Name: generation of hook ischemia-reperfusion model using a three-day developing chick embryo
Uploaded: 2022-02-19T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of Hook Ischemia-Reperfusion Model using a Three-Day Developing Chick Embryo at JoVE.com

We want to express our gratitude to Hari Shankar for his critical inputs during videography and editing, Mr. Baqer Hussain for voice-over, Mr. Asghar Rizvi for video editing, Mr. Mohammad Haider for video shoots, Mr. Mohammad Danish Siddiqui for assistance during the experiments.

The Institutional Animal Ethical Committee at Era&#39;s Lucknow Medical College and Hospital issued a written waiver stating that no formal approval was required to conduct these experiments in accordance with the Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA). However, Standard Operating Procedures were followed to minimize any potential for embryonic distress.
1. Buffer preparation (Table 1)
<ol>
	<li>Prepare Ringer&#39;s solution
	...

<ol>
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(62), e3923 (2012).</li><li>Wu, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cathelicidin+aggravates+myocardial+ischemia/reperfusion+injury+via+activating+TLR4+signaling+and+P2X(7)R/NLRP3+inflammasome.">Cathelicidin aggravates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury via activating TLR4 signaling and P2X(7)R/NLRP3 inflammasome.</a> Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology. 139, 75 (2020).</li><li>Franke, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+NLRP3+inflammasome+drives+inflammation+in+ischemia/reperfusion+injury+after+transient+middle+cerebral+artery+occlusion+in+mice.">The NLRP3 inflammasome drives inflammation in ischemia/reperfusion injury after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice.</a> Brain Behaviour and Immunity. 92, 223 (2021).</li><li>Lawrence, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+nuclear+factor+NF-kappaB+pathway+in+inflammation.">The nuclear factor NF-kappaB pathway in inflammation.</a> Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. 1 (6), 001651 (2009).</li><li>Liu, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pterostilbene+attenuates+astrocytic+inflammation+and+neuronal+oxidative+injury+after+ischemia-reperfusion+by+inhibiting+NF-kappaB+phosphorylation.">Pterostilbene attenuates astrocytic inflammation and neuronal oxidative injury after ischemia-reperfusion by inhibiting NF-kappaB phosphorylation.</a> Frontiers in Immunology. 10, 2408 (2009).</li><li>Prakash, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sivelestat-loaded+nanostructured+lipid+carriers+modulate+oxidative+and+inflammatory+stress+in+human+dental+pulp+and+mesenchymal+stem+cells+subjected+to+oxygen-glucose+deprivation.">Sivelestat-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers modulate oxidative and inflammatory stress in human dental pulp and mesenchymal stem cells subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation.</a> Materials Science and Engineering: C Materials for Biological Applications. 120, 111700 (2021).</li><li>Prakash, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oxidative+stress+enhances+autophagy+in+stem+cells+through+Erk1/2+signaling+pathway+-+implications+for+neurotransplantations.">Oxidative stress enhances autophagy in stem cells through Erk1/2 signaling pathway - implications for neurotransplantations.</a> Stem Cell Reviews and Reports. , (2021).</li><li>Ahmad, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gelatin-coated+polycaprolactone+nanoparticle-mediated+naringenin+delivery+rescue+human+mesenchymal+stem+cells+from+oxygen+glucose+deprivation-induced+inflammatory+stress.">Gelatin-coated polycaprolactone nanoparticle-mediated naringenin delivery rescue human mesenchymal stem cells from oxygen glucose deprivation-induced inflammatory stress.</a> ACS Biomaterials Science and Engineering. 5 (2), 683-695 (2019).</li><li>Guan, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+neuroprotective+effects+of+carvacrol+on+ischemia/reperfusion-induced+hippocampal+neuronal+impairment+by+ferroptosis+mitigation.">The neuroprotective effects of carvacrol on ischemia/reperfusion-induced hippocampal neuronal impairment by ferroptosis mitigation.</a> Life Science. 235, 116795 (2019).</li><li>Jin, Z., Guo, P., Li, X., Ke, J., Wang, Y., Wu, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuroprotective+effects+of+irisin+against+cerebral+ischemia/+reperfusion+injury+via+Notch+signaling+pathway.">Neuroprotective effects of irisin against cerebral ischemia/ reperfusion injury via Notch signaling pathway.</a> Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy. 120, 109452 (2019).</li><li>Wainrach, S., Sotelo, J. 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The goal of ischemia-reperfusion research is to create therapeutic strategies that prevent cell death and promote recovery29,30. To overcome current constraints in I/R research, we designed a Hook&#160;I/R chick embryo model to produce a reliable and reproducible I/R model. To our knowledge, ours is the first I/R model ever created in a 3-day chick embryo for routine I/R experiments, besides studying stress signals (e.g., oxidative and inflammatory stress). Given...

