Name: a two-step method for percutaneous transhepatic choledochoscopic lithotomy
Uploaded: 2022-09-13T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Two-Step Method for Percutaneous Transhepatic Choledochoscopic Lithotomy at JoVE.com

De studie werd goedgekeurd door de ethische commissie van het tweede geaffilieerde ziekenhuis van Shantou University Medical College (Shantou, China).
1. Voorbereidingen
<ol><li>Pas strikte uitsluitingscriteria toe om patiënten te selecteren en verkrijg ondertekende geïnformeerde toestemmingsformulieren12 (tabel 1).</li>
	<li>Pas de volgende toelatingscriteria toe:<ol><li>Selecteer patiënten die vrijwillig de ptcsl-behandeling in t...

<ol>
	<li>Shu, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Robotic-assisted+laparoscopic+surgery+for+complex+hepatolithiasis:+a+propensity+score+matching+analysis.">Robotic-assisted laparoscopic surgery for complex hepatolithiasis: a propensity score matching analysis.</a> Surgical Endoscopy. 33 (8), 2539-2547 (2019).</li><li>Korkes, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Percutaneous+treatment+of+complex+biliary+stone+disease+using+endourological+technique+and+literature+review.">Percutaneous treatment of complex biliary stone disease using endourological technique and literature review.</a> Einstein. 13 (4), 611-615 (2015).</li><li>Gamal, E. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Percutaneous+video+choledochoscopic+treatment+of+retained+biliary+stones+via+dilated+t-tube+tract.">Percutaneous video choledochoscopic treatment of retained biliary stones via dilated t-tube tract.</a> Surgical Endoscopy. 15 (5), 473-476 (2001).</li><li>Khalid, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Percutaneous+endoscopic+biliary+exploration+in+complex+biliary+stone+disease:+Case+series+study.">Percutaneous endoscopic biliary exploration in complex biliary stone disease: Case series study.</a> International Journal of Surgery. 24, 73-78 (2020).</li><li>Kim, J. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Percutaneous+transhepatic+cholangioscopic+treatment+of+patients+with+benign+bilio-enteric+anastomotic+strictures.">Percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopic treatment of patients with benign bilio-enteric anastomotic strictures.</a> Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 58 (5), 733-738 (2003).</li><li>Hwang, J. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Risk+factors+for+recurrent+cholangitis+after+initial+hepatolithiasis+treatment.">Risk factors for recurrent cholangitis after initial hepatolithiasis treatment.</a> Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 38 (4), 364-367 (2004).</li><li>Bonnel, D. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Common+bile+duct+and+intrahepatic+stones:+results+of+transhepatic+electrohydraulic+lithotripsy+in+50+patients.">Common bile duct and intrahepatic stones: results of transhepatic electrohydraulic lithotripsy in 50 patients.</a> Radiology. 180 (2), 345-348 (1991).</li><li>Kondo, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+clinicopathologic+study+of+primary+cholesterol+hepatolithiasis.">A clinicopathologic study of primary cholesterol hepatolithiasis.</a> Hepato-gastroenterology. 42 (5), 478-486 (1995).</li><li>Williams, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Updated+guideline+on+the+management+of+common+bile+duct+stones+(CBDS).">Updated guideline on the management of common bile duct stones (CBDS).</a> Gut. 66 (5), 765-782 (2017).</li><li>Makuuchi, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrasonically+guided+cholangiography+and+bile+drainage.">Ultrasonically guided cholangiography and bile drainage.</a> Ultrasound in Medicine &amp; Biology. 10 (5), 617-623 (1984).</li><li>Jeng, K. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Percutaneous+transhepatic+cholangioscopy+in+the+treatment+of+complicated+intrahepatic+biliary+strictures+and+hepatolithiasis+with+internal+metallic+stent.">Percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy in the treatment of complicated intrahepatic biliary strictures and hepatolithiasis with internal metallic stent.</a> Surgical Laparoscopy. 10 (5), 278-283 (2000).</li><li>Zhuo, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Percutaneous+transhepatic+choledochoscopic+lithotomy+(PTCSL)+is+effective+for+the+treatment+of+intrahepatic+and+extrahepatic+choledocholithiasis.">Percutaneous transhepatic choledochoscopic lithotomy (PTCSL) is effective for the treatment of intrahepatic and extrahepatic choledocholithiasis.</a> Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy &amp; Percutaneous Techniques. 31 (3), 326-330 (2020).</li><li>Hazey, J. W., McCreary, M., Guy, G., Melvin, W. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficacy+of+percutaneous+treatment+of+biliary+tract+calculi+using+the+holmium:+YAG+laser.">Efficacy of percutaneous treatment of biliary tract calculi using the holmium: YAG laser.</a> Surgical Endoscopy. 21 (7), 1180-1183 (2007).</li><li>Ozturk, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+surgical+technique+applied+with+urological+instruments+in+bilobar+multiple+hepatolithiasis:+Ultra-mini+percutaneous+hepatolithotomy.">New surgical technique applied with urological instruments in bilobar multiple hepatolithiasis: Ultra-mini percutaneous hepatolithotomy.</a> Turkish Journal of Urology. 43 (3), 371-377 (2017).</li><li>Ozcan, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Percutaneous+transhepatic+removal+of+bile+duct+stones:+results+of+261+patients.">Percutaneous transhepatic removal of bile duct stones: results of 261 patients.</a> Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology. 35 (3), 621-627 (2012).</li><li>Kint, J. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Percutaneous+treatment+of+common+bile+duct+stones:+results+and+complications+in+110+consecutive+patients.">Percutaneous treatment of common bile duct stones: results and complications in 110 consecutive patients.</a> Digestive Surgery. 32 (1), 9-15 (2015).</li><li>Yeh, Y. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Percutaneous+trans-hepatic+cholangioscopy+and+lithotripsy+in+the+treatment+of+intrahepatic+stones:+a+study+with+5+year+follow-up.">Percutaneous trans-hepatic cholangioscopy and lithotripsy in the treatment of intrahepatic stones: a study with 5 year follow-up.</a> Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 42 (1), 13-18 (1995).</li><li>Jan, Y. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Percutaneous+trans-hepatic+cholangioscopic+lithotomy+for+hepatolithiasis:+long-term+results.">Percutaneous trans-hepatic cholangioscopic lithotomy for hepatolithiasis: long-term results.</a> Chang Gung Medical Journal. 17 (1), 149 (1994).</li><li>Cheon, Y. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+long-term+results+and+recurrent+factors+after+operative+and+nonoperative+treatment+for+hepatolithiasis.">Evaluation of long-term results and recurrent factors after operative and nonoperative treatment for hepatolithiasis.</a> Surgery. 146 (5), 843-853 (2009).</li><li>Tsutsumi, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparative+evaluation+of+treatment+methods+for+bile+duct+stones+after+hepaticojejunostomy+between+percutaneous+transhepatic+cholangioscopy+and+peroral,+short+double-balloon+enteroscopy.">A comparative evaluation of treatment methods for bile duct stones after hepaticojejunostomy between percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy and peroral, short double-balloon enteroscopy.</a> Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology. 10 (1), 54-67 (2017).</li></ol>

