> Nature Communications. 11 (1), 2261 (2020).</li><li>Song, C., Berridge, K. C., Kalueff, A. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stressing'+rodent+self-grooming+for+neuroscience+research.">Stressing' rodent self-grooming for neuroscience research.</a> Nature Reviews: Neuroscience. 17 (9), 591 (2016).</li><li>Wang, C., Chan, J. S., Ren, L., Yan, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Obesity+reduces+cognitive+and+motor+functions+across+the+lifespan.">Obesity reduces cognitive and motor functions across the lifespan.</a> Neural Plasticity. 2016, 2473081 (2016).</li><li>Lewis, A. R., Singh, S., Youssef, F. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cafeteria-diet+induced+obesity+results+in+impaired+cognitive+functioning+in+a+rodent+model.">Cafeteria-diet induced obesity results in impaired cognitive functioning in a rodent model.</a> Heliyon. 5 (3), 01412 (2019).</li><li>Yohn, S. E., Galbraith, J., Calipari, E. S., Conn, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Shared+behavioral+and+neurocircuitry+disruptions+in+drug+addiction,+obesity,+and+binge+eating+disorder:+Focus+on+Group+I+mGluRs+in+the+mesolimbic+dopamine+pathway.">Shared behavioral and neurocircuitry disruptions in drug addiction, obesity, and binge eating disorder: Focus on Group I mGluRs in the mesolimbic dopamine pathway.</a> ACS Chemical Neuroscience. 10 (5), 2125-2143 (2019).</li><li>Lopez-Taboada, I., Gonzalez-Pardo, H., Conejo, N. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Western+Diet:+Implications+for+brain+function+and+behavior.">Western Diet: Implications for brain function and behavior.</a> Frontiers in Psychololgy. 11, 564413 (2020).</li><li>Murashov, A. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preference+and+detrimental+effects+of+high+fat,+sugar,+and+salt+diet+in+wild-caught+Drosophila+simulans+are+reversed+by+flight+exercise.">Preference and detrimental effects of high fat, sugar, and salt diet in wild-caught Drosophila simulans are reversed by flight exercise.</a> FASEB Bioadvances. 3 (1), 49-64 (2021).</li><li>Krypotos, A. M., Effting, M., Kindt, M., Beckers, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Avoidance+learning:+A+review+of+theoretical+models+and+recent+developments.">Avoidance learning: A review of theoretical models and recent developments.</a> Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience. 9, 189 (2015).</li><li>Binder, M. D., Hirokawa, N., Windhorst, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Encyclopedia of Neuroscience. , 3093 (2009).</li><li>Mery, F., Belay, A. T., So, A. K., Sokolowski, M. B., Kawecki, T. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Natural+polymorphism+affecting+learning+and+memory+in+Drosophila.">Natural polymorphism affecting learning and memory in Drosophila.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (32), 13051-13055 (2007).</li><li>Tan, Y., Yu, D., Pletting, J., Davis, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gilgamesh+is+required+for+rutabaga-independent+olfactory+learning+in+Drosophila.">Gilgamesh is required for rutabaga-independent olfactory learning in Drosophila.</a> Neuron. 67 (5), 810-820 (2010).</li><li>&#214;gren, S. O., Stiedl, O., Stolerman, I. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology. , 960-967 (2010).</li></ol>

避免威胁性刺激是各种物种从优雅到人类的适应性行为的关键特征32。回避学习程序通常需要逃避厌恶事件，是自1970年代以来常用的行为任务，用于研究实验室啮齿动物的学习和记忆过程133。在主动回避程序中，冷漠的刺激或条件信号（CS）之后是厌恶事件或无条件信号（US），动物通过执行特定的行为任务来学习避免。在被动回避程序...

