Name: robust differentiation of human ipscs into a pure population of adipocytes to study adipocyte-associated disorders
Uploaded: 2022-02-09T14:45:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Robust Differentiation of Human iPSCs into a Pure Population of Adipocytes to Study Adipocyte-Associated Disorders at JoVE.com

Este trabajo fue financiado por una subvención del Fondo Nacional de Investigación de Qatar (QNRF) (Subvención No. NPRP10-1221-160041). Maryam Aghadi fue apoyada por la beca GSRA del Fondo Nacional de Investigación de Qatar (QNRF).

El estudio ha sido aprobado por el comité ético de investigación institucional apropiado y realizado siguiendo los estándares éticos establecidos en la Declaración de Helsinki de 1964 y sus enmiendas posteriores o estándares éticos comparables. El protocolo fue aprobado por la Junta de Revisión Institucional (IRB) de HMC (no. 16260/16) y QBRI (no. 2016-003). Este trabajo también está optimizado para hESCs como H1 y H9. Se obtuvieron muestras de sangre de individuos sanos con pleno consentimiento informado. Las...

<ol>
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Este protocolo tiene una importancia primordial debido a su capacidad para proporcionar MSC en alto rendimiento y eficiencia. Esta producción a gran escala de MSC fue posible gracias a la incubación transitoria de EB derivadas de iPSCs con 10 μM de RA14,15. El tratamiento transitorio con 10 μM de AR mejoró el rendimiento de MSC de 11,2 a 1542 veces14,15, siendo este protocolo aplicable tanto en iPSCs...

Las células madre mesenquimales (MSC) actúan como un recurso transitorio eficaz para producir células de origen mesodérmico como adipocitos, osteocitos y condrocitos, que podrían usarse para modelar sus respectivos trastornos genéticos. Sin embargo, los enfoques anteriores se basaron en la obtención de estas MSC a partir de tejidos adultos 1, lo que impuso el desafío de obtenerlas en grandes cantidades de los donantes, y la limitación de mantenerlas funcionalmente viables en condiciones de cultivo in vitro subóptimas 1,2. Estos obstáculos han producido una gran demanda de contar con un protocolo para generar MSCs in vitro. Las células madre pluripotentes inducidas humanas (iPSCs) pueden ser utilizadas como una valiosa fuente de MSCs, exhibiendo características MSC 3,4,5. Las MSC derivadas de iPSCs se pueden utilizar como una opción terapéutica en varias enfermedades. Además, la capacidad de las MSC derivadas de iPSCs para generar adipocitos, las convierte en un valioso modelo humano in vitro para estudiar la adipogénesis humana, la obesidad y los trastornos asociados a los adipocitos.
Los protocolos actuales de diferenciación de los adipocitos se pueden clasificar en dos grupos, uno que implica la diferenciación de los adipocitos utilizando cócteles químicos o basados en proteínas que dan un rendimiento resultante de 30%-60%6,7,8,9, mientras que el otro implica la manipulación genética para la inducción robusta de factores de transcripción clave que rigen el desarrollo de los adipocitos para dar un rendimiento del 80%-90%10, 11. Sin embargo, la manipulación genética no recapitula el proceso natural de diferenciación de los adipocitos, y a menudo enmascara los paradigmas sutiles que llegan durante la adipogénesis, haciéndola ineficaz para fines de modelado de enfermedades12,13. Por lo tanto, presentamos una forma de clasificar los adipocitos maduros derivados químicamente de los inmaduros marcando fluorescentemente los adipocitos que contienen lípidos utilizando rojo del Nilo.
Aquí presentamos un protocolo que involucra la incubación transitoria de cuerpos embrioides (EB) derivados de iPSCs con ácido todo-trans retinoico para producir un alto número de MSCs de rápida proliferación, que podrían ser utilizados para generar adipocitos14. También presentamos una forma de clasificar los adipocitos maduros derivados químicamente del grupo de diferenciación heterogénea marcando fluorescentemente sus gotas de lípidos utilizando un colorante lipofílico; Rojo del Nilo. Esto permitiría la generación de una población pura de adipocitos maduros con funcionalidad mejorada para modelar con precisión los trastornos metabólicos asociados a los adipocitos.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Adiponectin</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab22554</td>
			<td>Adipocyte maturation marker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CD105</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td>560839</td>
			<td>MSC differentiation marker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CD14</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td>561712</td>
			<td>MSC differentiation marker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CD19</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td>555415</td>
			<td>MSC differentiation marker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CD34</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td>555824</td>
			<td>MSC differentiation marker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CD44</td>
			<td>abcam</td>
			<td>ab93758</td>
			<td>MSC differentiation marker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CD45</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td> 
			560975</td>
			<td>MSC differentiation marker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CD73</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td>550256</td>
			<td>MSC differentiation marker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CD90</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td>555596</td>
			<td>MSC differentiation marker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>bFGF</td>
			<td>R&#38;D</td>
			<td>233-FP</td>
			<td>MSC culture media supplement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C/EBPA</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab40761</td>
			<td>Adipocyte maturation marker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dexamethasone</td>
			<td>Torics</td>
			<td>1126</td>
			<td>Adipocyte differentiation media supplement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FABP4</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab93945</td>
			<td>Adipocyte maturation marker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>10082147</td>
			<td>MSC culture media supplement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glutamax</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>35050-061</td>
			<td>MSC culture media supplement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IBMX</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>I5879</td>
			<td>Adipocyte differentiation media supplement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Indomethacin</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>I7378</td>
			<td>Adipocyte differentiation media supplement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>91077C</td>
			<td>Adipocyte differentiation media supplement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Knockout DMEM</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>12660012</td>
			<td>Basal media for preparing matrigel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Low glucose DMEM</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>11885084</td>
			<td>MSC culturing media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Matrigel</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>354230</td>
			<td>Coating matrix</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM-alpha</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>12561056</td>
			<td>Adipocyte differentiation media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nilered</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>19123</td>
			<td>Sorting marker for adipocyte</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>15140122</td>
			<td>MSC/Adipocyte media supplement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate-buffered saline</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>14190144</td>
			<td>wash buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pierce&#8482; 20X TBS Buffer</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>28358</td>
			<td>wash buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PPARG</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technology</td>
			<td>2443</td>
			<td>Adipocyte maturation marker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ReLeSR</td>
			<td>Stem Cell Technologies</td>
			<td>5872</td>
			<td>Dissociation reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Retinoic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>R2625</td>
			<td>MSC differentiation media supplement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rock inhibitor</td>
			<td>Tocris</td>
			<td>1254/10</td>
			<td>hPSC culture media supplement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Roziglitazone</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>R2408</td>
			<td>Adipocyte differentiation media supplement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>StemFlex</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>A334901</td>
			<td>hPSC culture media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>28314</td>
			<td>Permebealization reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>25200072</td>
			<td>Dissociation reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween 20</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P7942</td>
			<td>Wash buffer</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

