Name: robust differentiation of human ipscs into a pure population of adipocytes to study adipocyte-associated disorders
Uploaded: 2022-02-09T14:45:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Robust Differentiation of Human iPSCs into a Pure Population of Adipocytes to Study Adipocyte-Associated Disorders at JoVE.com

Ce travail a été financé par une subvention du Fonds national de recherche du Qatar (QNRF) (subvention n° NPRP10-1221-160041). Maryam Aghadi a bénéficié d’une bourse GSRA du Fonds national de recherche du Qatar (QNRF).

L’étude a été approuvée par le comité d’éthique de la recherche de l’établissement approprié et réalisée conformément aux normes éthiques énoncées dans la Déclaration d’Helsinki de 1964 et ses amendements ultérieurs ou à des normes éthiques comparables. Le protocole a été approuvé par l’Institutional Review Board (IRB) du HMC (n° 16260/16) et de l’ICRQ (n° 2016-003). Ce travail est également optimisé pour les CSEh tels que H1 et H9. Des échantillons de sang ont été prélevés sur d...

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Ce protocole revêt une importance primordiale en raison de sa capacité à fournir des CSM à haut rendement et efficacité. Cette production à grande échelle de CSM a été rendue possible par l’incubation transitoire de SE dérivés de CSPi avec 10 μM de RA14,15. Le traitement transitoire avec 10 μM de PR a augmenté le rendement des CSM de 11,2 à 1542 fois14,15, ce protocole étant applicable ?...

Les cellules souches mésenchymateuses (CSM) agissent comme une ressource transitoire efficace pour produire des cellules d’origine mésodermique comme les adipocytes, les ostéocytes et les chondrocytes, qui pourraient être utilisées pour modéliser leurs troubles génétiques respectifs. Cependant, les approches précédentes reposaient sur l’obtention de ces CSM à partir de tissus adultes 1, ce qui imposait le défi de les obtenir en grand nombre auprès des donneurs et la limitation de leur viabilité fonctionnelle dans des conditions de culture in vitro sous-optimales 1,2. Ces obstacles ont produit une grande demande d’avoir un protocole pour générer des CSM in vitro. Les cellules souches pluripotentes induites par l’homme (CSPi) peuvent être utilisées comme source précieuse de CSM, présentant les caractéristiquesdes CSM 3,4,5. Les CSM dérivées des CSPi peuvent être utilisées comme option thérapeutique dans plusieurs maladies. En outre, la capacité des CSM dérivées des CSPi à générer des adipocytes en fait un modèle humain in vitro précieux pour étudier l’adipogenèse humaine, l’obésité et les troubles associés aux adipocytes.
Les protocoles actuels de différenciation des adipocytes peuvent être classés en deux groupes, l’un impliquant la différenciation des adipocytes à l’aide de cocktails chimiques ou à base de protéines donnant un rendement résultant de 30%-60%6,7,8,9, tandis que l’autre impliquant une manipulation génétique pour une induction robuste de facteurs de transcription clés régissant le développement des adipocytes pour donner un rendement de 80%-90%10, 11. Cependant, la manipulation génétique ne récapitule pas le processus naturel de différenciation des adipocytes et masque souvent les paradigmes subtils arrivant au cours de l’adipogenèse, ce qui la rend inefficace à des fins de modélisation de la maladie12,13. Par conséquent, nous présentons un moyen de trier les adipocytes matures dérivés chimiquement des adipocytes immatures en marquant par fluorescence les adipocytes lipidiques à l’aide de rouge du Nil.
Nous présentons ici un protocole impliquant l’incubation transitoire de corps embryoïdes (EB) dérivés de CSPi avec de l’acide rétinoïque tout-trans pour produire un grand nombre de CSM à prolifération rapide, qui pourraient être utilisés pour générer des adipocytes14. Nous présentons également un moyen de trier les adipocytes matures dérivés chimiquement du pool de différenciation hétérogène en marquant par fluorescence leurs gouttelettes lipidiques à l’aide d’un colorant lipophile; Nil rouge. Cela permettrait la génération d’une population pure d’adipocytes matures avec une fonctionnalité améliorée pour modéliser avec précision les troubles métaboliques associés aux adipocytes.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Adiponectin</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab22554</td>
			<td>Adipocyte maturation marker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CD105</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td>560839</td>
			<td>MSC differentiation marker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CD14</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td>561712</td>
			<td>MSC differentiation marker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CD19</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td>555415</td>
			<td>MSC differentiation marker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CD34</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td>555824</td>
			<td>MSC differentiation marker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CD44</td>
			<td>abcam</td>
			<td>ab93758</td>
			<td>MSC differentiation marker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CD45</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td> 
			560975</td>
			<td>MSC differentiation marker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CD73</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td>550256</td>
			<td>MSC differentiation marker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CD90</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td>555596</td>
			<td>MSC differentiation marker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>bFGF</td>
			<td>R&#38;D</td>
			<td>233-FP</td>
			<td>MSC culture media supplement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C/EBPA</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab40761</td>
			<td>Adipocyte maturation marker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dexamethasone</td>
			<td>Torics</td>
			<td>1126</td>
			<td>Adipocyte differentiation media supplement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FABP4</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab93945</td>
			<td>Adipocyte maturation marker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>10082147</td>
			<td>MSC culture media supplement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glutamax</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>35050-061</td>
			<td>MSC culture media supplement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IBMX</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>I5879</td>
			<td>Adipocyte differentiation media supplement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Indomethacin</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>I7378</td>
			<td>Adipocyte differentiation media supplement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>91077C</td>
			<td>Adipocyte differentiation media supplement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Knockout DMEM</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>12660012</td>
			<td>Basal media for preparing matrigel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Low glucose DMEM</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>11885084</td>
			<td>MSC culturing media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Matrigel</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>354230</td>
			<td>Coating matrix</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM-alpha</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>12561056</td>
			<td>Adipocyte differentiation media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nilered</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>19123</td>
			<td>Sorting marker for adipocyte</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>15140122</td>
			<td>MSC/Adipocyte media supplement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate-buffered saline</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>14190144</td>
			<td>wash buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pierce&#8482; 20X TBS Buffer</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>28358</td>
			<td>wash buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PPARG</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technology</td>
			<td>2443</td>
			<td>Adipocyte maturation marker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ReLeSR</td>
			<td>Stem Cell Technologies</td>
			<td>5872</td>
			<td>Dissociation reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Retinoic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>R2625</td>
			<td>MSC differentiation media supplement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rock inhibitor</td>
			<td>Tocris</td>
			<td>1254/10</td>
			<td>hPSC culture media supplement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Roziglitazone</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>R2408</td>
			<td>Adipocyte differentiation media supplement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>StemFlex</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>A334901</td>
			<td>hPSC culture media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>28314</td>
			<td>Permebealization reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>25200072</td>
			<td>Dissociation reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween 20</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P7942</td>
			<td>Wash buffer</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