An erratum was issued for:&#160;<a href="https://www.jove.com/t/63163">Drosophila Passive Avoidance Behavior as a New Paradigm to Study Associative Aversive Learning</a>. The Representative Results and Discussion&#160;sections were&#160;updated.
In the Representative Results, the legend for Figure 5 was updated from:
Figure 5: Comparison of passive avoidance and grooming behavior in D. simulans males and females. (A)&#160;Average latency (s) per trial. The graph shows no statistically significant differences between males and females in the latencies. (B) An average number of received shocks per trial. The graph shows no statistically significant differences between males and females in the number of received shocks. (C) The total duration of grooming bouts in trials 1-3. While there were no statistically significant differences between males and females, the female flies showed a considerable increase in grooming behavior during trials 2 and 3 compared to trial 1. Abbreviations: *- P&#60;0.05. One-way ANOVA with Tukey&#39;s multiple comparisons test.
to:
Figure 5: Comparison of passive avoidance and grooming behavior in D. simulans males and females. (A)&#160;Average latency (s) per trial. The graph shows no statistically significant differences between males and females in the latencies. (B) An average number of received shocks per trial. The graph shows no statistically significant differences between males and females in the number of received shocks. (C) The total duration of grooming bouts in trials 1-3. While there were no statistically significant differences between males and females, the female flies showed a considerable decrease in grooming behavior during trials 2 and 3 compared to trial 1. Abbreviations: *- P&#60;0.05. One-way ANOVA with Tukey&#39;s multiple comparisons test.
In the Discussion, the third paragraph&#160;was updated from:
The assay worked equally well in D. melanogaster and D. simulans male and female flies, demonstrating that the paradigm could be adapted to different D. species. The changes in fly behavior characterized by increased latencies and decreased number of shocks were statistically significant in the second trial and would strengthen with subsequent trials. Interestingly, if na&#239;ve flies were habituated to the apparatus without electric shock, they would enter the upper compartment a little faster on the second and the third trials. However, the decrease in latencies was not statistically significant (data not shown). No statistically significant differences were observed between sexes, although female flies had somewhat longer latencies and received slightly more shocks. This difference could be due to a combination of factors, including females&#39; failure to associate the shock with the upper compartment, a stronger geotaxis, or possibly because females are slightly larger and slower than males. The total duration of grooming bouts was significantly higher in the second and third trials in female flies, which draws a parallel between D. and rodent anxiety-like behaviors26.
to:
The assay worked equally well in D. melanogaster and D. simulans male and female flies, demonstrating that the paradigm could be adapted to different D. species. The changes in fly behavior characterized by increased latencies and decreased number of shocks were statistically significant in the second trial and would strengthen with subsequent trials. Interestingly, if na&#239;ve flies were habituated to the apparatus without electric shock, they would enter the upper compartment a little faster on the second and the third trials. However, the decrease in latencies was not statistically significant (data not shown). No statistically significant differences were observed between sexes, although female flies had somewhat longer latencies and received slightly more shocks. This difference could be due to a combination of factors, including females&#39; failure to associate the shock with the upper compartment, a stronger geotaxis, or possibly because females are slightly larger and slower than males. The total duration of grooming bouts was significantly lower&#160;in the second and third trials in female flies, which draws a parallel between D. and rodent anxiety-like behaviors26.

An erratum was issued for:&#160;<a href="https://www.jove.com/t/63163">Drosophila Passive Avoidance Behavior as a New Paradigm to Study Associative Aversive Learning</a>. The Representative Results and Discussion&#160;sections were&#160;updated.

Erratum: Drosophila Passive Avoidance Behavior as a New Paradigm to Study Associative Aversive Learning

