Name: robust differentiation of human ipscs into a pure population of adipocytes to study adipocyte-associated disorders
Uploaded: 2022-02-09T14:45:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Robust Differentiation of Human iPSCs into a Pure Population of Adipocytes to Study Adipocyte-Associated Disorders at JoVE.com

이 연구는 카타르 국립 연구 기금 (QNRF) (보조금 번호 NPRP10-1221-160041)의 보조금으로 자금을 지원받았습니다. 마리암 아가디는 카타르 국립 연구 기금(QNRF)의 GSRA 장학금을 지원받았습니다.

이 연구는 적절한 기관 연구 윤리위원회의 승인을 받았으며 1964 년 헬싱키 선언 및 이후 개정 또는 유사한 윤리 기준에 명시된 윤리 기준에 따라 수행되었습니다. 이 프로토콜은 HMC(No. 16260/16) 및 QBRI(No. 2016-003)의 IRB(Institutional Review Board)의 승인을 받았습니다. 이 작업은 H1 및 H9와 같은 hESC에도 최적화되어 있습니다. 충분한 정보에 입각한 동의를 받은 건강한 개인으로부터 혈액 샘플을 채취했습니?...

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이 프로토콜은 MSC에 높은 수율과 효율성을 제공할 수 있는 능력으로 인해 가장 중요합니다. 중간엽 줄기세포의 이러한 대량 생산은 10μM의 RA14,15를 사용한 iPSC 유래 EB의 일시적인 배양에 의해 가능했습니다. 10μM의 RA를 사용한 일시적인 처리는 MSC 수율을 11.2배에서 1542배까지14,15배 향상시켰으며, 이 프로토콜?...

중간엽 줄기 세포(MSC)는 지방 세포, 골 세포 및 연골 세포와 같은 중배엽 기원 세포를 생산하기 위한 효과적인 일시적 자원 역할을 하며, 이는 각각의 유전 질환을 모델링하는 데 추가로 사용될 수 있습니다. 그러나, 이전의 접근법은 성인 조직으로부터 이러한 중간엽 줄기세포를 얻는 것에 의존했다1, 이는 기증자로부터 많은 수의 중간엽 줄기세포를 얻는 데 어려움을 겪었고, 차선의 체외 배양 조건1,2에서 기능적으로 생존할 수 있도록 유지하는 데 한계가 있었다. 이러한 장애물은 시험관 내에서 MSC를 생성하기 위한 프로토콜을 갖는 것에 대한 큰 수요를 낳았습니다. 인간 유도 만능 줄기 세포(iPSC)는 MSC 특성 3,4,5를 나타내는 MSC의 귀중한 공급원으로 사용될 수 있습니다. iPSC 유래 중간엽 줄기세포는 여러 질병에서 치료 옵션으로 사용할 수 있습니다. 또한 iPSC 유래 중간엽 줄기세포가 지방세포를 생성하는 능력은 인간 지방생성, 비만 및 지방세포 관련 장애를 연구하는 데 유용한 시험관 내 인간 모델이 됩니다.
지방세포의 현재 분화 프로토콜은 두 그룹으로 분류할 수 있는데, 하나는 화학적 또는 단백질 기반 칵테일을 사용하여 지방세포를 분화하여 30%-60%6,7,8,9의 결과 수율을 제공하는 반면, 다른 하나는 80%-90%10의 수율을 제공하기 위해 지방세포 발달을 지배하는 주요 전사 인자의 강력한 유도를 위한 유전자 조작을 포함합니다. 11. 그러나 유전자 조작은 지방세포 분화의 자연적 과정을 요약하지 않으며, 종종 지방 생성 중에 도달하는 미묘한 패러다임을 가려서 질병 모델링 목적에는 효과적이지 않습니다12,13. 따라서 우리는 나일 레드를 사용하여 지질 함유 지방 세포를 형광으로 태그하여 화학적으로 파생된 성숙한 지방 세포를 미성숙 지방세포에서 분류하는 방법을 제시합니다.
여기에서 우리는 지방 세포 생성에 추가로 사용될 수 있는 많은 수의 빠르게 증식하는 중간엽을 생성하기 위해 iPSC 유래 배아체(EB)를 all-trans retinoic acid와 함께 일시적으로 배양하는 프로토콜을 제시합니다14. 우리는 또한 친유성 염료를 사용하여 지질 방울에 형광 태그를 지정하여 이질적인 분화 풀에서 화학적으로 파생된 성숙한 지방 세포를 분류하는 방법을 제시합니다. 나일 레드. 이를 통해 지방 세포 관련 대사 장애를 정확하게 모델링할 수 있는 향상된 기능을 가진 성숙한 지방 세포의 순수한 집단을 생성할 수 있습니다.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Adiponectin</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab22554</td>
			<td>Adipocyte maturation marker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CD105</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td>560839</td>
			<td>MSC differentiation marker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CD14</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td>561712</td>
			<td>MSC differentiation marker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CD19</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td>555415</td>
			<td>MSC differentiation marker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CD34</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td>555824</td>
			<td>MSC differentiation marker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CD44</td>
			<td>abcam</td>
			<td>ab93758</td>
			<td>MSC differentiation marker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CD45</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td> 
			560975</td>
			<td>MSC differentiation marker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CD73</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td>550256</td>
			<td>MSC differentiation marker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CD90</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td>555596</td>
			<td>MSC differentiation marker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>bFGF</td>
			<td>R&#38;D</td>
			<td>233-FP</td>
			<td>MSC culture media supplement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C/EBPA</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab40761</td>
			<td>Adipocyte maturation marker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dexamethasone</td>
			<td>Torics</td>
			<td>1126</td>
			<td>Adipocyte differentiation media supplement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FABP4</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab93945</td>
			<td>Adipocyte maturation marker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>10082147</td>
			<td>MSC culture media supplement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glutamax</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>35050-061</td>
			<td>MSC culture media supplement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IBMX</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>I5879</td>
			<td>Adipocyte differentiation media supplement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Indomethacin</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>I7378</td>
			<td>Adipocyte differentiation media supplement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>91077C</td>
			<td>Adipocyte differentiation media supplement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Knockout DMEM</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>12660012</td>
			<td>Basal media for preparing matrigel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Low glucose DMEM</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>11885084</td>
			<td>MSC culturing media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Matrigel</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>354230</td>
			<td>Coating matrix</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM-alpha</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>12561056</td>
			<td>Adipocyte differentiation media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nilered</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>19123</td>
			<td>Sorting marker for adipocyte</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>15140122</td>
			<td>MSC/Adipocyte media supplement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate-buffered saline</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>14190144</td>
			<td>wash buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pierce&#8482; 20X TBS Buffer</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>28358</td>
			<td>wash buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PPARG</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technology</td>
			<td>2443</td>
			<td>Adipocyte maturation marker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ReLeSR</td>
			<td>Stem Cell Technologies</td>
			<td>5872</td>
			<td>Dissociation reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Retinoic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>R2625</td>
			<td>MSC differentiation media supplement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rock inhibitor</td>
			<td>Tocris</td>
			<td>1254/10</td>
			<td>hPSC culture media supplement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Roziglitazone</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>R2408</td>
			<td>Adipocyte differentiation media supplement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>StemFlex</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>A334901</td>
			<td>hPSC culture media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>28314</td>
			<td>Permebealization reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>25200072</td>
			<td>Dissociation reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween 20</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P7942</td>
			<td>Wash buffer</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