Intrahepatische en extrahepatische choledocholithiasis dragen bij aan galobstructie en de geassocieerde cholangitis kan leiden tot gramnegatieve endotoxemie met klinische manifestaties van septische shock of multiorganische disfunctie. Galstenen vertegenwoordigen dus een complexe ziekte die een uitdaging kan zijn voor chirurgen, vooral in gevallen van patiënten die eerdere complexe buikoperaties hebben gehad of patiënten met een abnormale anatomische structuur. PTCSL wordt over de hele wereld op grote schaal gebruikt, ...

Intrahepatische en extrahepatische choledocholithiasis is een complex medisch probleem waarmee chirurgen worden geconfronteerd en komt veel voor in Oost-Aziatische landen1. Op dit moment is chirurgische interventie vereist voor de meeste choledocholithiasis, terwijl de belangrijkste behandelingen voor galwegstenen open chirurgie, percutane transhepatische choledochoscopische lithotomie (PTCSL), laparoscopische lithotomie2, percutane endoscopische galverkenning 3,4 en endoscopische retrograde cholangiopancreatografie omvatten. Patiënten met bilioenteriale anastomose of Billroth II-reconstructie, met een abnormale anatomische structuur zoals een duodenaal periampullair diverticulum, waardoor het galkanaal moeilijk toegankelijk is via een endoscopische benadering 5,6,7,8, of die eerdere complexe buikoperaties hebben ondergaan, waaronder gedeeltelijke gastrectomie, konden echter geen endoscopische therapie of laparoscopische lithotomie ondergaan. Endoscopische therapie is mogelijk ook niet geschikt voor hepatolithiasis met grote en aangetaste stenen. Daarom kan PTCSL in het algemeen een betere keuze zijn9.
De traditionele PTCS-benadering volgt een dergelijke procedure om de sinus geleidelijk uit te breiden en percutane transhepatische galdrainage uit te voeren10,11, wat een relatief lange ziekenhuisopnamecyclus vereist, meestal tussen 2 en 3 weken, wat leidt tot het potentieel voor galfistels, galweginfectie, bloedingen en peritonitis, met meerdere uitdijende schedegroottes. De procedure bestaat uit twee delen. In de eerste stap wordt het doelgalkanaal doorboord en wordt de geleidedraad ingebracht terwijl de galuitstroom wordt waargenomen. Vervolgens wordt een dilatator gebruikt om het kanaal langs de geleidingsdraad langzaam uit te breiden. Nadat het kanaal met succes is vastgesteld, wordt de dilatator eruit getrokken, wordt een afvoer in het doelgalkanaal geplaatst en wordt de geleidingsdraad eruit getrokken.
De percutane leverpunctie en -drainage (PTCD) is compleet als de galdrainage vrij is en de afvoer wordt gefixeerd zonder bloeduitstroom. Het sinuskanaal wordt stabiel 1 week na PTCD, wanneer het vervolgens kan worden uitgebreid. De geleidingsdraad wordt in de afvoerbuis geplaatst en door het sinuskanaal langs de geleidingsdraad met een 10F-dilatator uitgebreid en uiteindelijk in een 10F-afvoer geplaatst. Het sinuskanaal wordt eenmaal per week na de operatie uitgebreid, met elke keer een toename van de 2F-grootte, zodat het sinuskanaal kan worden uitgebreid tot 16F op 4 weken na PTCS. In de tweede stap, na uitbreiding van het sinuskanaal tot 16F, wordt de operatie om de steen te verwijderen uitgevoerd met behulp van een galvezellens. Daarom vereist de hierboven beschreven traditionele PTCSL een behandelingscyclus en draagt het bij aan een hoge economische druk voor de patiënten. Bovendien zijn een lage steenextractie-efficiëntie en herhaalde en meerdere chirurgische procedures voor steenverwijdering ook onvermijdelijke nadelen van traditionele PTCS, die het gebruik van deze technologie beperkt.
Vanaf januari 2013 zijn we begonnen met het toepassen van PTCS voor de minimaal invasieve behandeling van patiënten met complexe intrahepatische en extrahepatische choledocholithiasis in ons ziekenhuis, maar hebben we enkele belangrijke stappen van traditionele PTCS aangepast. In de eerste stap werd de operatie uitgevoerd op 1 week na PTCD, net toen het sinuskanaal stabiel werd, en de sinus direct werd uitgebreid tot 16F, met behulp van een 16F-expander die de preoperatieve voorbereidingstijd aanzienlijk verkortte. In de tweede stap, anders dan de traditionele technologie, werd een Wolf-nefroscoop gebruikt in plaats van een traditionele choledochoscoop om de operatie uit te voeren, die we de "ptcsl-methode in twee stappen" noemen. Om te bepalen of de PTCSL-procedure veilig, minimaal invasief en efficiënt was, beoordeelde deze studie retrospectief 81 patiënten met intrahepatische en extrahepatische choledocholithiasis behandeld met de PTCSL-methode in twee stappen van januari 2013 tot januari 2020.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0.9% Normal saline solution</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>16-F series fascia dilator</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>type PLVW, Cook Medical</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>adjustable pressure pump</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>type APL; Guangzhou Jielun Medical Equipment Co. , Ltd, Guangdong Province, China</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>biliary balloon dilator</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>ATB advance; Cook Medical</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>blade</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>camera system</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1088i HD Camera Control Unit, PAL 220 V; Stryker Corporation</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cavity mirror protective sleeve</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>clamp</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>5Fr, Richard Wolf GmbH, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>color ultrasound machine</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>DC-N2S, Mindray</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cook net basket</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>NGE-017115-MB, COOK Medical Inc. , Bloomington, USA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>drainage pack</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>expander</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>guide wire</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>hydroelectric lithotripter</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Aymed Medical, <img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/63206/63206eq01.jpg" style="margin: auto;" />stanbul, Turkey</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;Iodophor</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;Kidney basin</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>light source</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Voice-control compatible X8000 Xenon Light Source of 300 W;Stryker Corporation, MI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Medical syringe</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>puncture needle</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>suction apparatus</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>surgical gauze</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>trocar</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wolf nephroscope</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>12-degree Ultra-Wide-Angle Ureteroreno-scope; Richard Wolf GmbH, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>zebra guide wire</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>type HAW; Cook Medical, Bloomington, IN</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a two-step method for percutaneous transhepatic choledochoscopic lithotomy