学习和记忆是一种进化上古老的环境适应机制，从果蝇（D.）到人类1。果蝇是一种强大的模型生物，用于研究学习和记忆的基本原理，因为它提供了广泛的强大遗传工具来剖析内在的分子机制2。开创性的基因筛查研究确定了对学习和记忆至关重要的rutabaga3，amnesiac4和dunce5基因2，利用了嗅觉调节，因为果蝇依靠其敏锐的嗅觉来寻找食物，潜在的配偶并避开捕食者6。
嗅觉调节已成为研究学习和记忆机制的流行范式，这要归功于Tully和Quinn7，8引入嗅觉T迷宫。随后，已经提出了其他测量各种类型的学习和记忆的方法，包括视觉条件9，求偶条件10，厌恶光速抑制测定11和黄蜂暴露条件反射12。然而，大多数这些检测方法都有一个复杂的设置，必须在大学车间定制或通过供应商购买。这里描述的范式基于一个简单的行为测定，用于研究苍蝇的厌恶联想学习，这些学习可以很容易地与一些可用的用品组装在一起。
所描述的范式相当于实验室小鼠和大鼠的被动（或抑制）回避行为，其中动物学会避开以前接受过电脚电击的隔间13。在Murids中，该程序基于他们对强光的天生回避和对较暗区域的偏好14。在第一次试验中，动物被放入明亮的隔间，从那里动物迅速离开，踏入一个黑暗的隔间，在那里发出电脚电击。通常，一次试验足以形成坚实的长期记忆，导致24小时后的潜伏期显着增加。然后，潜伏期被用作动物记住厌恶刺激与特定环境之间关联的能力的指标15。
这项工作描述了使用 D. 作为模型系统的类似程序，与啮齿动物模型相比，它具有几个优点，包括成本效益，更大的样本量，缺乏监管监督以及获得强大的遗传工具16，17。该过程基于负面的地理出租车行为，这表现在苍蝇被放置在垂直表面上时爬上去的冲动18。该装置由两个垂直腔室组成。在第一次试验中，将果蝇放入较低的隔间。从那里，它通常在3-15秒内离开，进入上层隔间，在那里它受到电击。在1分钟的试验中，一些苍蝇可能偶尔会重新进入上层隔间，从而导致额外的电击。在测试阶段，24小时后，延迟显着增加。同时，与第一天相比，电击次数减少，表明苍蝇在上部隔间形成了厌恶的联想记忆。然后使用延迟，电击次数以及梳理发作的持续时间和频率来分析动物行为以及形成和记住厌恶刺激与特定环境之间关联的能力。具有代表性的结果表明，暴露于西方饮食（WD）会显着损害雄性苍蝇的被动回避行为，这表明WD会深刻影响苍蝇的行为和认知。相反，飞行锻炼减轻了WD的负面影响，改善了被动回避行为。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Bloomington Formulation diet</td>
			<td>Nutri-Fly</td>
			<td>&#160;66-112</td>
			<td>Available from Genesee Scientific Inc., San Diego, CA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1000 &#181;L Blue tip</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>NC9546243</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>17 x 100 mm 14 mL polypropylene culture tube</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>&#160;60818-689</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aduino-based Automatic Kontrol Module</td>
			<td>In-house</td>
			<td>AKM-007</td>
			<td>This unit is optional. Complete description, schematics, wiring diagram and a code are provided at the ECU Digital Market - https://digitalmarket.ecu.edu/akmmodule</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dual-Display 2-Channel&#160; Digital Clock/Timer</td>
			<td>Digi-Sense</td>
			<td>AO-94440-10</td>
			<td>https://www.amazon.com/Cole-Parmer-AO-94440-10-Dual-Display-2-Channel-Jumbo-Digit/dp/B00PR0809G/ref=sr_1_5?dchild=1&#38;keywords=Dual-Display+timer+jumbo&#38;qid=1627660660&#38;sr= 
			8-5#customerReviews</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electronic Finger Counter</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B01M8IRK6F/ref=ppx_yo_dt_b_search_asin_title?ie=UTF8&#38;psc=1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fisherbrand Sparkleen 1 Detergent</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>04-320-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fly mouth aspirator</td>
			<td>In-house</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Prepared as described in reference 19.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Grass S88 stimulator</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Could be replaced with any stimulator which can provide described parameters</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kim-wipes</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>06-666</td>
			<td>Kimberly-Clark Professional 34120</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Metal block for fly immobilization</td>
			<td>In-house</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>4 x 13 x 23.5cm aluminum block</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nutiva USDA Certified Organic, non-GMO, Red Palm Oil</td>
			<td>Nutiva</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>https://www.amazon.com/Nutiva-Certified-Cold-Filtered-Unrefined-Ecuadorian/dp/B00JJ1E83G/ref=sxts_rp_s1_0?cv_ct_cx=Nutiva+USDA+Certified+Organic%2C+non-GMO%2C+Red+Palm+Oil&#38;dchild=1&#38;keywords=Nutiva+USDA+Certified+Organic%2C+non-GMO%2C+Red+Palm+Oil&#38;pd_rd_i=B00JJ1E83G&#38;pd_ 
			rd_r=f35e9d2f-afe4-44b6-afc2-1c9cd705be18&#38;pd_rd_w= 
			R3Zb4&#38;pd_rd_wg=eUv1m&#38;pf_rd_ 
			p=c6bde456-f877-4246-800f-44405f638777&#38;pf 
			_rd_r=M94N11RC7NH333EMJ66Y 
			&#38;psc=1&#38;qid=1627661533&#38;sr=1-1-f0029781-b79b-4b60-9cb0-eeda4dea34d6</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shock tube</td>
			<td>CelExplorer</td>
			<td>TMA-201</td>
			<td>https://www.celexplorer.com/product_detail.asp?id=217&#38;MainType=110&#38;SubType=8</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stopwatch</td>
			<td>Accusplit</td>
			<td>A601XLN</td>
			<td>https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0007ZGZYI/ref=ppx_yo_dt_b_search_asin_title?ie=UTF8&#38;psc=1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transparent vinyl tubing (3/4&#8221; OD, 5/8&#8221; ID)</td>
			<td>Lowes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Avaiable from Lowes</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