robust differentiation of human ipscs into a pure population of adipocytes to study adipocyte-associated disorders

Les progrès récents de la technologie des cellules souches pluripotentes induites (CSPi) ont permis la génération de différents types de cellules, y compris les adipocytes. Cependant, les méthodes de différenciation actuelles ont une faible efficacité et ne produisent pas une population homogène d’adipocytes. Ici, nous contournons ce problème en utilisant une méthode entièrement trans basée sur les rétinoïques pour produire des cellules souches mésenchymateuses (CSM) à haut rendement. En régulant les voies régissant la prolifération, la survie et l’adhésion cellulaires, notre stratégie de différenciation permet la génération efficace de corps embryonnaires (EB) qui se différencient en une population pure de CSM multipotentes. Le nombre élevé de CSM générées par cette méthode constitue une source idéale pour la génération d’adipocytes. Cependant, l’hétérogénéité des échantillons résultant de la différenciation des adipocytes reste un défi. Par conséquent, nous avons utilisé une méthode à base de rouge du Nil pour purifier les adipocytes matures lipidiques à l’aide de FACS. Cette stratégie de tri nous a permis d’établir un moyen fiable de modéliser les troubles métaboliques associés aux adipocytes à l’aide d’un pool d’adipocytes avec une hétérogénéité d’échantillon réduite et une fonctionnalité cellulaire améliorée.

Schéma et morphologie des cellules au cours de la différenciation mésenchymateuse : La différenciation des CSPi en CSM implique différents stades de développement allant de la formation de l’EB, de la différenciation des CSM et de l’expansion des CSM (Figure 1). Au cours de ces stades de développement, les cellules acquièrent une morphologie variée en raison des différents produits chimiques stimulants auxquels elles sont soumises. Lors du début de la différenciation, les ce...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Robust Differentiation of Human iPSCs into a Pure Population of Adipocytes to Study Adipocyte-Associated Disorders at JoVE.com

Robust Differentiation of Human iPSCs into a Pure Population of Adipocytes to Study Adipocyte-Associated Disorders

Le protocole permet la génération d’une population adipocytaire pure à partir de cellules souches pluripotentes induites (CSPi). L’acide rétinoïque est utilisé pour différencier les CSPi en cellules souches mésenchymateuses (CSM) qui sont utilisées pour produire des adipocytes. Ensuite, une approche de tri basée sur la coloration rouge du Nil est utilisée pour obtenir des adipocytes purs.