Intrahepatische en extrahepatische choledocholithiasis is een uitdaging op het gebied van galchirurgie. We presenteren onze ervaring met behulp van een tweestaps percutane transhepatische choledochoscopische lithotomie (PTCSL) -procedure om uitdagende galstenen te behandelen. We hebben retrospectief 81 patiënten met intrahepatische en extrahepatische choledocholithiasis beoordeeld die werden behandeld met deze ptcsl in twee stappen van januari 2013 tot januari 2020, waaronder 40 mannen en 41 vrouwen, met een gemiddelde leeftijd van 66 jaar. In tegenstelling tot traditionele percutane transhepatische cholangioscopie (PTCS), werd een kanaal rechtstreeks door een 16F Amplatz-omhulsel tot stand gebracht en werd de steen in het kanaal verwijderd met behulp van een nefroscoop. De klinische werkzaamheid en complicaties van alle patiënten werden geanalyseerd. Eenentachtig patiënten (81/81, 100%) lieten hun galstenen met succes verwijderen; Bij 62/81 patiënten (76,5%) werden galstenen na de eerste operatie volledig verwijderd; 17/81 patiënten (21%) ondergingen een tweede operatie; 2/81 patiënten (2,5%) hadden een derde operatie nodig om de stenen volledig te verwijderen. De incidentie van ernstige bloedingen tijdens de operatie was 0% en er waren geen sterfgevallen. Het gebruik van de ptcsl-methode in twee stappen is veilig en effectief en draagt bij aan een betere prognose van intrahepatische en extrahepatische choledocholithiasis.

Bij alle patiënten werden hun galwegstenen met succes verwijderd, waarbij 58 patiënten (58/81, 72%) galwegstenen volledig verwijderd kregen na de eerste operatie, 18 patiënten (18/81, 22%) die een tweede operatie nodig hadden en vijf patiënten (5/81, 6%) een derde operatie ondergingen om de stenen volledig te verwijderen. Drie patiënten hadden recidiverende intrahepatische cholelithiasis in de5e en6e postoperatieve jaren. Er waren 56 patiënten (56/81, 68,7%) die een percutane leveroperatie ond...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Two-Step Method for Percutaneous Transhepatic Choledochoscopic Lithotomy at JoVE.com

A Two-Step Method for Percutaneous Transhepatic Choledochoscopic Lithotomy

Deze "tweestapsmethode" verbeterde het slagingspercentage van percutane transhepatische choledochoscopie aanzienlijk en bereikte een betere prognose van intrahepatische en extrahepatische choledocholithiasis.

Een tweestapsmethode voor percutane transhepatische choledochoscopische lithotomie

Intrahepatic and extrahepatic choledocholithiasis is a challenge in the field of biliary surgery. We present our experience using a two-step percutaneous ...