drosophila passive avoidance behavior as a new paradigm to study associative aversive learning

该协议描述了一种分析成年果蝇（Drosophila melanogaster）中厌恶性联想学习的新范例。这种范式类似于实验室啮齿动物的被动回避行为，其中动物学会避开以前接受过电击的隔间。该测定利用了苍蝇中的负地理出租车，这表现为当它们被放置在垂直表面上时爬上去的冲动。该设置由垂直方向的上部和下部隔间组成。在第一次试验中，一只苍蝇被放置在较低的隔间中，通常从那里在3-15秒内离开，然后进入上层隔间，在那里它受到电击。在第二次试验期间，24小时后，潜伏期显着增加。同时，与第一次试验相比，电击次数减少，表明苍蝇形成了关于上部隔室的长期记忆。延迟和冲击次数的记录可以使用计数计数器和秒表或基于Arduino的简单设备执行。为了说明如何使用该测定，本文表征了 D. melanogaster 和 D. simulans 男性和女性的被动回避行为。对潜伏期和冲击次数的比较表明， D. melanogaster 和 D. simulans 苍蝇都有效地学习了被动回避行为。雄性和雌性苍蝇之间没有观察到统计学差异。然而，在第一次试验中，男性进入上部隔间时速度稍快，而女性在每次保留试验中接受的电击次数略高。西方饮食（WD）显着损害了雄性苍蝇的学习和记忆，而飞行运动抵消了这种效果。综上所述，苍蝇的被动回避行为提供了一种简单且可重复的测定，可用于研究学习和记忆的基本机制。

被动回避在 D. melanogaster （Canton-S）和 D中进行了研究。 模拟。实验比较了连续试验之间的潜伏期和接受冲击的数量。最初，实验是用3-4天大的雄性 D. melanogaster 苍蝇进行的。在24°C的气候受控环境中，在12小时的光暗循环，70%湿度和受控的种群密度下，将苍蝇保持在标准布卢明顿配方饮食中。通过保持所有组的繁殖条件恒定来控制密度。将15只雄性和15只雌性在24°C，70%湿...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Drosophila Passive Avoidance Behavior as a New Paradigm to Study Associative Aversive Learning at JoVE.com

Drosophila Passive Avoidance Behavior as a New Paradigm to Study Associative Aversive Learning

这项工作描述了一个简单的行为范式，可以分析成年果蝇的厌恶联想学习。该方法基于抑制由于特定环境环境与电击之间形成的关联而导致的先天负地理出租车行为。

果蝇 被动回避行为作为研究联想性厌恶学习的新范式

This protocol describes a new paradigm for analyzing aversive associative learning in adult flies (Drosophila melanogaster). The paradigm is analogous to ...