Ischemia-reperfusion tissue injury has been linked to a number of pathologies, including heart attacks, ischemic stroke, trauma, and peripheral vascular disease1,2,3,4,5. This is primarily due to a lack of a comprehensive understanding of the disease progression and the lack of an effective research model. Ischemic injury occurs when the blood supply to a specific area of the tissue is cut off. As a result, ischemic tissue eventually necrotizes, though the rate varies depending on the tissue. Hence, restoring the blood supply may help to mitigate the damage. However, it has been observed, in some cases, that reperfusion causes more tissue damage than ischemia alone does6,7,8. Therefore, understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms of ischemia-reperfusion is required to develop an effective therapeutic intervention. Currently, no effective treatment for I/R injuries is known. This disparity has prompted the creation of new experimental models, ranging from in vitro to in vivo models, to address the existing problem9,10,11,12,13.
Chick embryos (Gallus gallus domesticus) are widely used in research because of their ease of access, ethical acceptability, relatively large size (compared to other embryos), low cost, and rapid growth14. We used a chick embryo at 72 h of development to create an in ovo I/R by occluding and releasing the right vitelline artery with the assistance of a spinal needle.&#160;We named it the Hook-I/R ischemia-reperfusion model (Figure 1). The model utilized in this study is capable of accurately simulating all downstream processes, including oxidative and inflammatory pathways, which are frequently associated with I/R damage15,16,17.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>(-80&#176;C) freezer</td>
			<td>Haier, China</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5mL Centrifuge tube</td>
			<td>TARSONS, India</td>
			<td>500010X</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100mm Petri dish (sterile)</td>
			<td>Tarsons, India</td>
			<td>460050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>18G Needle (18G&#215;1.5 (1.25&#215;38mm)</td>
			<td>Ramsons, India</td>
			<td>13990</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1mL Syringe</td>
			<td>DISPO VAN</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>26G Needle (26G&#215;1/2 (10.45x13mm)</td>
			<td>DISPO VAN, india</td>
			<td>30722D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>37&#176;C egg incubator with adjustable percentage humidity</td>
			<td>Gentek, India</td>
			<td>GL-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>37&#176;C laboratory incubator</td>
			<td>SCIENCE TECH, India</td>
			<td>CB 101-14</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3-Methyladenine (3-MA)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich, USA</td>
			<td>M9281</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3mL Pasture Pipette</td>
			<td>TARSONS, India</td>
			<td>940050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50mL Beaker</td>
			<td>TARSONS, India</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5mL Syringe</td>
			<td>DISPO VAN, India</td>
			<td>IP53</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>70% ethanol</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore, United States</td>
			<td>64-17-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adhesive tape/Cello tape</td>
			<td>Sunrise, India</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ambra1 primers</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems, Foster city, USA</td>
			<td>Hs00387943_m1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-mouse IgG</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technology, USA</td>
			<td>7076S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Rabbit IgG</td>
			<td>Jackson Immuno Research Laboratories, USA</td>
			<td>711-035-152</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Atg7</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems, USA</td>
			<td>MAB6608</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Atg7 primers</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems, Foster city, USA</td>
			<td>Hs00893766_m1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Autoclave Bag</td>
			<td>Tarsons, India</td>
			<td>550022</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Autoclave Machine</td>
			<td>Local made, Lucknow, India</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Beclin-1</td>
			<td>Proteintech, USA</td>
			<td>66665-1-Ig</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Beta Actin</td>
			<td>ImmunoTag, USA</td>
			<td>ITT07018</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td>Himedia, Mumbai, India</td>
			<td>TC194</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium Chloride</td>
			<td>Himedia, Mumbai, India</td>
			<td>GRM534</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Catalase</td>
			<td>ImmunoTag, USA</td>
			<td>ITT5155</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cleaning wipes</td>
			<td>Kimberly-Clark, India</td>
			<td>370080</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cleaved Caspase3</td>
			<td>ImmunoTag, USA</td>
			<td>ITT07022</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>di-Sodium hydrogen phosphate heptahydrate</td>
			<td>Himedia, Mumbai, India</td>
			<td>GRM39611</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Doppler blood flowmeter</td>
			<td>Moors instrument, United Kingdom</td>
			<td>moorVMS-LDF1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Egg rack</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Egg rack</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GAPDH</td>
			<td>ImmunoTag, USA</td>
			<td>M1000110</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GAPDH primers</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems, Foster city, USA</td>
			<td>Hs02758991_g1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycine</td>
			<td>Himedia, Mumbai, India</td>
			<td>MB013</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kidney tray</td>
			<td>HOSPITO</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LC3A/B</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technology, USA</td>
			<td>4108S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol</td>
			<td>Rankem laboratories, Mumbai, India</td>
			<td>M0252</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micromanipulator</td>
			<td>Narishige, Japan</td>
			<td>M-152</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich, USA</td>
			<td>A7250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Naringenin</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich, USA</td>
			<td>67604-48-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NF-k&#946;</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA</td>
			<td>51-0500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NLRP3</td>
			<td>ImmunoTag, USA</td>
			<td>ITT07438</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nose plier</td>
			<td>Local made, Lucknow, India</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ocular forceps</td>
			<td>Stoelting, Germany</td>
			<td>52106-40</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ocular iris</td>
			<td>Tufft Surgical Instruments, Jaipur, India</td>
			<td>Hard Age Vannas Micro Scissors Angled 8CM / 3 1/8&#34;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OHP marker pen</td>
			<td>Camlin, India</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ORP-150</td>
			<td>ImmunoTag, USA</td>
			<td>ITT08329</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pointed sharp edge scissor</td>
			<td>Stoelting, Germany</td>
			<td>52132-11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium Chloride</td>
			<td>Himedia, Mumbai, India</td>
			<td>MB043</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium phosphate monobasic anhydrous</td>
			<td>Himedia, Mumbai, India</td>
			<td>MB050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protease Inhibitor</td>
			<td>Abcam, United States</td>
			<td>Ab65621</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SOD-1</td>
			<td>ImmunoTag, USA</td>
			<td>ITT4364</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific, Mumbai, India</td>
			<td>27605</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium dodecyl sulphate</td>
			<td>Himedia, Mumbai, India</td>
			<td>GRM886</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spinal needle 25GA; 3.50 IN (90.51 X 90mm)</td>
			<td>Ramson, India</td>
			<td>GS-2029</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereo Zoom surgical microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus, Japan</td>
			<td>SZ2-STU3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe discarder</td>
			<td>BIOHAZARD</td>
			<td>882210</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Toothed forceps</td>
			<td>Stoelting, Germany</td>
			<td>52102-30</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris Base</td>
			<td>G Biosciences, United States</td>
			<td>RC1217</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris Hydrochloric Acid</td>
			<td>Himedia, Mumbai, India</td>
			<td>MB030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween 20</td>
			<td>G Biosciences, United States</td>
			<td>RC1227</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>White Leghorn Chicken 0-day eggs</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Z-Val-Ala-Asp(OMe)-FMK</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals, LLC, USA</td>
			<td>FK009</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