Dit protocol verbetert het slagingspercentage van percutane transhepatische choledochoscopie aanzienlijk en bereikt een betere prognose van intrahepatische en extrahepatische choledocholithiasis. Deze techniek vermindert de herhaling van intrahepatische en extrahepatische choledocholithiasis en verkort de hele lithotripsieperiode, operatietijd en de afstand tussen huidingangsplaatsen en gerichte galwegen. PTCSL kan een betere keuze zijn voor de behandeling van complexe intrahepatische en extrahepatische choledocholithiasis, zoals bij patiënten die eerder een gecompliceerde buikoperatie hadden ondergaan of die anatomische afwijkingen hadden en geen endoscopisch onderzoek konden ondergaan.Deze techniek kan ook worden gebruikt voor percutane nefrolithotomie om niersteenproblemen te beheersen. De structuur van het intrahepatische galkanaal is complex en kwetsbaar voor letsel, wat het chirurgische risico verhoogt, en de visuele demonstratie kan deze gevaarlijke complicaties beter vermijden. Voer een week voor de operatie de procedure uit voor percutane transhepatische cholangio-drainage of PTCS.Breng een inwonende 8F galdrainagebuis in om de zwelling van het galkanaal af te voeren en te verminderen. Wacht tot het sinuskanaal stabiel wordt na een week na deze procedure. Injecteer 20 milliliter zoutoplossing in het galkanaal langs de drainagebuis.Nadat er een geleidingsdraad in is gestoken, trekt u de PTCD-buis eruit. Om de fascia-dilatator in de schede te plaatsen, zet u de sinus uit met een 16F-expander en voegt u zich bij een 16F-riemdilator, zodat de 16F-schede het galkanaal kan bereiken waar de steen mogelijk is geplaatst. Lokaliseer de stenen.Gebruik een klemtang om de stenen te breken en te verwijderen. Spoel kleine stenen en poedervormige stenen uit met behulp van een instelbare drukpomp. Laat aan het einde van de procedure een drainagebuis gedurende een week in de patiënt zitten.Met behulp van PTCSL lieten alle patiënten hun galwegstenen met succes verwijderen. 72% van de patiënten liet de galwegstenen na de eerste operatie volledig verwijderen, terwijl 28% van de patiënten meer dan één operatie nodig had. 56 patiënten ondergingen een percutane leveroperatie en 25 patiënten ondergingen een operatie door een sinus te nemen die werd gevormd door een T-buis.Het aantal stenen was gelijk aan één op de 70 patiënten. Het gemiddelde ziekenhuisverblijf was 11 dagen. Er was een complicatie van een kleine hoeveelheid reactieve pleurale effusie.Bij twee patiënten werd een lichte intraoperatieve galbloeding waargenomen en één patiënt had na de operatie een galinfectie. Er werd echter geen massale bloeding van de galwegen waargenomen. Preoperatieve echografie werd gebruikt om de steenlocatie nauwkeurig te lokaliseren en de 8F-afvoer te behouden, en de sinus werd direct uitgebreid met behulp van een 16F-expander.

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Medicine

A Modified Method for Heterotopic Mouse Heart Transplantion

Mice are often used as heart transplant donors and recipients in studies of transplant immunology due to the wide range of transgenic mice and reagents available. A difficulty is presented due to the small size of the animal and the considerable technical challenges of the microsurgery involved in heart transplantation. In particular, a high rate of technical failure early after transplantation may result from recipient death and post-operative complications such as hind limb paralysis or a non-beating heart. Here, the complete technique for heterotopic mouse heart transplantation is demonstrated, involving harvesting the donor heart and its subsequent implantation into a recipient mouse. The donor heart is harvested immediately following in situ perfusion with cold heparinized saline and transection of the ascending aorta and pulmonary artery. The recipient operation involves preparation of the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava (IVC), followed by end-to-side anastomosis of the donor aorta with the recipient aorta using a single running 10-0 microsuture and a similar anastomosis of the donor pulmonary artery with the recipient IVC. Following the operation the animal is injected with 0.6 ml normal saline subcutaneously and allowed to recover on a 37&#160;&#176;C heating pad. The results from 227 mouse heart transplants are summarized with a success rate at 48 hr of 86.8%. Of the 13.2% failures within 48 hr, 5 (2.2%) experienced hind limb paralysis, 10 (4.4%) had a non-beating heart due to graft ischemic injury and/or thrombosis, while 15 (6.6%) died within 48 hr.

A technique is demonstrated for the microsurgical procedure for heterotopic transplantation of hearts in mice, including simplified methods for donor harvesting and recipient vessel anastomosis.

Een gewijzigde methode voor Heterotope Mouse Hart transplantatie

Mice are often used as heart transplant donors and recipients in studies of transplant immunology due to the wide range of transgenic mice and reagents ...

Preparation and Respirometric Assessment of Mitochondria Isolated from Skeletal Muscle Tissue Obtained by Percutaneous Needle Biopsy

Respirometric profiling of isolated mitochondria is commonly used to investigate electron transport chain function. We describe a method for obtaining samples of human Vastus lateralis, isolating mitochondria from minimal amounts of skeletal muscle tissue, and plate based respirometric profiling using an extracellular flux (XF) analyzer. Comparison of respirometric profiles obtained using 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 &#956;g of mitochondria indicate that 1.0 &#956;g is sufficient to measure respiration and that 5.0 &#956;g provides most consistent results based on comparison of standard errors. Western blot analysis of isolated mitochondria for mitochondrial marker COX IV and non-mitochondrial tissue marker GAPDH indicate that there is limited non-mitochondrial contamination using this protocol. The ability to study mitochondrial respirometry in as little as 20 mg of muscle tissue allows users to utilize individual biopsies for multiple study endpoints in clinical research projects.

Methods for biopsy of Vastus lateralis, preparation of purified mitochondria, and respirometric profiling are described. The use of small muscle volume makes this technique suitable for clinical research applications.