Différenciation robuste des CSPi humaines en une population pure d’adipocytes pour étudier les troubles associés aux adipocytes

Recent advances in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology have allowed the generation of different cell types, including adipocytes. However, the ...

Les approches précédentes reposaient sur des méthodes hautement invasives pour obtenir des cellules souches mésenchymateuses in vitro, mais ces cellules souches mésenchymateuses avaient une limitation de production d’un pool hétérogène de 30% avec une efficacité allant de 30 à 60%Ici, nous présentons un protocole pour produire un grand nombre de cellules souches mésenchymateuses à prolifération rapide qui peuvent produire une population pure d’adipocytes matures par tri en utilisant le rouge du Nil. Lorsque les CSPi ont atteint 80% de confluence, laver les cellules avec DPBS et ajouter un milieu de dissociation contenant de l’EDTA. Incuber les cellules à 37 degrés Celsius pendant une minute.Après une minute, aspirez le réactif de dissociation et placez les cellules à 37 degrés Celsius pendant une minute supplémentaire. Ensuite, retirez la plaque de l’incubateur. Ajouter un millilitre de média StemFlex par puits et recueillir soigneusement les cellules dans un tube conique de 15 millilitres.Centrifuger les cellules. Retirer le surnageant et le remettre délicatement en suspension dans trois millilitres de milieu de différenciation MSC contenant 10 micromoles d’un inhibiteur de roche. Mélangez la suspension cellulaire et répartissez 500 microlitres par puits dans une plaque de fixation ultra-basse de 24 puits.Ensuite, placez l’assiette dans un incubateur à 37 degrés Celsius. Après 24 heures, pour induire les corps embryonnaires atteints, recueillez-les dans un tube de 15 millilitres et laissez-les se déposer. Après 15 minutes, retirer le surnageant et ajouter le milieu de différenciation MSC complété par 10 micromolaires d’acide rétinoïque.Remettez doucement en suspension les corps embryonnaires et répartissez 500 microlitres par puits dans la même plaque de fixation ultra-basse de 24 puits. Placez ensuite l’assiette dans l’incubateur. Après 48 heures, recueillez les corps embryonnaires dans un tube de 15 millilitres et laissez-les s’installer pendant 15 minutes.Retirez ensuite le surnageant et ajoutez le milieu de différenciation MSC complété par 0,1 micromolaire d’acide rétinoïque. Après avoir remis en suspension les corps embryonnaires, répartir 500 microlitres par puits dans la même plaque de 24 puits et placer la plaque dans l’incubateur. Quarante-huit heures après le dernier traitement à l’acide rétinoïque, prélever les corps embryonnaires, retirer le surnageant et ajouter un milieu DMEM à faible teneur en glucose sans cytokines.Remettez doucement en suspension et répartissez 500 microlitres de la suspension cellulaire par puits dans la même plaque de fixation ultra-basse de 24 puits, puis incuber la plaque à 37 degrés Celsius. Après 48 heures, pour plaquer les corps embryonnaires dérivés de l’iPSC, recueillir les corps embryonnaires dans un tube de 15 millilitres, les laisser se déposer, puis retirer le surnageant et les remettre en suspension dans deux millilitres de milieu de différenciation MSC frais. Ensuite, transférez la suspension dans deux puits d’une plaque à six puits revêtue d’une matrice de membrane basale et incuber les cellules à 37 degrés Celsius.Après cinq jours, remplacer le milieu usé par un nouveau milieu de différenciation MSC contenant 2,5 nanogrammes par millilitre de facteur de croissance des fibroblastes basiques et poursuivre la différenciation MCS jusqu’à 11 et 15 jours. Lorsque les corps embryonnaires plaqués ont atteint 80 à 90% de confluence, passez-les en les lavant avec du DPBS, en ajoutant de la trypsine-EDTA et en les incubant à 37 degrés Celsius pendant une minute. Retirer la trypsine-EDTA de la plaque et incuber à nouveau à 37 degrés Celsius pendant une minute.Ensuite, ajoutez un millilitre de média par puits. Après trois minutes, recueillir les cellules à l’aide du milieu de différenciation MSC dans un tube conique de 15 millilitres et centrifuger les cellules. Ensuite, remettez les cellules en suspension dans un milieu de différenciation MSC contenant le facteur de croissance basique des fibroblastes et plaquez les cellules sur des plaques recouvertes de