generation of hook ischemia-reperfusion model using a three-day developing chick embryo

Ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) disorders, such as myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease, are a few of the leading causes of illness and death. Many in vitro and in vivo models are currently available for studying the I/R mechanism in disease or damaged tissues. However, to date, no in ovo I/R model has been reported, which would allow for a better understanding of I/R mechanisms and faster drug screening. This paper describes I/R modeling using a spinal needle customized hook in a 3-day chick embryo to understand I/R development and treatment mechanisms. Our model can be used to investigate anomalies at the DNA, RNA, and protein levels. This method is simple, quick, and inexpensive. The current model can be used independently or in conjunction with existing in vitro and in vivo I/R models.

The Doppler Blood Flow Imaging technique was used to evaluate the effectiveness of our model. In short, we compared the data from the control group with the data from the RVA group to determine the success of our creation. Figure 4A depicts a typical flux associated with the control animal, while Figure 4B depicts the results obtained from an RVA. The numeric 1-8 represents the various events associated with I/R phases. In brief, numeric 1-3 correspond to the ph...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of Hook Ischemia-Reperfusion Model using a Three-Day Developing Chick Embryo at JoVE.com

Generation of Hook Ischemia-Reperfusion Model using a Three-Day Developing Chick Embryo

This paper describes ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) modeling in a 3-day chick embryo using a spinal needle customized hook to better understand I/R development and treatment. This model is simple, quick, and inexpensive.

Ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) disorders, such as myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease, are a few of the leading causes of ...