该协议描述了一种简单的行为测定，允许研究果蝇的不良关联学习和记忆巩固，包括基因环境相互作用的影响。这里介绍的测定是一种简单，可重复且具有成本效益的程序，用于研究记忆机制，可以使用一些可用的耗材轻松组装。该测定可以深入了解由各种遗传，药理学和饮食操作引起的学习和记忆障碍的基本机制。演示这一程序的将是摩根·泰德（Morgan Tedder）和史蒂文·布拉德利（Steven Bradley），他们是我实验室的本科生。首先，在14毫升聚丙烯培养管内钻一个距离底部垂直约4毫米的四毫米孔。取出培养管的上部，制成用作下部隔室的45毫米底部碎片。切掉1000微升移液器吸头的顶部，形成12毫米的碎片。将碎片插入培养管的四毫米孔中，作为转移苍蝇的装载码头。切割一块15毫米的透明乙烯基管，并将下部和上部隔间从两端插入管中。使用双爪可调节夹具垂直安装组件。找到用减震管垂直连接的上部隔间。将减震管与电刺激器连接以产生电击。使用冰冷块，固定三到四天大的苍蝇，并在实验前24小时将它们与食物一起转移到单独的小瓶中。按照文本手稿中的描述，为所有小瓶分配代码。通过吸入空气，将一只苍蝇轻轻吸进嘴里。轻轻吹入装卸月台，将苍蝇存放起来，并立即启动一分钟的计时器和秒表。打开刺激器，当苍蝇进入电击管时发出电击。按下秒表以记录第一个延迟。如果苍蝇重新进入冲击管，则提供额外的冲击。使用计数或基于Arduino的计数器，记录一分钟试验期间的电击次数。在一分钟的试验结束时，轻轻地将苍蝇移回小瓶中。记录延迟、收到的冲击次数以及行为的任何显著变化。使用70%乙醇，清洁下部和减震室。用不起毛的清洁纸擦拭，然后用吹风机擦干。用下一只苍蝇重复试验。完成实验后，用水和无味洗涤剂清洁下部隔间。使用70%乙醇，擦拭下部和冲击室，风干过夜。通过在24小时后重复上述过程，执行第二次试验。在类似的顺序中，测试苍蝇。在对黑腹果蝇雄性蝇进行被动回避测定后，结果表明潜伏期增加，电击次数减少，表明苍蝇学会了上舱室与电击之间的关联。频率分布显示，在第一次试验中，大多数苍蝇进入上舱并接受一到三次冲击。到第四次试验时，大多数苍蝇没有进入上层隔间，并且受到零冲击。在随后的实验中，试验持续时间减少到一分钟，因为潜伏的频率分布清楚地表明，如果苍蝇在第一次试验中在60秒内没有进入上部隔间，它通常根本不会进入。被动回避测定实验在果蝇模拟雄性和雌性苍蝇中重复进行。结果表明，这些苍蝇在学习被动回避行为方面是有效的，从雄性和雌性苍蝇潜伏和冲击的频率分布变化中可以明显看出。男性和女性之间的潜伏期和电击次数的比较没有发现任何统计学上的显着差异。然而，雌性苍蝇在每次试验中都受到的冲击略多。对试验二和试验三中美容发作的分析显示，从试验一到试验三，雌性果蝇的总梳理持续时间显着减少。这表明苍蝇经历的行为压力与啮齿动物焦虑样的行为相似。西方饮食和飞行运动对被动回避行为的影响比较表明，西方饮食减少了潜伏期并增加了冲击次数，表明西方饮食损害了苍蝇的厌恶联想学习。相反，飞行运动减轻了西方饮食的负面影响。尝试此过程时，请记住不要对苍蝇施加压力。受压的苍蝇要么太快进入上层隔间，要么根本不会进入。所有实验应在相同的环境条件下和一天中的同一时间进行。这项技术为研究人员提供了一种新的简单测定方法，可用于剖析苍蝇学习和记忆巩固的内在机制。