Voorbereiding en Respirometrische Beoordeling van Mitochondriën geïsoleerd van spierweefsel Verkregen door percutane naaldbiopsie

Respirometric profiling of isolated mitochondria is commonly used to investigate electron transport chain function. We describe a method for obtaining ...

In Vivo, Percutaneous, Needle Based, Optical Coherence Tomography of Renal Masses

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is the optical equivalent of ultrasound imaging, based on the backscattering of near infrared light. OCT provides real time images with a 15 &#181;m axial resolution at an effective tissue penetration of 2-3 mm. Within the OCT images the loss of signal intensity per millimeter of tissue penetration, the attenuation coefficient, is calculated. The attenuation coefficient is a tissue specific property, providing a quantitative parameter for tissue differentiation. 
Until now, renal mass treatment decisions have been made primarily on the basis of MRI and CT imaging characteristics, age and comorbidity. However these parameters and diagnostic methods lack the finesse to truly detect the malignant potential of a renal mass. A successful core biopsy or fine needle aspiration provides objective tumor differentiation with both sensitivity and specificity in the range of 95-100%. However, a non-diagnostic rate of 10-20% overall, and even up to 30% in SRMs, is to be expected, delaying the diagnostic process due to the frequent necessity for additional biopsy procedures. 
We aim to develop OCT into an optical biopsy, providing real-time imaging combined with on-the-spot tumor differentiation. This publication provides a detailed step-by-step approach for percutaneous, needle based, OCT of renal masses.

In Vivo, Percutaneous, Needle Based, Optical Coherence Tomography of Renal Masses

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a high resolution imaging technique that allows analysis of tissue specific optical properties providing the means for tissue differentiation. We developed needle based OCT, providing real-time imaging combined with on-the-spot tumor differentiation. This publication describes a method for percutaneous, needle based OCT of renal masses.

In Vivo, percutane, Naald Based, Optical Coherence Tomography van niertumoren

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is the optical equivalent of ultrasound imaging, based on the backscattering of near infrared light. OCT provides real ...

Percutaneous Hepatic Perfusion (PHP) with Melphalan as a Treatment for Unresectable Metastases Confined to the Liver

Unresectable liver metastases of colorectal cancer can be treated with systemic chemotherapy, aiming to limit the disease, extend survival or turn unresectable metastases into resectable ones. Some patients however, suffer from side effects or progression under systemic treatment. For patients with metastasized uveal melanoma there are no standard systemic therapy options. For patients without extrahepatic disease, isolated liver perfusion (IHP) may enable local disease control with limited systemic side effects. Previously, this was performed during open surgery with satisfying results, but morbidity and mortality related to the open procedure, prohibited a widespread application. Therefore, percutaneous hepatic perfusion (PHP) with simultaneous chemofiltration was developed. Besides decreasing morbidity and mortality, this procedure can be repeated, hopefully leading to a higher response rate and improved survival (by local control of disease). During PHP, catheters are placed in the proper hepatic artery, to infuse the chemotherapeutic agent, and in the inferior caval vein to aspirate the chemosaturated blood returning through the hepatic veins. The caval vein catheter is a double balloon catheter that prohibits leakage into the systemic circulation. The blood returning from the hepatic veins is aspirated through the catheter fenestrations and then perfused through an extra-corporeal filtration system. After filtration, the blood is returned to the patient by a third catheter in the right internal jugular vein. During PHP a high dose of melphalan is infused into the liver, which is toxic and would lead to life threatening complications when administered systemically. Because of the significant hemodynamic instability resulting from the combination of caval vein occlusion and chemofiltration, hemodynamic monitoring and hemodynamic support is of paramount importance during this complex procedure.

Percutaneous Hepatic Perfusion PHP with Melphalan as a Treatment for Unresectable Metastases Confined to the Liver

In this manuscript, we describe percutaneous isolated hepatic perfusion with simultaneous chemofiltration as treatment for unresectable liver metastases. This procedure is performed under general anaesthesia in the angiosuite by an experienced team, consisting of an interventional radiologist, a clinical perfusionist and anaesthesiologist.

Percutane leverperfusie (PHP) met melfalan als een behandeling voor inoperabele Metastases beperkt tot de lever

Unresectable liver metastases of colorectal cancer can be treated with systemic chemotherapy, aiming to limit the disease, extend survival or turn ...