Hi, I am Dr.Syed Shadab Raza, the principal investigator for the Laboratory for Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, located at the Department of Biotechnology at Era University Campus, Lucknow, India. In my laboratory, we strive to understand the pathophysiological mechanism underlying ischemia-reperfusion disorders and the interventions that can reverse those processes. In this context, we frequently employ the in vitro and the in vivo model of ischemic stroke.Recently, we have created a ischemic-reperfusion injury model in a three day developing chick embryo. So now my students are going to show you how to replicate the ischemia-reperfusion injury in a three day developing chick embryo. Now we are going to show you how to create ischemia-reperfusion in a three days chick embryo.Our model is cost effective, time effective and highly reproducible. So let's get started. Day one.Requirements for first day.Procedure. Clean the zero day egg with 70%ethanol using tissue paper wipes. Next, write the current day, date, on eggs with OHP marker and then place the eggs in an egg incubator with a temperature of 36 to 37 degrees Centigrade and 60 to 65%humidity.Incubate the eggs for next 24 hours. Day two. Requirements for second day.Procedure.Wipe the surgical scissor with 70%ethanol or followed by an autoclave. After 24 hours of incubation, remove the egg out of the incubator for layering. Next, attach a small piece of Sellotape approximately one inch length and width to the egg's edge and then make a small hole in the edge of the eggshell using the sharp-pointed edge scissor followed by insertion of a five mL syringe at approximately 75 degrees angle.After inserting the needle into the yolk sack, slowly withdraw five to six mL of albumin. After removing the albumin, reseal the hole with Sellotape and put back the egg into the 37 degrees Centigrade egg incubator for next 48 hours. Day four.Requirements for fourth day.Procedure. Prepare the Ringer's solution, 0.9%normal saline and one X phosphate buffer saline as per the tables provided in this manuscript. Then autoclave the three solutions.After autoclave, the respective solutions may be placed at room temperature. Next, take out the egg from the 37 degree egg incubator. Now, before cutting the shell, cover the area of windowing with Sellotape.And now make a small hole onto the eggshell and begin cutting a circular opening. This process is known as windowing. Make sure that the circular cut is big enough so that the embryo can easily be accessible from any direction, as the positioning of the egg may have to be adjusted as per the position of the embryo.Now, using a stereo zoom surgical microscope, locate the right vitalline artery or RVA. Here, the arrow indicates the embryo's three day developmental stage. Once the RVA is located, with the use of a 26 G needle make two small holes on the left and right sides of the RVA.Next, adjust the Doppler blood flow imaging probe onto the RVA. The Doppler blood flow imaging probe should be placed five plus minus one millimeter from the site of ischemia and two thirds the distal end of the RVA. Take flux reading for 30 seconds to two minutes, as desired.This will make the normoxia phase reading. Now manually mold the edge of the spinal needle to give the edge a shape of hook with the help of a nose plier followed by teeth forceps. Now, using a micro manipulator, insert the spinal needle just beneath the right vitalline artery.You are ready to lift the spinal needle. Now with the assistance of the micro manipulator, slowly lift the artery until the Doppler blood flow flux shows a minimum decrease of 80%in arterial flow. Once a dropdown of 80%or more in Doppler flux is achieved, leave the spinal needle lifted upward, pulling the artery for five minutes.This will be the period of ischemia. After this ischemic timing of five minutes, slowly release the artery with the help of micro manipulator to restore normal blood flow levels. Now the Doppler blood flow meter should show readings similar to those observed during normoxia.This will be the period of reperfusion in the RVA. After the I/R process, apply two, three drops of 1X PBS to the embryo. Finally, reseal the window with Sellotape and then place the egg back in the egg incubator for five hours and 55 minutes.After five hours and 55 minutes, take out the egg from the egg incubator and place onto the egg tray and reopen the window. Treatment requirements.Procedure. For the treatment of the arteries with the drugs, activators or inhibitors, the RVA should be excised after one hour of I/R process.Remove the embryo out of the shell by taking it out of the shell onto a sterile 100 mm Petri dish. Once the embryo is released in the Petri dish, excise the RVA using ocular iris in the guidance of stereo zoom