robust differentiation of human ipscs into a pure population of adipocytes to study adipocyte-associated disorders

유도만능줄기세포(iPSC) 기술의 최근 발전으로 지방세포를 비롯한 다양한 세포 유형의 생성이 가능해졌습니다. 그러나, 현재의 분화 방법은 효율이 낮고, 지방세포의 균질한 집단을 생성하지 않는다. 여기에서 우리는 높은 수율로 중간엽 줄기 세포(MSC)를 생산하기 위해 all-trans retinoic 기반 방법을 사용하여 이 문제를 우회합니다. 세포 증식, 생존 및 부착을 제어하는 경로를 조절함으로써 당사의 분화 전략은 다능성 중간엽의 순수한 집단으로 분화하는 배아체(EB)의 효율적인 생성을 가능하게 합니다. 이 방법에 의해 생성된 많은 수의 중간엽 줄기세포는 지방세포를 생성하기 위한 이상적인 공급원을 제공합니다. 그러나 지방 세포 분화로 인한 샘플 이질성은 여전히 과제로 남아 있습니다. 따라서 우리는 FACS를 사용하여 지질 함유 성숙 지방 세포를 정제하기 위해 Nile red 기반 방법을 사용했습니다. 이 분류 전략을 통해 샘플 이질성이 감소하고 세포 기능이 향상된 지방 세포 풀을 사용하여 지방 세포 관련 대사 장애를 모델링하는 신뢰할 수 있는 방법을 확립할 수 있었습니다.