Percutaneous Contrast Echocardiography-guided Intramyocardial Injection and Cell Delivery in a Large Preclinical Model

Cell and gene therapy are exciting and promising strategies for the purpose of cardiac regeneration in the setting of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Before they can be considered for use, and implemented in humans, extensive preclinical studies are required in large animal models to evaluate the safety, efficacy, and fate of the injectate (e.g., stem cells) once delivered into the myocardium. Small rodent models offer advantages (e.g., cost effectiveness, amenability for genetic manipulation); however, given inherent limitations of these models, the findings in these rarely translate into the clinic. Conversely, large animal models such as rabbits, have advantages (e.g., similar cardiac electrophysiology compared to humans and other large animals), whilst retaining a good cost-effective balance. Here, we demonstrate how to perform a percutaneous contrast echocardiography-guided intramyocardial injection (IMI) technique, which is minimally invasive, safe, well tolerated, and very effective in the targeted delivery of injectates, including cells, into several locations within the myocardium of a rabbit model. For the implementation of this technique, we also have taken advantage of a widely available clinical echocardiography system. After putting in practice the protocol described here, a researcher with basic ultrasound knowledge will become competent in the performance of this versatile and minimally invasive technique for routine use in experiments, aimed at hypothesis testing of the capabilities of cardiac regenerative therapeutics in the rabbit model. Once competency is achieved, the whole procedure can be performed within 25 min after anaesthetizing the rabbit.

Novel therapeutic strategies in cardiac regenerative medicine require extensive and detailed studies in large preclinical animal models before they can be considered for use in humans. Here, we demonstrate a percutaneous contrast echocardiography-guided intramyocardial injection technique in rabbits, which is valuable for hypothesis testing the efficacy of such novel therapies.

Percutane Contrast echocardiografie geleide Intramyocardial injectie en cel levering in een grote preklinische Model

Cell and gene therapy are exciting and promising strategies for the purpose of cardiac regeneration in the setting of heart failure with reduced ejection ...

Three-Dimensional Printing Guide Template Assisted Percutaneous Vertebroplasty (PVP)

Percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) is considered an effective treatment for the back pain caused by osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture. The accuracy of PVP mainly depends on the surgeons&#39; experience and multiple fluoroscopes during a traditional procedure. Puncture related complications were reported all over the world. To make the surgical procedure more precise and decrease the rate of puncture-related complications, our team applied a three-dimensional printing guide template to PVP to modify the traditional procedure. This protocol introduces how to model target vertebrae DICOM imaging data into three-dimensions in the software, how to simulate operation in this 3-D model, and how to use all of the surgical data to reconstruct a patient specific template for application. Using this template, surgeons can identify suitable puncture points accurately to improve the accuracy of the operation. The whole protocol includes: 1) diagnosis of the osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture; 2) acquisition of CT imaging of the target vertebra; 3) simulation of the operation in the software; 4) design and fabrication of the 3-D printing guide template; and 5) application of the template into an operation procedure.

Three-Dimensional Printing Guide Template Assisted Percutaneous Vertebroplasty PVP

Herein, we present a three-dimensional printing guide template for percutaneous vertebraplasty. A patient with a T11 vertebral compression fracture was selected as a case study.

Driedimensionale print gids sjabloon bijgestaan percutane VERTEBROPLASTY (PVP)

Percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) is considered an effective treatment for the back pain caused by osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture. The ...

A Revised Method for Inducing Secondary Lymphedema in the Hindlimb of Mice

Animal models are of paramount importance in the research of lymphedema in order to understand the pathophysiology of the disease but also to explore potential treatment options. This mouse model allows researchers to induce significant lymphedema lasting at least 8 weeks. Lymphedema is induced using a combination of fractioned radiotherapy and surgical ablation of lymphatics. This model requires that the mice get a dose of 10 Gray (Gy) radiation before and after surgery. The surgical part of the model involves ligation of three lymph vessels and extraction of two lymph nodes from the mouse hindlimb. Having access to microsurgical tools and a microscope is essential, due to the small anatomical structures of mice. The advantage of this model is that it results in statistically significant lymphedema, which provides a good basis for evaluating different treatment options. It is also a great and easily available option for microsurgical training. The limitation of this model is that the procedure can be time consuming, especially if not practiced in advance. The model results in objectively quantifiable lymphedema in mice, without causing severe morbidity and has been tested in three separate projects.

This animal model enables researchers to induce statistically significant secondary lymphedema in the hindlimb of mice, lasting at least 8 weeks. The model can be used to study the pathophysiology of lymphedema and to investigate novel treatment options.