surgical microscope. The excision dimension of RVA should be up to 15 plus minus one millimeter distal from the trunk and two plus minus one millimeter towards the trunk.After excising the RVA, wash it with 1X PBS in a new, sterile Petri dish. For desired treatments, put the artery in a sterilized 1.5 milliliter centrifuge tube filled with 500 microliters of Ringer's solution. And after placing the artery in the centrifuge tube, put into the 37 degree Centigrade laboratory incubator for five hours.After five hours of incubation, take out the RVA from the 37 degrees Centigrade laboratory incubator and proceed for desired treatments. And now, to present the results. To verify the utility of our model in ischemic-reperfusion research in ischemic arteries, first we looked at the activities of oxygen regulatory proteins 150 or ORP150, cytoplasmic superoxide dismutase one or SOD1 and catalase.The I/R-treated RVAs showed an increased activity of ORP150, cytoplasmic SOD1 and catalase when compared to the control group, however, supplementing with N-acetyl-L-cysteine, or NAC, a ROS quencher, reduced oxidative stress in the I/R group, as can be evident in the current figure. To establish the utility of this model for inflammatory investigations, we looked at the expression of I/R-1 beta and TNF-alpha in I/R-treated RVAs versus control RVAs. Both interleukins were found to be over-expressed in the Hook-I/R group compared to the control group.The supplementation of Naringenin, an anti-inflammatory drug, significantly reduced the levels of IL1-beta as well as TNF-alpha. Next, we examined the expression of NLRP3 and NF-kappa beta through Western blotting. This analysis discovered evidence of activation of the NLRP3 inflamasome, as well as NF-kappa beta in response to I/R produced in the RVA.Similar to previous results, Naringenin reduced the expression of NLRP3 and NF-kappa beta. These results demonstrated that our model could be used to investigate inflammatory alterations. Next, we examined the effect of I/R on apoptosis and autophagy pathways.First, in figure A, we accessed the expression of cleaved caspase-3. We observed an enhanced expression of cleaved caspase-3 in the I/R group compared to the control group, while the I/R group receiving ZVADFMK showed a decrease in the expression of caspase-3. Similarly for autophagy, the I/R group exhibited high protein levels of LC3, autophagosome marker Beclin-1, a key regulator of autophagy in mammalian cells, and ATG-7, a protein required for basal autophagy, than the control group, while the groups receiving 3-ma, an autophagy inhibitor, showed a decrease in the expression of the above three autophagy proteins, as evident from figures B to D.The figure E demonstrates the effect of Hook-mediated I/R on ambra-1 and ATG-7 mRNA levels.These results were in line with the previous results, that is, enhanced mRNA expression was observed for ambra-1 and ATG-7 in I/R-treated RVAs compared to their respective controls. However, the outcomes were reversed when 3-ma was added to the I/R group. The current figure represents the effectiveness of our model to study the alterations in the DNA.We observed an intense DNA smear in the I/R-treated group compared to the control group. However, the supplementation of NAC to the I/R RVA group reversed the outcome. To examine how effective our model is in contrast to other models, we compared the data generated by our Hook-I/R model and the MCAO model in the present experiment.To brief, the expression of the apoptotic protein, cleaved caspase-3, the autophagy proteins, Beclin-1 and ATG-7, and the inflammatory interleukins, TNF and IFN, was bound to be higher in I/R-treated RVAs than in control RVAs. Interestingly, the Hook-I/R model gave results that were very similar to those obtained by the MCAO model, whether it was the analysis for inflammatory stress or cellular death pathways. Our model can be used for routine ischemia-reperfusion experiments, either alone or parallel to the existing models.However, during mimicking the ischemia-reperfusion, a highest precaution should be taken during making holes, right and left side of the RVA, and also while occluding or releasing the RVA so that it should not damage any arteries or veins. In routine molecular biology such as Western blotting, QRT-PCR analyzer, chemical acids and imaging techniques could be improvised to associate pathophysiology associated with the ischemia-reperfusion in a three days developing chick embryo. This model could efficiently be used to study molecular mechanics at DNA, RNA and protein levels.As we have shown you, the I/R modeling in a three day developing chick embryo, we believe that our model will open new avenues in the field of I/R research. With this work, I wish you all the best for your experiments. Thank you.