matrice membranaire basale dans un rapport de un à trois.Une fois que les CSM ont atteint 90% de confluence, continuez à les cultiver pendant 48 heures supplémentaires pour leur permettre de subir une période d’arrêt de la croissance. Ensuite, retirez le milieu et lavez les cellules avec DBPS. Après le lavage, ajoutez un milieu de différenciation adipocytaire complet dans la plaque et incuber les cellules à 37 degrés Celsius.Changez le support tous les deux jours pendant 14 jours. Différencier les CSM dérivées des CSPi en adipocytes. Pour trier les adipocytes en utilisant le rouge du Nil, préparer la solution de travail rouge du Nil dans le DMSO comme décrit dans le manuscrit du texte.Avant utilisation, décongeler la solution mère et la reconstituer dans du DPBS pour obtenir une concentration de solution de travail de 300 nanomolaires. À partir du jour 14 de la différenciation des adipocytes, éliminer le milieu des cellules et laver à l’aide de DPBS. Ajoutez ensuite la solution de travail rouge du Nil.Couvrir la plaque et incuber les cellules à 37 degrés Celsius. Après 15 minutes, remplacez la solution de rouge du Nil par de la trypsine-EDTA et incuber les cellules à 37 degrés Celsius pendant quatre minutes. Ensuite, collectez les cellules à l’aide de DMEM contenant 5% de FBS dans un tube conique de 15 millilitres et centrifugez les cellules.Retirez le surnageant et remettez en suspension les cellules dans DPBS à une densité de 1 million de cellules par millilitre. Ensuite, à l’aide du trieur FACS, isolez les cellules rouges positives du Nil à l’aide du canal FL-1. Recueillir les cellules triées et les recultiver dans des milieux de différenciation adipocytaire ou procéder à une extraction d’ARN suivie d’une analyse quantitative des marqueurs de différenciation adipocytes.Lors de l’initiation de la différenciation, les cellules plaquées en suspension sont rondes avec des bordures cellulaires définies et ont un diamètre petit à moyen. La viabilité des corps embryonnaires est observée par le comportement de prolifération rapide donnant naissance à plus de CSM. Ce comportement de prolifération rapide, ainsi que leur morphologie particulière et allongée, sont conservés même après le passage des CSM sur de nouvelles plaques recouvertes de matrice.Une bonne différenciation produit des CSM fiables avec une efficacité d’expression supérieure à 90% des marqueurs de surface mésenchymateux CD73, CD44 et CD90. En outre, l’évaluation des cellules pour l’absence de marqueurs de surface représentant le phénotype hématopoïétique CD14, CD34 et CD19 a montré une efficacité d’expression inférieure à 1%, Une expression élevée dans la distribution cytoplasmique de FABP4, un marqueur des adipocytes différenciés en phase terminale, indique leur maturité développementale. De plus, une expression élevée de l’adiponectine, un autre marqueur de la maturité adipocytaire, indique que les adipocytes sont suffisamment fonctionnels pour subir un stockage lipidique et une adipogenèse en réponse à la signalisation du glucose.Lors de la coloration, le rouge du Nil se lie exclusivement aux adipocytes matures porteurs de lipides, ce qui en fait un outil efficace pour trier les adipocytes matures à l’aide de la cytométrie en flux activée par fluorescence. Les cellules rouges positives du Nil montrent une régulation positive significative des marqueurs de maturation d’au moins deux fois par rapport aux cellules non triées. Vous devez être très doux lors de la collecte de cellules pendant la formation du corps embryonnaire et la dissociation des cellules mésenchymateuses, car cela aurait un impact important sur l’efficacité de survie après la dissociation des cellules souches mésenchymateuses.La population pure d’adipocytes obtenue à partir de patients porteurs de mutations peut être soumise à un séquençage fonctionnel et au séquençage complet du transcriptome pour déterminer les voies de régulation et de signalisation affectées par une mutation particulière sans que les données soient affectées par l’hétérogénéité de l’échantillon. Cette technique permettra la génération évolutive de cellules souches mésenchymateuses in vitro, éliminant ainsi la nécessité de les prélever auprès de donneurs humains pour les différencier facilement en adipocytes, chondrocytes et ostéocytes pour comprendre la pathogenèse des maladies liées aux tissus.