Een herziene methode voor het induceren van secundair lymfoedeem in het achterlijf van muizen

Animal models are of paramount importance in the research of lymphedema in order to understand the pathophysiology of the disease but also to explore ...

A Simplified Stepwise Approach to Echo Guidance during Percutaneous Mitral Valve Repair

Percutaneous transcatheter edge-to-edge reconstruction of the mitral valve is a safe and well-established therapy for severe symptomatic mitral regurgitation in patients with high surgical risk. Echocardiographic guidance in addition to fluoroscopy is the gold standard and should be performed using a standardized technique.
This article lays out our reproducible step by step echocardiographic guide including views, measurements as well as highlighting possible difficulties that may arise during the procedure.
This article provides detailed and chronological echocardiographic views for each step of the procedure, especially preferences between 2D and 3D imaging. If needed, pulse wave, continuous wave and color doppler measurements are described. Furthermore, as there are no official recommendations for the quantification of mitral regurgitation during the percutaneous edge-to-edge-repair procedure, advice is also included for echocardiographic quantification after grasping the mitral leaflets and after device deployment. In addition, the article deals with important echocardiographic views to prevent and deal with possible complications during the procedure.
Echocardiographic guidance during transcatheter mitral valve repair is mandatory. A structured approach improves the collaboration between interventionist and imager and is indispensable for a safe and effective procedure.

This protocol presents in detail how to perform real-time echocardiographic guidance during transcatheter mitral valve repair. The fundamental views and the necessary measurements are described for each stage of the procedure.

Een vereenvoudigde stapsgewijze benadering van echogeleiding tijdens percutane mitralisklepreparatie

Percutaneous transcatheter edge-to-edge reconstruction of the mitral valve is a safe and well-established therapy for severe symptomatic mitral ...

Utilizing Percutaneous Ventricular Assist Devices in Acute Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Cardiogenic Shock

Cardiogenic shock is defined as persistent hypotension, accompanied by evidence of end organ hypo-perfusion. Percutaneous ventricular assist devices (PVADs) are used for the treatment of cardiogenic shock in an effort to improve hemodynamics. Impella is currently the most common PVAD and actively pumps blood from the left ventricle into the aorta. PVADs unload the left ventricle, increase cardiac output and improve coronary perfusion. PVADs are typically placed in the cardiac catheterization laboratory under fluoroscopic guidance via the femoral artery when feasible. In cases of severe peripheral arterial disease, PVADs can be implanted through an alternative access. In this article, we summarize the mechanism of action of PVAD and the data supporting their use in the treatment of cardiogenic shock.

Percutaneous ventricular assist devices are increasingly being utilized in patients with acute myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock. Herein, we discuss the mechanism of action and hemodynamic effects of such devices. We also review algorithms and best practices for the implantation, management and weaning of these complex devices.

Gebruik van percutane ventriculaire hulpmiddelen bij acuut myocardinfarct gecompliceerd door cardiogene shock

Cardiogenic shock is defined as persistent hypotension, accompanied by evidence of end organ hypo-perfusion. Percutaneous ventricular assist devices ...

Use of a Percutaneous Ventricular Assist Device/Left Atrium to Femoral Artery Bypass System for Cardiogenic Shock

The left atrial to femoral artery bypass (LAFAB) system is a mechanical circulatory support (MCS) device used in cardiogenic shock (CS) that bypasses the left ventricle by draining blood from the left atrium (LA) and returning it to the systemic arterial circulation via the femoral artery. It can provide flows ranging from 2.5-5 L/min depending on the size of the cannula. Here, we discuss the mechanism of action of LAFAB, available clinical data, indications for its use in cardiogenic shock, steps of implantation, post-procedural care, and complications associated with the use of this device and their management.
We also provide a brief video of the procedural component of device therapy, including the pre-placement preparation, percutaneous placement of the device via transseptal puncture under echocardiographic guidance and the post-operative management of device parameters.

The following article describes the stepwise procedure for placement of a device (e.g., Tandemheart) in cardiogenic shock (CS) that is a percutaneous left ventricular assist device (pLVAD) and a left atrial to femoral artery bypass (LAFAB) system that bypasses and supports the left ventricle (LV) in CS.

Gebruik van een percutaan ventriculaire hulpapparaat / linker atrium naar femorale slagader bypass-systeem voor cardiogene shock

The left atrial to femoral artery bypass (LAFAB) system is a mechanical circulatory support (MCS) device used in cardiogenic shock (CS) that bypasses the ...