generation-hook-ischemia-reperfusion-model-using-three-day-developing

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Generation of Stable Transgenic C. elegans Using Microinjection

Transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans can be readily created via microinjection of a DNA plasmid solution into the gonad 1. The plasmid DNA rearranges to form extrachromosomal concatamers that are stably inherited, though not with the same efficiency as actual chromosomes 2. A gene of interest is co-injected with an obvious phenotypic marker, such as rol-6 or GFP, to allow selection of transgenic animals under a dissecting microscope. The exogenous gene may be expressed from its native promoter for cellular localization studies. Alternatively, the transgene can be driven by a different tissue-specific promoter to assess the role of the gene product in that particular cell or tissue. This technique efficiently drives gene expression in all tissues of C. elegans except for the germline or early embryo 3. Creation of transgenic animals is widely utilized for a range of experimental paradigms. This video demonstrates the microinjection procedure to generate transgenic worms. Furthermore, selection and maintenance of stable transgenic C. elegans lines is described.

This video demonstrates the technique of microinjection into the gonad of C. elegans to create transgenic animals.

Transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans can be readily created via microinjection of a DNA plasmid solution into the gonad 1.  The plasmid DNA rearranges to ...

Method for Culture of Early Chick Embryos ex vivo (New Culture)

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ideal tool for studying  the formation and patterning of brain, neural tube, somite and heart primordia. Applications of chick embryo culture include electroporation of DNA or RNA constructs in order to analyze gene function, grafts of growth factor coated beads such as FGFs and BMPs , as well as whole mount in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. This video demonstrates the different steps in chick embryo culture; First, the embryo is explanted in saline. Then, the embryo is centered on a glass ring. The membranes surrounding the embryo are lifted along the walls of the ring. The ring is then placed in a culture dish containing a pool of albumine. The culture dish is sealed and placed in a humid chamber, where the embryo is cultured for up to 24 hrs. Finally, the embryo is removed from the ring, fixed and processed for further applications. A troubleshooting guide is also presented.

Method for Culture of Early Chick Embryos ex vivo New Culture

This video demonstrates New culture, a method by which chick embryos are cultured outside the egg for up to 24 hr. This method enables one to study early development (primitive streak to 14 som.), a period corresponding to E7-9 in mouse. Applications of this technique include electroporation, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry.

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ...

Double Whole Mount in situ Hybridization of Early Chick Embryos

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ideal tool for studying  gene expression in brain, neural tube, somite and heart primordia formation. This video demonstrates the different steps in 2-color whole mount in situ hybridization; First, the embryo is dissected from the egg and fixed in paraformaldehyde. Second, the embryo is processed for prehybridization. The embryo is then hybridized with two different probes, one coupled to DIG, and one coupled to FITC.  Following overnight hybridization, the embryo is incubated with DIG coupled antibody. Color reaction for DIG substrate is performed, and the region of interest appears blue. The embryo is then incubated with FITC coupled antibody. The embryo is processed for color reaction with FITC, and the region of interest appears red. Finally, the embryo is fixed and processed for phtograph and sectioning. A troubleshooting guide is also presented.

This video demonstrates 2-color whole mount in situ hybridization, a method by which the spatial and temporal expression pattern of 2 different genes can be visualized in young chick embryos. This method was originally introduced by David Wilkinson, Domingos Henrique, Phil Ingham and David Ish -Horowicz.

Method for Whole Mount Antibody Staining in Chick

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ideal tool for studying antibody expression in developing brain, neural tube and somite. This video demonstrates the different steps in whole-mount antibody staining using HRP conjugated secondary antibodies; First, the embryo is dissected from the egg and fixed in paraformaldehyde. Second, endogenous peroxidase is inactivated; The embryo is then exposed to primary antibody. After several washes, the embryo is incubated with secondary antibody conjugated to HRP. Peroxidase activity is revealed using reaction with diaminobenzidine substrate. Finally, the embryo is fixed and processed for photography and sectioning. The advantage of this method over the use of fluorescent antibodies is that embryos can be processed for wax sectioning, thus enabling the study of antigen sites in cross section. This method was originally introduced by Jane Dodd and Tom Jessell 1.

This video demonstrates whole mount immunohistochemistry, a method by which the spatial and temporal expression pattern of an antigen can be visualized in young chick embryos. This method was originally introduced by Jane Dodd and Tom Jessell.

Assay for Neural Induction in the Chick Embryo

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ideal tool for studying the formation and initial patterning of the nervous system. This video demonstrates how to graft organizer tissue into a host, a method by which Hensen s node (the organizer in the chick embryo) is grafted to a host competent ectoderm. The organizer graft instructs overlying na ve tissue to adopt a neural fate via neural inducing signals. This mechanism is referred to as neural induction, and constitutes the initial step in the formation of brain and spinal cord in amniotes. This method is essentially used for the characterization of putative neural inducing molecules in chick. This video demonstrates the different steps in the assay for neural induction; First, the donnor embryo is explanted and pinned on a dish. Then, the host embryo is prepared for New culture. The graft is excised and transplanted to the host area pellucida margin. The host is cultured for 18-22 hrs. The assembly is fixed and processed for further applications (e.g. in situ hybridization). This method was originally devised by Waddington 1,2 and Gallera 3,4.