중간엽 분화 중 세포의 도식 및 형태: iPSC를 중간엽 줄기세포로 분화하려면 EB 형성, 중간엽 분화 및 MSC 확장에 걸친 다양한 발달 단계가 포함됩니다(그림 1). 이러한 발달 단계에서 세포는 다양한 자극 화학 물질로 인해 다양한 형태를 얻습니다. 분화가 시작되면 세포는 현탁액에 도말되며 직경이 작거나 중간 크기인 동안 정의된 세포 경계와 함께 둥글게 될 것으로 예상됩니?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Robust Differentiation of Human iPSCs into a Pure Population of Adipocytes to Study Adipocyte-Associated Disorders at JoVE.com

Robust Differentiation of Human iPSCs into a Pure Population of Adipocytes to Study Adipocyte-Associated Disorders

이 프로토콜은 유도 만능 줄기 세포(iPSC)로부터 순수한 지방세포 집단의 생성을 허용합니다. 레티노산은 iPSC를 지방세포 생성에 사용되는 중간엽 줄기세포(MSC)로 분화시키는 데 사용됩니다. 그런 다음 나일 레드 염색을 기반으로 한 분류 접근법을 사용하여 순수한 지방 세포를 얻습니다.

지방 세포 관련 장애를 연구하기 위해 인간 iPSC를 순수한 지방 세포 집단으로 강력하게 분화

Recent advances in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology have allowed the generation of different cell types, including adipocytes. However, the ...