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Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Generation of Human Adipose Stem Cells through Dedifferentiation of Mature Adipocytes in Ceiling Cultures

Mature adipocytes have been shown to reverse their phenotype into fibroblast-like cells in vitro through a technique called ceiling culture. Mature adipocytes can also be isolated from fresh adipose tissue for depot-specific characterization of their function and metabolic properties. Here, we describe a well-established protocol to isolate mature adipocytes from adipose tissues using collagenase digestion, and subsequent steps to perform ceiling cultures. Briefly, adipose tissues are incubated in a Krebs-Ringer-Henseleit buffer containing collagenase to disrupt tissue matrix. Floating mature adipocytes are collected on the top surface of the buffer. Mature cells are plated in a T25-flask completely filled with media and incubated upside down for a week. An alternative 6-well plate culture approach allows the characterization of adipocytes undergoing dedifferentiation. Adipocyte morphology drastically changes over time of culture. Immunofluorescence can be easily performed on slides cultivated in 6-well plates as demonstrated by FABP4 immunofluorescence staining. FABP4 protein is present in mature adipocytes but down-regulated through dedifferentiation of fat cells. Mature adipocyte dedifferentiation may represent a new avenue for cell therapy and tissue engineering.

Mature adipocytes may represent an abundant source of stem cells through dedifferentiation, which leads to a homogenous population of fibroblast-like cells. Collagenase digestion is used to isolate mature adipocytes from human fat. The goal of our protocol is to obtain multipotent, dedifferentiated fat cells from human mature adipocytes.

Génération de tissu adipeux humain cellules souches par dédifférenciation des adipocytes matures dans les cultures de plafond

Mature adipocytes have been shown to reverse their phenotype into fibroblast-like cells in vitro through a technique called ceiling culture. Mature ...

Recherche

Biologie du développement

Differentiation of the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line

Having appropriate in vivo and in vitro systems that provide translational models for human disease is an integral aspect of research in neurobiology and the neurosciences. Traditional in vitro experimental models used in neurobiology include primary neuronal cultures from rats and mice, neuroblastoma cell lines including rat B35 and mouse Neuro-2A cells, rat PC12 cells, and short-term slice cultures. While many researchers rely on these models, they lack a human component and observed experimental effects could be exclusive to the respective species and may not occur identically in humans. Additionally, although these cells are neurons, they may have unstable karyotypes, making their use problematic for studies of gene expression and reproducible studies of cell signaling. It is therefore important to develop more consistent models of human neurological disease. 
The following procedure describes an easy-to-follow, reproducible method to obtain homogenous and viable human neuronal cultures, by differentiating the chromosomally stable human neuroblastoma cell line, SH-SY5Y. This method integrates several previously described methods1-4 and is based on sequential removal of serum from media. The timeline includes gradual serum-starvation, with introduction of extracellular matrix proteins and neurotrophic factors. This allows neurons to differentiate, while epithelial cells are selected against, resulting in a homogeneous neuronal culture. Representative results demonstrate the successful differentiation of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells from an initial epithelial-like cell phenotype into a more expansive and branched neuronal phenotype. This protocol offers a reliable way to generate homogeneous populations of neuronal cultures that can be used for subsequent biochemical and molecular analyses, which provides researchers with a more accurate translational model of human infection and disease.

It is critical in neurobiology and neurovirology to have a reliable, replicable in vitro system that serves as a translational model for what occurs in vivo in human neurons. This protocol describes how to culture and differentiate SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells into viable neurons for use in in vitro applications.

La différenciation de la SH-SY5Y neuroblastome humain Cell Line

Having appropriate in vivo and in vitro systems that provide translational models for human disease is an integral aspect of research in neurobiology and ...

In Vitro Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Trophoblastic Cells

The placenta is the first organ to develop during embryogenesis and is required for the survival of the developing embryo. The placenta is comprised of various trophoblastic cells that differentiate from the extra-embryonic trophectoderm cells of the preimplantation blastocyst. As such, our understanding of the early differentiation events of the human placenta is limited because of ethical and legal restrictions on the isolation and manipulation of human embryogenesis. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are a robust model system for investigating human development and can also be differentiated in vitro into trophoblastic cells that express markers of the various trophoblast cell types. Here, we present a detailed protocol for differentiating hPSCs into trophoblastic cells using bone morphogenic protein 4 and inhibitors of the Activin/Nodal signaling pathways. This protocol generates various trophoblast cell types that can be transfected with siRNAs for investigating loss-of-function phenotypes or can be infected with pathogens. Additionally, hPSCs can be genetically modified and then differentiated into trophoblast progenitors for gain-of-function analyses. This in vitro differentiation method for generating human trophoblasts starting from hPSCs overcomes the ethical and legal restrictions of working with early human embryos, and this system can be used for a variety of applications, including drug discovery and stem cell research.