Neural induction is the first step in the formation of the brain. It is a mechanism by which Hensen's node (organizer), instructs adjacent tissue to adopt a neural fate, i.e. to give rise to the nervous system. This video demonstrates an assay for neural induction in chick embryo.

Tracking Morphogenetic Tissue Deformations in the Early Chick Embryo

Embryonic epithelia undergo complex deformations (e.g. bending, twisting, folding, and stretching) to form the primitive organs of the early embryo. Tracking fiducial markers on the surfaces of these cellular sheets is a well-established method for estimating morphogenetic quantities such as growth, contraction, and shear. However, not all surface labeling techniques are readily adaptable to conventional imaging modalities and possess different advantages and limitations. Here, we describe two labeling methods and illustrate the utility of each technique. In the first method, hundreds of fluorescent labels are applied simultaneously to the embryo using magnetic iron particles. These labels are then used to quantity 2-D tissue deformations during morphogenesis. In the second method, polystyrene microspheres are used as contrast agents in non-invasive optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging to track 3-D tissue deformations. These techniques have been successfully implemented in our lab to studythe physical mechanisms of early head fold, heart, and brain development, and should be adaptable to a wide range morphogenetic processes.

This article describes surface labeling and ex ovo tissue culture in the early chick embryo. Techniques amenable to time-lapse bright field, fluorescence, and optical coherence tomography imaging are presented. Tracking surface labels with high spatiotemporal resolution enables kinematic quantities such as morphogenetic strains (deformations) to be calculated in both two and three dimensions.

Embryonic epithelia undergo complex deformations (e.g. bending, twisting, folding, and stretching) to form the primitive organs of the early embryo. ...

An Anoxia-starvation Model for Ischemia/Reperfusion in C. elegans

Protocols for anoxia/starvation in the genetic model organism C. elegans simulate ischemia/reperfusion. Worms are separated from bacterial food and placed under anoxia for 20 hr&#160;(simulated ischemia), and subsequently moved to a normal atmosphere with food (simulated reperfusion). This experimental paradigm results in increased death and neuronal damage, and techniques are presented to assess organism viability, alterations to the morphology of touch neuron processes, as well as touch sensitivity, which represents the behavioral output of neuronal function. Finally, a method for constructing hypoxic incubators using common kitchen storage containers is described. The addition of a mass flow control unit allows for alterations to be made to the gas mixture in the custom incubators, and a circulating water bath allows for both temperature control and makes it easy to identify leaks. This method provides a low cost alternative to commercially available units.

An Anoxia-starvation Model for Ischemia/Reperfusion in C. elegans

A protocol is described that uses anoxia/starvation in C. elegans to model ischemia/reperfusion. Functional outcomes include increased mortality, visible abnormalities in GFP-labeled neuronal processes, and impaired behavioral responses that require neuronal function.

Protocols for anoxia/starvation in the genetic model organism C. elegans simulate ischemia/reperfusion. Worms are separated from bacterial food and placed ...

Generation of Transgenic Hydra by Embryo Microinjection

As a member of the phylum Cnidaria, the sister group to all bilaterians, Hydra can shed light on fundamental biological processes shared among multicellular animals. Hydra is used as a model for the study of regeneration, pattern formation, and stem cells. However, research efforts have been hampered by lack of a reliable method for gene perturbations to study molecular function. The development of transgenic methods has revitalized the study of Hydra biology1. Transgenic Hydra allow for the tracking of live cells, sorting to yield pure cell populations for biochemical analysis, manipulation of gene function by knockdown and over-expression, and analysis of promoter function. Plasmid DNA injected into early stage embryos randomly integrates into the genome early in development. This results in hatchlings that express transgenes in patches of tissue in one or more of the three lineages (ectodermal epithelial, endodermal epithelial, or interstitial). The success rate of obtaining a hatchling with transgenic tissue is between 10% and 20%. Asexual propagation of the transgenic hatchling is used to establish a uniformly transgenic line in a particular lineage. Generating transgenic Hydra is surprisingly simple and robust, and here we describe a protocol that can be easily implemented at low cost.

Generation of Transgenic Hydra by Embryo Microinjection

Stably transgenic Hydra are made by microinjection of plasmid DNA into embryos followed by random genomic integration and asexual propagation to establish a uniform line. Transgenic Hydra are used to track cell movements, overexpress genes, study promoter function, or knock down gene expression using RNAi.