종래의 접근법은 시험관 내에서 중간엽 줄기세포를 얻기 위해 매우 침습적인 방법에 의존하였으나, 이러한 중간엽 줄기세포는 30%에서 60% 범위의 효율로 30%의 이질적인 풀을 생산하는 데 한계가 있었다. iPSC가 80% 합류에 도달하면 DPBS로 세포를 세척하고 EDTA가 포함된 해리 배지를 추가합니다. 섭씨 37도에서 1분 동안 세포를 배양합니다.1분 후, 해리 시약을 흡인하고 세포를 섭씨 37도에서 추가로 1분 동안 놓습니다. 그런 다음 인큐베이터에서 플레이트를 꺼냅니다. 웰당 1밀리리터의 StemFlex 배지를 추가하고 15밀리리터의 원뿔형 튜브에 세포를 조심스럽게 수집합니다.세포를 원심 분리하십시오. 상청액을 제거하고, 10 마이크로몰의 암석 억제제를 함유하는 3밀리리터의 MSC 분화 배지에 이들을 부드럽게 재현탁시킨다. 세포 현탁액을 혼합하고 웰 당 500 마이크로리터를 24-웰 초저 부착 플레이트에 분배한다.그런 다음 섭씨 37도의 인큐베이터에 플레이트를 놓습니다. 24 시간 후, 획득 된 배아체를 유도하기 위해 15 밀리리터 튜브에 모아 정착시킵니다. 15분 후, 상청액을 제거하고, 10 마이크로몰 레티노산으로 보충된 MSC 분화 배지를 첨가한다.배아체를 부드럽게 재현탁하고 동일한 24웰 초저 부착 플레이트에 웰당 500마이크로리터를 분배합니다. 그런 다음 인큐베이터에 플레이트를 놓습니다. 48 시간 후, 배아체를 15 밀리리터 튜브에 모으고 15 분 동안 안정되도록합니다.그런 다음 상청액을 제거하고 0.1 마이크로몰 레티노산이 보충된 MSC 분화 배지를 추가합니다. 배아체를 재현탁 한 후, 동일한 24 웰 플레이트에 웰 당 500 마이크로 리터를 분배하고 플레이트를 인큐베이터에 넣는다. 마지막 레티노산 처리 48시간 후, 배아체를 채취하고, 상층액을 제거하고, 사이토카인이 없는 DMEM 저혈당 배지를 첨가한다.동일한 24-웰 초저부착 플레이트에 웰당 500마이크로리터의 세포 현탁액을 부드럽게 재현탁하고 분배한 다음, 플레이트를 섭씨 37도에서 배양합니다. 48시간 후, iPSC 유래 배아체를 플레이팅하고, 배아체를 15밀리리터 튜브에 수집하고, 이들이 침전되도록 한 다음, 상청액을 제거하고, 2밀리리터의 신선한 MSC 분화 배지에 재현탁시킨다. 다음으로, 현탁액을 기저막 매트릭스 코팅된 6웰 플레이트의 2웰로 옮기고 섭씨 37도에서 세포를 배양합니다.5일 후, 사용한 배지를 염기성 섬유아세포 성장 인자 밀리리터당 2.5나노그램을 함유한 새로운 MSC 분화 배지로 교체하고 최대 11일 및 15일 동안 MCS 분화를 계속합니다. 도금된 배아체가 80-90% 합류에 도달하면 DPBS로 세척하고 트립신-EDTA를 첨가하고 섭씨 37도에서 1분 동안 배양하여 계대합니다. 플레이트에서 트립신-EDTA를 제거하고 섭씨 37도에서 1분 동안 다시 배양합니다.다음으로, 웰 당 1 밀리리터 매체를 첨가하십시오. 3분 후, MSC 분화 배지를 사용하여 세포를 15 밀리리터 원뿔형 튜브에 모으고, 세포를 원심분리한다. 그런 다음 염기성 섬유아세포 성장 인자를 함유하는 MSC 분화 배지에 세포를 재현탁하고 세포를 기저막 매트릭스 코팅 플레이트에 1 대 3의 비율로 플레이트합니다.중간엽 줄기세포가 90% 합류에 도달한 후 48시간 동안 계속 배양하여 성장 정지 기간을 거치도록 합니다. 그런 다음 배지를 제거하고 DBPS로 세포를 세척합니다. 세척 후, 완전한 지방 세포 분화 배지를 플레이트에 첨가하고 섭씨 37도에서 세포를 배양한다.14 일 동안 격일로 매체를 변경하십시오. iPSC 유래 중간엽 줄기세포를 지방세포로 분화합니다. 나일 레드를 사용하여 지방 세포를 분류하려면 텍스트 원고에 설명 된대로 DMSO에서 나일 레드 작업 용액을 준비하십시오.사용하기 전에 원액을 해동하고 DPBS에서 재구성하여 300나노몰 작동 용액 농도를 얻습니다. 지방세포 분화 14일째 또는 그 후, 세포로부터 배지를 버리고 DPBS를 사용하여 세척한다. 그런 다음 나일 레드 작업 용액을 추가하십시오.플레이트를 덮고 섭씨 37도에서 세포를 배양합니다. 15분 후 나일레드 용액을 트립신-EDTA로 교체하고 섭씨 37도에서 4분 동안 세포를 배양합니다. 그런 다음 15밀리리터 원뿔형 튜브에 5%FBS가 포함된 DMEM을 사용하여 세포를 수집하고 세포를 원심분리합니다.상청액을 제거하고 DPBS에서 밀리리터당 100만 개의 세포 밀도로 세포를 재현탁합니다. 그런 다음 FACS 분류기를 사용하여 FL-1 채널을 사용하여 나일 적색 양성 세포를 분리합니다. 분류된 세포를 수집하여 지방세포 분화 배지에서 재배양하거나 RNA 추출을 진행한 후 지방세포 분화 마커의 정량 분석을 진행합니다.분화가 시작될 때, 현탁액에 도금 된 세포는 정의 된 세포 경계로 둥글고 직경이 작거나 중간 크기입니다. 배아체의 생존력은 더 많은 중간엽을 발생시키는 빠른 증식 거동에 의해 관찰됩니다. 이러한 빠른 증식 거동은 특이하고 길쭉한 형태와 함께 중간엽 줄기세포를 새로운 매트릭스 코팅 플레이트에 통과시킨 후에도 유지됩니다.우수한 분화는 중간엽 표면 마커 CD73, CD44 및 CD90의 발현 효율이 90% 이상인 신뢰할 수 있는 중간엽 줄기세포를 생성합니다. 또한, 조혈 표현형 CD14, CD34 및 CD19를 묘사하는 표면 마커의 부재에 대한 세포 평가는 1% 미만의 발현 효율을 보였으며, 말기 분화 지방세포의 마커인 FABP4의 세포질 분포에서 높은 발현은 이들의 발달 성숙도를 나타낸다. 또한, 지방세포 성숙의 또 다른 지표인 아디포넥틴의 높은 발현은 지방세포가 포도당 신호전달에 반응하여 지질 저장 및 지방생성을 겪을 만큼 충분히 기능적임을 나타냅니다.염색 시 나일 레드는 지질을 함유한 성숙한 지방세포에만 독점적으로 결합하여 형광 활성화 유세포 분석을 사용하여 성숙한 지방세포를 분류하는 데 효과적인 도구가 됩니다. 나일 적색 양성 세포는 분류되지 않은 세포에 비해 성숙 마커의 상당한 상향 조절을 보여줍니다. 배아체 형성 및 중간엽 세포 해리 동안 세포를 수집하는 동안 매우 부드러워야 하며, 이는 중간엽 줄기 세포의 해리 후 생존 효율에 큰 영향을 미치기 때문입니다.돌연변이를 가지고 있는 환자로부터 얻은 순수한 지방세포 집단은 샘플 이질성에 의해 영향을 받는 데이터 없이 특정 돌연변이에 의해 영향을 받는 조절 및 신호 전달 경로를 결정하기 위해 기능적 및 전체 전사체 시퀀싱을 받을 수 있습니다. 이 기술은 시험관 내에서 중간엽 줄기 세포의 확장 가능한 생성을 가능하게 하여 조직 관련 질병 발병 기전을 이해하기 위해 지방 세포, 연골 세포 및 골 세포로 쉽게 분화하기 위해 인간 기증자로부터 수확할 필요가 없습니다.