In Vitro Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Trophoblastic Cells

Here, we present a protocol to efficiently generate human trophoblastic cells from human pluripotent stem cells using bone morphogenic protein 4 and inhibitors of the Activin/Nodal pathways. This method is suitable for the efficient differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells and can generate large quantities of cells for genetic manipulation.

In Vitro Différenciation des cellules souches pluripotentes humaines en cellules trophoblastiques

The placenta is the first organ to develop during embryogenesis and is required for the survival of the developing embryo. The placenta is comprised of ...

Generation of iPSC-derived Human Brain Organoids to Model Early Neurodevelopmental Disorders

The restricted availability of suitable in vitro models that can reliably represent complex human brain development is a significant bottleneck that limits the translation of basic brain research into clinical application. While induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have replaced the ethically questionable human embryonic stem cells, iPSC-based neuronal differentiation studies remain descriptive at the cellular level but fail to adequately provide the details that could be derived from a complex, 3D human brain tissue. 
This gap is now filled through the application of iPSC-derived, 3D brain organoids, "Brains in a dish," that model many features of complex human brain development. Here, a method for generating iPSC-derived, 3D brain organoids is described. The organoids can help with modeling autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH), a rare human neurodevelopmental disorder. A widely accepted explanation for the brain malformation in MCPH is a depletion of the neural stem cell pool during the early stages of human brain development, a developmental defect that is difficult to recreate or prove in vitro. 
To study MCPH, we generated iPSCs from patient-derived fibroblasts carrying a mutation in the centrosomal protein CPAP. By analyzing the ventricular zone of microcephaly 3D brain organoids, we showed the premature differentiation of neural progenitors. These 3D brain organoids are a powerful in vitro system that will be instrumental in modeling congenital brain disorders induced by neurotoxic chemicals, neurotrophic viral infections, or inherited genetic mutations.

Modeling human brain development has been hindered due to the unprecedented complexity of neural epithelial tissue. Here, a method for the robust generation of brain organoids to delineate early events of human brain development and to model microcephaly in vitro is described.

Génération de iPSC dérivés du cerveau humain organites au Modèle des troubles du développement neurologique précoce

The restricted availability of suitable in vitro models that can reliably represent complex human brain development is a significant bottleneck that ...

Protocol for the Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells into Mixed Cultures of Neurons and Glia for Neurotoxicity Testing

Human pluripotent stem cells can differentiate into various cell types that can be applied to human-based in vitro toxicity assays. One major advantage is that the reprogramming of somatic cells to produce human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) avoids the ethical and legislative issues related to the use of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). HiPSCs can be expanded and efficiently differentiated into different types of neuronal and glial cells, serving as test systems for toxicity testing and, in particular, for the assessment of different pathways involved in neurotoxicity. This work describes a protocol for the differentiation of hiPSCs into mixed cultures of neuronal and glial cells. The signaling pathways that are regulated and/or activated by neuronal differentiation are defined. This information is critical to the application of the cell model to the new toxicity testing paradigm, in which chemicals are assessed based on their ability to perturb biological pathways. As a proof of concept, rotenone, an inhibitor of mitochondrial respiratory complex I, was used to assess the activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway, a key regulator of the antioxidant-response-element-(ARE)-driven cellular defense mechanism against oxidative stress.

Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are considered a powerful tool for drug and chemical screening and for the development of new in vitro models for toxicity testing, including neurotoxicity. Here, a detailed protocol for the differentiation of hiPSCs into neurons and glia is described.

Protocole pour la différenciation de cellules souches pluripotentes induites par l&#39;homme dans des cultures mixtes de neurones et Glia pour des tests de neurotoxicité

Human pluripotent stem cells can differentiate into various cell types that can be applied to human-based in vitro toxicity assays. One major advantage is ...