As a member of the phylum Cnidaria, the sister group to all bilaterians, Hydra can shed light on fundamental biological processes shared among ...

Mass Spectrometry Analysis to Identify Ubiquitylation of EYFP-tagged CENP-A (EYFP-CENP-A)

Studying the structure and the dynamics of kinetochores and centromeres is important in understanding chromosomal instability (CIN) and cancer progression. How the chromosomal location and function of a centromere (i.e., centromere identity) are determined and participate in accurate chromosome segregation is a fundamental question. CENP-A is proposed to be the non-DNA indicator (epigenetic mark) of centromere identity, and CENP-A ubiquitylation is required for CENP-A deposition at the centromere, inherited through dimerization between cell division, and indispensable to cell viability.
Here we describe mass spectrometry analysis to identify ubiquitylation of EYFP-CENP-A K124R mutant suggesting that ubiquitylation at a different lysine is induced because of the EYFP tagging in the CENP-A K124R mutant protein. Lysine 306 (K306) ubiquitylation in EYFP-CENP-A K124R was successfully identified, which corresponds to lysine 56 (K56) in CENP-A through mass spectrometry analysis. A caveat is discussed in the use of GFP/EYFP or the tagging of high molecular weight protein as a tool to analyze the function of a protein. Current technical limit is also discussed for the detection of ubiquitylated bands, identification of site-specific ubiquitylation(s), and visualization of ubiquitylation in living cells or a specific single cell during the whole cell cycle.
The method of mass spectrometry analysis presented here can be applied to human CENP-A protein with different tags and other centromere-kinetochore proteins. These combinatory methods consisting of several assays/analyses could be recommended for researchers who are interested in identifying functional roles of ubiquitylation.

Mass Spectrometry Analysis to Identify Ubiquitylation of EYFP-tagged CENP-A EYFP-CENP-A

CENP-A ubiquitylation is an important requirement for CENP-A deposition at the centromere, inherited through dimerization between cell division, and indispensable to cell viability. Here we describe mass spectrometry analysis to identify ubiquitylation of EYFP-tagged CENP-A (EYFP-CENP-A) protein.

Studying the structure and the dynamics of kinetochores and centromeres is important in understanding chromosomal instability (CIN) and cancer ...

Development of a Cell Co-Culture Model to Mimic Cardiac Ischemia/Reperfusion In Vitro

Ischemic heart disease is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Reperfusion causes additional injury beyond ischemia. Endothelial cells (ECs) can protect cardiomyocytes (CMs) from reperfusion injury through cell-cell interactions. Co-cultures can help investigate the role of cell-cell interactions. A mixed co-culture is the simplest approach but is limited as isolated treatments and downstream analyses of single cell types are not feasible. To investigate whether ECs can dose-dependently attenuate CM cell damage and whether this protection can be further optimized by varying the contact distance between the two cell lines, we used Mouse Primary Coronary Artery Endothelial Cells and Adult Mouse Cardiomyocytes to test three types of cell culture inserts which varied in their inter-cell layer distance at 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mm, respectively. In CMs-only, cellular injury as assessed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release increased significantly during hypoxia and further upon reoxygenation when the distance was 2.0 mm compared to 0.5 and 1.0 mm. When ECs and CMs were in nearly direct contact (0.5 mm), there was only a mild attenuation of the reoxygenation injury of CMs following hypoxia. This attenuation was significantly increased when the spatial distance was 1.0 mm. With 2.0 mm distance, ECs attenuated CM injury during both hypoxia and hypoxia/reoxygenation, indicating that sufficient culture distancing is necessary for ECs to crosstalk with CMs, so that secreted signal molecules can circulate and fully stimulate protective pathways. Our findings suggest, for the first time, that optimizing the EC/CM co-culture spatial environment is necessary to provide a favorable in vitro model for testing the role of ECs in CM-protection against simulated ischemia/reperfusion injury. The goal of this report is to provide a step-by-step approach for investigators to use this important model to their advantage.

Development of a Cell Co-Culture Model to Mimic Cardiac Ischemia/Reperfusion In Vitro

Spatial distance is a key parameter in assessing hypoxia/reoxygenation injury in a co-culture model of separate endothelial and cardiomyocyte cell layers, suggesting, for the first time, that optimizing the co-culture spatial environment is necessary to provide a favorable in vitro model for testing the role of endothelial cells in cardiomyocyte protection.

Ischemic heart disease is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Reperfusion causes additional injury beyond ischemia. Endothelial cells ...