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Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Generation of Human Adipose Stem Cells through Dedifferentiation of Mature Adipocytes in Ceiling Cultures

Mature adipocytes have been shown to reverse their phenotype into fibroblast-like cells in vitro through a technique called ceiling culture. Mature adipocytes can also be isolated from fresh adipose tissue for depot-specific characterization of their function and metabolic properties. Here, we describe a well-established protocol to isolate mature adipocytes from adipose tissues using collagenase digestion, and subsequent steps to perform ceiling cultures. Briefly, adipose tissues are incubated in a Krebs-Ringer-Henseleit buffer containing collagenase to disrupt tissue matrix. Floating mature adipocytes are collected on the top surface of the buffer. Mature cells are plated in a T25-flask completely filled with media and incubated upside down for a week. An alternative 6-well plate culture approach allows the characterization of adipocytes undergoing dedifferentiation. Adipocyte morphology drastically changes over time of culture. Immunofluorescence can be easily performed on slides cultivated in 6-well plates as demonstrated by FABP4 immunofluorescence staining. FABP4 protein is present in mature adipocytes but down-regulated through dedifferentiation of fat cells. Mature adipocyte dedifferentiation may represent a new avenue for cell therapy and tissue engineering.

Mature adipocytes may represent an abundant source of stem cells through dedifferentiation, which leads to a homogenous population of fibroblast-like cells. Collagenase digestion is used to isolate mature adipocytes from human fat. The goal of our protocol is to obtain multipotent, dedifferentiated fat cells from human mature adipocytes.

천장 문화 성숙한 지방 세포의 탈분화를 통해 인간 된 지방 줄기 세포의 생성

Mature adipocytes have been shown to reverse their phenotype into fibroblast-like cells in vitro through a technique called ceiling culture. Mature ...

연구

발생학

Differentiation of the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line

Having appropriate in vivo and in vitro systems that provide translational models for human disease is an integral aspect of research in neurobiology and the neurosciences. Traditional in vitro experimental models used in neurobiology include primary neuronal cultures from rats and mice, neuroblastoma cell lines including rat B35 and mouse Neuro-2A cells, rat PC12 cells, and short-term slice cultures. While many researchers rely on these models, they lack a human component and observed experimental effects could be exclusive to the respective species and may not occur identically in humans. Additionally, although these cells are neurons, they may have unstable karyotypes, making their use problematic for studies of gene expression and reproducible studies of cell signaling. It is therefore important to develop more consistent models of human neurological disease. 
The following procedure describes an easy-to-follow, reproducible method to obtain homogenous and viable human neuronal cultures, by differentiating the chromosomally stable human neuroblastoma cell line, SH-SY5Y. This method integrates several previously described methods1-4 and is based on sequential removal of serum from media. The timeline includes gradual serum-starvation, with introduction of extracellular matrix proteins and neurotrophic factors. This allows neurons to differentiate, while epithelial cells are selected against, resulting in a homogeneous neuronal culture. Representative results demonstrate the successful differentiation of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells from an initial epithelial-like cell phenotype into a more expansive and branched neuronal phenotype. This protocol offers a reliable way to generate homogeneous populations of neuronal cultures that can be used for subsequent biochemical and molecular analyses, which provides researchers with a more accurate translational model of human infection and disease.

It is critical in neurobiology and neurovirology to have a reliable, replicable in vitro system that serves as a translational model for what occurs in vivo in human neurons. This protocol describes how to culture and differentiate SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells into viable neurons for use in in vitro applications.

SH-SY5Y 인간 신경 모세포종 세포 라인의 차별화

Having appropriate in vivo and in vitro systems that provide translational models for human disease is an integral aspect of research in neurobiology and ...