In Vitro Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Functional Cardiomyocyte-like Cells

Myocardial infarction and the subsequent ischemic cascade result in the extensive loss of cardiomyocytes, leading to congestive heart failure, the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a promising option for cell-based therapies to replace current, invasive techniques. MSCs can differentiate into mesenchymal lineages, including cardiac cell types, but complete differentiation into functional cells has not yet been achieved. Previous methods of differentiation were based on pharmacological agents or growth factors. However, more physiologically relevant strategies can also enable MSCs to undergo cardiomyogenic transformation. Here, we present a differentiation method using MSC aggregates on cardiomyocyte feeder layers to produce cardiomyocyte-like contracting cells.
Human umbilical cord perivascular cells (HUCPVCs) have been shown to have a greater differentiation potential than commonly investigated MSC types, such as bone marrow MSCs (BMSCs). As an ontogenetically younger source, we investigated the cardiomyogenic potential of first-trimester (FTM) HUCPVCs compared to older sources. FTM HUCPVCs are a novel, rich source of MSCs that retain their in utero immunoprivileged properties when cultured in vitro. Using this differentiation protocol, FTM and term HUCPVCs achieved significantly increased cardiomyogenic differentiation compared to BMSCs, as indicated by the increased expression of cardiomyocyte markers (i.e., myocyte enhancer factor 2C, cardiac troponin T, heavy chain cardiac myosin, signal regulatory protein &#945;, and connexin 43). They also maintained significantly lower immunogenicity, as demonstrated by their lower HLA-A expression and higher HLA-G expression. Applying aggregate-based differentiation, FTM HUCPVCs showed increased aggregate formation potential and generated contracting cells clusters within 1 week of co-culture on cardiac feeder layers, becoming the first MSC type to do so. 
Our results demonstrate that this differentiation strategy can effectively harness the cardiomyogenic potential of young MSCs, such as FTM HUCPVCs, and suggests that in vitro pre-differentiation could be a potential strategy to increase their regenerative efficacy in vivo.

In Vitro Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Functional Cardiomyocyte-like Cells

Here, we present a method to efficiently harness the cardiac differentiation potential of young sources of human mesenchymal stem cells in order to generate functional, contracting, cardiomyocyte-like cells in vitro.

In Vitro Différenciation des cellules souches mésenchymateuses humaines en cellules fonctionnelles Cardiomyocyte

Myocardial infarction and the subsequent ischemic cascade result in the extensive loss of cardiomyocytes, leading to congestive heart failure, the leading ...

Suppression of Pro-fibrotic Signaling Potentiates Factor-mediated Reprogramming of Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts into Induced Cardiomyocytes

Trans-differentiation of one somatic cell type into another has enormous potential to model and treat human diseases. Previous studies have shown that mouse embryonic, dermal, and cardiac fibroblasts can be reprogrammed into functional induced-cardiomyocyte-like cells (iCMs) through overexpression of cardiogenic transcription factors including GATA4, Hand2, Mef2c, and Tbx5 both in vitro and in vivo. However, these previous studies have shown relatively low efficiency. In order to restore heart function following injury, mechanisms governing cardiac reprogramming must be elucidated to increase efficiency and maturation of iCMs.
We previously demonstrated that inhibition of pro-fibrotic signaling dramatically increases reprogramming efficiency. Here, we detail methods to achieve a reprogramming efficiency of up to 60%. Furthermore, we describe several methods including flow cytometry, immunofluorescent imaging, and calcium imaging to quantify reprogramming efficiency and maturation of reprogrammed fibroblasts. Using the protocol detailed here, mechanistic studies can be undertaken to determine positive and negative regulators of cardiac reprogramming. These studies may identify signaling pathways that can be targeted to promote reprogramming efficiency and maturation, which could lead to novel cell therapies to treat human heart disease.

Here we present a robust method to reprogram primary embryonic fibroblasts into functional cardiomyocytes through overexpression of GATA4, Hand2, Mef2c, Tbx5, miR-1, and miR-133 (GHMT2m) alongside inhibition of TGF-&#946; signaling. Our protocol generates beating cardiomyocytes as early as 7 days post-transduction with up to 60% efficiency.

Suppression de la signalisation profibrotiques potentialise médiée par les facteurs reprogrammation des fibroblastes embryonnaires de souris dans les Cardiomyocytes induites

Trans-differentiation of one somatic cell type into another has enormous potential to model and treat human diseases. Previous studies have shown that ...