Research

Education

JoVE Core

JoVE Journal

Introduction to Psychology

Behavior

Unit 1

Drosophila Passive Avoidance Behavior as a New Paradigm to Study Associative Aversive Learning

Learning

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

The Crossmodal Congruency Task as a Means to Obtain an Objective Behavioral Measure in the Rubber Hand Illusion Paradigm

一致性的任务作为一种手段来获取目标行为的措施中的橡胶手错觉范式Crossmodal

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden ...

科研

行为学

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions

认知范式调查干扰工作记忆的干扰和中断

Goal-directed behavior is often impaired by interference from the external environment, either in the form of distraction by irrelevant information that ...

How to Study Placebo Responses in Motion Sickness with a Rotation Chair Paradigm in Healthy Participants

如何学习安慰剂反应晕车了旋转椅范式健康参与者

Placebo responses occur in every medical intervention when patients or participants expect to receive an effective treatment to relieve symptoms. However, ...

Combined Shuttle-Box Training with Electrophysiological Cortex Recording and Stimulation as a Tool to Study Perception and Learning

联合穿梭盒子训练与电的Cortex记录和刺激作为一种工具来研究感知和学习

Shuttle-box avoidance learning is a well-established method in behavioral neuroscience and experimental setups were traditionally custom-made; the ...

Vagus Nerve Stimulation as a Tool to Induce Plasticity in Pathways Relevant for Extinction Learning

迷走神经刺激作为一种工具来诱导可塑性相关途径灭绝学习

Extinction describes the process of attenuating behavioral responses to neutral stimuli when they no longer provide the reinforcement that has been ...

Using the FishSim Animation Toolchain to Investigate Fish Behavior: A Case Study on Mate-Choice Copying In Sailfin Mollies

Using the FishSim Animation Toolchain to Investigate Fish Behavior: A Case Study on Mate-Choice Copying In Sailfin Mollies

利用fishsim动画工具链调查鱼类行为--以鱼翅钼中的选物复制为例

Over the last decade, employing computer animations for animal behavior research has increased due to its ability to non-invasively manipulate the ...

Using the Visual World Paradigm to Study Sentence Comprehension in Mandarin-Speaking Children with Autism

用视觉世界范式研究自闭症普通话儿童的句子理解

Sentence comprehension relies on the ability to rapidly integrate different types of linguistic and non-linguistic information. However, there is ...

A Methodology for Capturing Joint Visual Attention Using Mobile Eye-Trackers

使用移动眼动追踪器捕捉联合视觉注意力的方法

With the advent of new technological advances, it is possible to study social interactions at a microlevel with unprecedented accuracy. High frequency ...

Experimental Paradigm for Measuring the Effect of Induced Emotion on Grammar Learning

衡量诱导情绪对语法学习影响的实验范式

Previous studies have found that emotion has significant influence on the learning of foreign language vocabulary and textual comprehension. However, ...

A Novel Pavlovian Fear Conditioning Paradigm to Study Freezing and Flight Behavior

研究冻结和飞行行为的新型帕夫洛夫恐惧调理范式

Fear- and anxiety-related behaviors significantly contribute to an organism&#8217;s survival. However, exaggerated defensive responses to perceived threat ...

果蝇 被动回避行为作为研究联想性厌恶学习的新范式

果蝇被动回避行为作为研究联想性厌恶学习的新范式