In Vitro Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Trophoblastic Cells

The placenta is the first organ to develop during embryogenesis and is required for the survival of the developing embryo. The placenta is comprised of various trophoblastic cells that differentiate from the extra-embryonic trophectoderm cells of the preimplantation blastocyst. As such, our understanding of the early differentiation events of the human placenta is limited because of ethical and legal restrictions on the isolation and manipulation of human embryogenesis. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are a robust model system for investigating human development and can also be differentiated in vitro into trophoblastic cells that express markers of the various trophoblast cell types. Here, we present a detailed protocol for differentiating hPSCs into trophoblastic cells using bone morphogenic protein 4 and inhibitors of the Activin/Nodal signaling pathways. This protocol generates various trophoblast cell types that can be transfected with siRNAs for investigating loss-of-function phenotypes or can be infected with pathogens. Additionally, hPSCs can be genetically modified and then differentiated into trophoblast progenitors for gain-of-function analyses. This in vitro differentiation method for generating human trophoblasts starting from hPSCs overcomes the ethical and legal restrictions of working with early human embryos, and this system can be used for a variety of applications, including drug discovery and stem cell research.

In Vitro Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Trophoblastic Cells

Here, we present a protocol to efficiently generate human trophoblastic cells from human pluripotent stem cells using bone morphogenic protein 4 and inhibitors of the Activin/Nodal pathways. This method is suitable for the efficient differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells and can generate large quantities of cells for genetic manipulation.

인간 다 능성의 체외 분화에서 융모 세포로 줄기 세포

The placenta is the first organ to develop during embryogenesis and is required for the survival of the developing embryo. The placenta is comprised of ...

Generation of iPSC-derived Human Brain Organoids to Model Early Neurodevelopmental Disorders

The restricted availability of suitable in vitro models that can reliably represent complex human brain development is a significant bottleneck that limits the translation of basic brain research into clinical application. While induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have replaced the ethically questionable human embryonic stem cells, iPSC-based neuronal differentiation studies remain descriptive at the cellular level but fail to adequately provide the details that could be derived from a complex, 3D human brain tissue. 
This gap is now filled through the application of iPSC-derived, 3D brain organoids, "Brains in a dish," that model many features of complex human brain development. Here, a method for generating iPSC-derived, 3D brain organoids is described. The organoids can help with modeling autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH), a rare human neurodevelopmental disorder. A widely accepted explanation for the brain malformation in MCPH is a depletion of the neural stem cell pool during the early stages of human brain development, a developmental defect that is difficult to recreate or prove in vitro. 
To study MCPH, we generated iPSCs from patient-derived fibroblasts carrying a mutation in the centrosomal protein CPAP. By analyzing the ventricular zone of microcephaly 3D brain organoids, we showed the premature differentiation of neural progenitors. These 3D brain organoids are a powerful in vitro system that will be instrumental in modeling congenital brain disorders induced by neurotoxic chemicals, neurotrophic viral infections, or inherited genetic mutations.

Modeling human brain development has been hindered due to the unprecedented complexity of neural epithelial tissue. Here, a method for the robust generation of brain organoids to delineate early events of human brain development and to model microcephaly in vitro is described.

IPSC 파생 된 인간의 두뇌 Organoids의 세대는 초기 신경 발달 장애를 모델링하기

The restricted availability of suitable in vitro models that can reliably represent complex human brain development is a significant bottleneck that ...

Protocol for the Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells into Mixed Cultures of Neurons and Glia for Neurotoxicity Testing

Human pluripotent stem cells can differentiate into various cell types that can be applied to human-based in vitro toxicity assays. One major advantage is that the reprogramming of somatic cells to produce human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) avoids the ethical and legislative issues related to the use of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). HiPSCs can be expanded and efficiently differentiated into different types of neuronal and glial cells, serving as test systems for toxicity testing and, in particular, for the assessment of different pathways involved in neurotoxicity. This work describes a protocol for the differentiation of hiPSCs into mixed cultures of neuronal and glial cells. The signaling pathways that are regulated and/or activated by neuronal differentiation are defined. This information is critical to the application of the cell model to the new toxicity testing paradigm, in which chemicals are assessed based on their ability to perturb biological pathways. As a proof of concept, rotenone, an inhibitor of mitochondrial respiratory complex I, was used to assess the activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway, a key regulator of the antioxidant-response-element-(ARE)-driven cellular defense mechanism against oxidative stress.

Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are considered a powerful tool for drug and chemical screening and for the development of new in vitro models for toxicity testing, including neurotoxicity. Here, a detailed protocol for the differentiation of hiPSCs into neurons and glia is described.

인간 독성 Pluripotent 줄기 세포의 신경 독성 테스트를위한 뉴런과 Glia의 혼합 문화로의 분화를위한 프로토콜

Human pluripotent stem cells can differentiate into various cell types that can be applied to human-based in vitro toxicity assays. One major advantage is ...