Efficient Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Liver Cells

The liver detoxifies harmful substances, secretes vital proteins, and executes key metabolic activities, thus sustaining life. Consequently, liver failure&#8212;which can be caused by chronic alcohol intake, hepatitis, acute poisoning, or other insults&#8212;is a severe condition that can culminate in bleeding, jaundice, coma, and eventually death. However, approaches to treat liver failure, as well as studies of liver function and disease, have been stymied in part by the lack of a plentiful supply of human liver cells. To this end, this protocol details the efficient differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into hepatocyte-like cells, guided by a developmental roadmap that describes how liver fate is specified across six consecutive differentiation steps. By manipulating developmental signaling pathways to promote liver differentiation and to explicitly suppress the formation of unwanted cell fates, this method efficiently generates populations of human liver bud progenitors and hepatocyte-like cells by days 6 and 18 of PSC differentiation, respectively. This is achieved through the temporally-precise control of developmental signaling pathways, exerted by small molecules and growth factors in a serum-free culture medium. Differentiation in this system occurs in monolayers and yields hepatocyte-like cells that express characteristic hepatocyte enzymes and have the ability to engraft a mouse model of chronic liver failure. The ability to efficiently generate large numbers of human liver cells in vitro has ramifications for treatment of liver failure, for drug screening, and for mechanistic studies of liver disease.

This protocol details a monolayer, serum-free method to efficiently generate hepatocyte-like cells from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) in 18 days. This entails six steps as hPSCs sequentially differentiate into intermediate cell-types such as the primitive streak, definitive endoderm, posterior foregut and liver bud progenitors before forming hepatocyte-like cells.

Différenciation efficace des cellules souches pluripotentes humaines en cellules hépatiques

The liver detoxifies harmful substances, secretes vital proteins, and executes key metabolic activities, thus sustaining life. Consequently, liver ...

Efficient Neural Differentiation using Single-Cell Culture of Human Embryonic Stem Cells

In vitro differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) has transformed the ability to study human development on both biological and molecular levels and provided cells for use in regenerative applications. Standard approaches for hESC culture using colony type culture to maintain undifferentiated hESCs and embryoid body (EB) and rosette formation for differentiation into different germ layers are inefficient and time-consuming. Presented here is a single-cell culture method using hESCs instead of a colony-type culture. This method allows maintenance of the characteristic features of undifferentiated hESCs, including expression of hESC markers at levels comparable to colony type hESCs. In addition, the protocol presents an efficient method for neural progenitor cell (NPC) generation from single-cell type hESCs that produces NPCs within 1 week. These cells highly express several NPC marker genes and can differentiate into various neural cell types, including dopaminergic neurons and astrocytes. This single-cell culture system for hESCs will be useful in investigating the molecular mechanisms of these processes, studies of certain diseases, and drug discovery screens.

Presented here is a protocol for the generation of a single-cell culture of human embryonic stem cells and their subsequent differentiation into neural progenitor cells. The protocol is simple, robust, scalable, and suitable for drug screening and regenerative medicine applications.

Différenciation neuronale efficace à l'aide de la culture monocellulaire des cellules souches embryonnaires humaines

In vitro differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) has transformed the ability to study human development on both biological and molecular ...

Directed Differentiation of Hemogenic Endothelial Cells from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Blood vessels are ubiquitously distributed within all tissues of the body and perform diverse functions. Thus, derivation of mature vascular endothelial cells, which line blood vessel lumens, from human pluripotent stem cells is crucial for a multitude of tissue engineering and regeneration applications. In vivo, primordial endothelial cells are derived from the mesodermal lineage and are specified toward specific subtypes, including arterial, venous, capillary, hemogenic, and lymphatic. Hemogenic endothelial cells are of particular interest because, during development, they give rise to hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, which then generate all blood lineages throughout life. Thus, creating a system to generate hemogenic endothelial cells in vitro would provide an opportunity to study endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition, and may lead to ex vivo production of human blood products and reduced reliance on human donors. While several protocols exist for the derivation of progenitor and primordial endothelial cells, generation of well-characterized hemogenic endothelial cells from human stem cells has not been described. Here, a method for the derivation of hemogenic endothelial cells from human embryonic stem cells in approximately 1 week is presented: a differentiation protocol with primitive streak cells formed in response to GSK3&#946; inhibitor (CHIR99021), then mesoderm lineage induction mediated by bFGF, followed by primordial endothelial cell development promoted by BMP4 and VEGF-A, and finally hemogenic endothelial cell specification induced by retinoic acid. This protocol yields a well-defined population of hemogenic endothelial cells that can be used to further understand their molecular regulation and endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition, which has the potential to be applied to downstream therapeutic applications.

Presented here is a simple protocol for the directed differentiation of hemogenic endothelial cells from human pluripotent stem cells in approximately 1 week.

Différenciation dirigée de cellules endothéliales hémogéniques à partir de cellules souches pluripotentes humaines

Blood vessels are ubiquitously distributed within all tissues of the body and perform diverse functions. Thus, derivation of mature vascular endothelial ...