In Vitro Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Functional Cardiomyocyte-like Cells

Myocardial infarction and the subsequent ischemic cascade result in the extensive loss of cardiomyocytes, leading to congestive heart failure, the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a promising option for cell-based therapies to replace current, invasive techniques. MSCs can differentiate into mesenchymal lineages, including cardiac cell types, but complete differentiation into functional cells has not yet been achieved. Previous methods of differentiation were based on pharmacological agents or growth factors. However, more physiologically relevant strategies can also enable MSCs to undergo cardiomyogenic transformation. Here, we present a differentiation method using MSC aggregates on cardiomyocyte feeder layers to produce cardiomyocyte-like contracting cells.
Human umbilical cord perivascular cells (HUCPVCs) have been shown to have a greater differentiation potential than commonly investigated MSC types, such as bone marrow MSCs (BMSCs). As an ontogenetically younger source, we investigated the cardiomyogenic potential of first-trimester (FTM) HUCPVCs compared to older sources. FTM HUCPVCs are a novel, rich source of MSCs that retain their in utero immunoprivileged properties when cultured in vitro. Using this differentiation protocol, FTM and term HUCPVCs achieved significantly increased cardiomyogenic differentiation compared to BMSCs, as indicated by the increased expression of cardiomyocyte markers (i.e., myocyte enhancer factor 2C, cardiac troponin T, heavy chain cardiac myosin, signal regulatory protein &#945;, and connexin 43). They also maintained significantly lower immunogenicity, as demonstrated by their lower HLA-A expression and higher HLA-G expression. Applying aggregate-based differentiation, FTM HUCPVCs showed increased aggregate formation potential and generated contracting cells clusters within 1 week of co-culture on cardiac feeder layers, becoming the first MSC type to do so. 
Our results demonstrate that this differentiation strategy can effectively harness the cardiomyogenic potential of young MSCs, such as FTM HUCPVCs, and suggests that in vitro pre-differentiation could be a potential strategy to increase their regenerative efficacy in vivo.

In Vitro Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Functional Cardiomyocyte-like Cells

Here, we present a method to efficiently harness the cardiac differentiation potential of young sources of human mesenchymal stem cells in order to generate functional, contracting, cardiomyocyte-like cells in vitro.

생체 외에서 기능 Cardiomyocyte-같은 세포로 인간 중간 엽 줄기 세포의 분화

Myocardial infarction and the subsequent ischemic cascade result in the extensive loss of cardiomyocytes, leading to congestive heart failure, the leading ...

Suppression of Pro-fibrotic Signaling Potentiates Factor-mediated Reprogramming of Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts into Induced Cardiomyocytes

Trans-differentiation of one somatic cell type into another has enormous potential to model and treat human diseases. Previous studies have shown that mouse embryonic, dermal, and cardiac fibroblasts can be reprogrammed into functional induced-cardiomyocyte-like cells (iCMs) through overexpression of cardiogenic transcription factors including GATA4, Hand2, Mef2c, and Tbx5 both in vitro and in vivo. However, these previous studies have shown relatively low efficiency. In order to restore heart function following injury, mechanisms governing cardiac reprogramming must be elucidated to increase efficiency and maturation of iCMs.
We previously demonstrated that inhibition of pro-fibrotic signaling dramatically increases reprogramming efficiency. Here, we detail methods to achieve a reprogramming efficiency of up to 60%. Furthermore, we describe several methods including flow cytometry, immunofluorescent imaging, and calcium imaging to quantify reprogramming efficiency and maturation of reprogrammed fibroblasts. Using the protocol detailed here, mechanistic studies can be undertaken to determine positive and negative regulators of cardiac reprogramming. These studies may identify signaling pathways that can be targeted to promote reprogramming efficiency and maturation, which could lead to novel cell therapies to treat human heart disease.

Here we present a robust method to reprogram primary embryonic fibroblasts into functional cardiomyocytes through overexpression of GATA4, Hand2, Mef2c, Tbx5, miR-1, and miR-133 (GHMT2m) alongside inhibition of TGF-&#946; signaling. Our protocol generates beating cardiomyocytes as early as 7 days post-transduction with up to 60% efficiency.

프로 거리 신호 억제 유도 Cardiomyocytes에 마우스 미 발달 섬유 아 세포의 프로그래밍 요소 중재 Potentiates

Trans-differentiation of one somatic cell type into another has enormous potential to model and treat human diseases. Previous studies have shown that ...

Efficient Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Liver Cells

The liver detoxifies harmful substances, secretes vital proteins, and executes key metabolic activities, thus sustaining life. Consequently, liver failure&#8212;which can be caused by chronic alcohol intake, hepatitis, acute poisoning, or other insults&#8212;is a severe condition that can culminate in bleeding, jaundice, coma, and eventually death. However, approaches to treat liver failure, as well as studies of liver function and disease, have been stymied in part by the lack of a plentiful supply of human liver cells. To this end, this protocol details the efficient differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into hepatocyte-like cells, guided by a developmental roadmap that describes how liver fate is specified across six consecutive differentiation steps. By manipulating developmental signaling pathways to promote liver differentiation and to explicitly suppress the formation of unwanted cell fates, this method efficiently generates populations of human liver bud progenitors and hepatocyte-like cells by days 6 and 18 of PSC differentiation, respectively. This is achieved through the temporally-precise control of developmental signaling pathways, exerted by small molecules and growth factors in a serum-free culture medium. Differentiation in this system occurs in monolayers and yields hepatocyte-like cells that express characteristic hepatocyte enzymes and have the ability to engraft a mouse model of chronic liver failure. The ability to efficiently generate large numbers of human liver cells in vitro has ramifications for treatment of liver failure, for drug screening, and for mechanistic studies of liver disease.

This protocol details a monolayer, serum-free method to efficiently generate hepatocyte-like cells from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) in 18 days. This entails six steps as hPSCs sequentially differentiate into intermediate cell-types such as the primitive streak, definitive endoderm, posterior foregut and liver bud progenitors before forming hepatocyte-like cells.

인간 다능성 줄기 세포를 간 세포로 효율적으로 분화

The liver detoxifies harmful substances, secretes vital proteins, and executes key metabolic activities, thus sustaining life. Consequently, liver ...

Efficient Neural Differentiation using Single-Cell Culture of Human Embryonic Stem Cells

In vitro differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) has transformed the ability to study human development on both biological and molecular levels and provided cells for use in regenerative applications. Standard approaches for hESC culture using colony type culture to maintain undifferentiated hESCs and embryoid body (EB) and rosette formation for differentiation into different germ layers are inefficient and time-consuming. Presented here is a single-cell culture method using hESCs instead of a colony-type culture. This method allows maintenance of the characteristic features of undifferentiated hESCs, including expression of hESC markers at levels comparable to colony type hESCs. In addition, the protocol presents an efficient method for neural progenitor cell (NPC) generation from single-cell type hESCs that produces NPCs within 1 week. These cells highly express several NPC marker genes and can differentiate into various neural cell types, including dopaminergic neurons and astrocytes. This single-cell culture system for hESCs will be useful in investigating the molecular mechanisms of these processes, studies of certain diseases, and drug discovery screens.

Presented here is a protocol for the generation of a single-cell culture of human embryonic stem cells and their subsequent differentiation into neural progenitor cells. The protocol is simple, robust, scalable, and suitable for drug screening and regenerative medicine applications.

인간 배아 줄기 세포의 단세포 배양을 이용한 효율적인 신경 분화

In vitro differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) has transformed the ability to study human development on both biological and molecular ...

Directed Differentiation of Hemogenic Endothelial Cells from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Blood vessels are ubiquitously distributed within all tissues of the body and perform diverse functions. Thus, derivation of mature vascular endothelial cells, which line blood vessel lumens, from human pluripotent stem cells is crucial for a multitude of tissue engineering and regeneration applications. In vivo, primordial endothelial cells are derived from the mesodermal lineage and are specified toward specific subtypes, including arterial, venous, capillary, hemogenic, and lymphatic. Hemogenic endothelial cells are of particular interest because, during development, they give rise to hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, which then generate all blood lineages throughout life. Thus, creating a system to generate hemogenic endothelial cells in vitro would provide an opportunity to study endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition, and may lead to ex vivo production of human blood products and reduced reliance on human donors. While several protocols exist for the derivation of progenitor and primordial endothelial cells, generation of well-characterized hemogenic endothelial cells from human stem cells has not been described. Here, a method for the derivation of hemogenic endothelial cells from human embryonic stem cells in approximately 1 week is presented: a differentiation protocol with primitive streak cells formed in response to GSK3&#946; inhibitor (CHIR99021), then mesoderm lineage induction mediated by bFGF, followed by primordial endothelial cell development promoted by BMP4 and VEGF-A, and finally hemogenic endothelial cell specification induced by retinoic acid. This protocol yields a well-defined population of hemogenic endothelial cells that can be used to further understand their molecular regulation and endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition, which has the potential to be applied to downstream therapeutic applications.

Presented here is a simple protocol for the directed differentiation of hemogenic endothelial cells from human pluripotent stem cells in approximately 1 week.

인간 만능 줄기 세포로부터 혈구 내피 세포의 유도 분화

Blood vessels are ubiquitously distributed within all tissues of the body and perform diverse functions. Thus, derivation of mature vascular endothelial ...