robust differentiation of human ipscs into a pure population of adipocytes to study adipocyte-associated disorders

Los avances recientes en la tecnología de células madre pluripotentes inducidas (iPSC) han permitido la generación de diferentes tipos de células, incluidos los adipocitos. Sin embargo, los métodos de diferenciación actuales tienen baja eficiencia y no producen una población homogénea de adipocitos. Aquí, evitamos este problema mediante el uso de un método basado en retinoico totalmente trans para producir células madre mesenquimales (MSC) en alto rendimiento. Al regular las vías que gobiernan la proliferación, supervivencia y adhesión celular, nuestra estrategia de diferenciación permite la generación eficiente de cuerpos embrionarios (EB) que se diferencian en una población pura de MSC multipotentes. El alto número de MSCs generadas por este método proporciona una fuente ideal para generar adipocitos. Sin embargo, la heterogeneidad de la muestra resultante de la diferenciación de los adipocitos sigue siendo un desafío. Por lo tanto, utilizamos un método basado en rojo del Nilo para purificar los adipocitos maduros que contienen lípidos mediante FACS. Esta estrategia de clasificación nos permitió establecer una forma confiable de modelar los trastornos metabólicos asociados a los adipocitos utilizando un grupo de adipocitos con heterogeneidad reducida de la muestra y funcionalidad celular mejorada.

Esquema y morfología de las células durante la diferenciación mesenquimal: La diferenciación de iPSCs en MSCs implica varias etapas de desarrollo que abarcan la formación de EB, la diferenciación de MSC y la expansión de MSC (Figura 1). Durante estas etapas de desarrollo, las células adquieren una morfología diversa debido a los diferentes productos químicos estimulantes a los que están sometidas. Al iniciar la diferenciación, las células están en suspensión y se espera que se...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Robust Differentiation of Human iPSCs into a Pure Population of Adipocytes to Study Adipocyte-Associated Disorders at JoVE.com

Robust Differentiation of Human iPSCs into a Pure Population of Adipocytes to Study Adipocyte-Associated Disorders

El protocolo permite la generación de una población de adipocitos puros a partir de células madre pluripotentes inducidas (iPSCs). El ácido retinoico se utiliza para diferenciar las iPSC en células madre mesenquimales (MSC) que se utilizan para producir adipocitos. Luego, se utiliza un enfoque de clasificación basado en la tinción de rojo del Nilo para obtener adipocitos puros.

Diferenciación robusta de iPSCs humanas en una población pura de adipocitos para estudiar trastornos asociados a adipocitos

Recent advances in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology have allowed the generation of different cell types, including adipocytes. However, the ...

Los enfoques anteriores se basaban en métodos altamente invasivos para obtener células madre mesenquimales in vitro, pero esas células madre mesenquimales tenían la limitación de producir un grupo heterogéneo del 30% con una eficiencia que oscilaba entre el 30 y el 60%. Cuando las iPSCs hayan alcanzado el 80% de confluencia, lavar las células con DPBS y añadir medio de disociación que contenga EDTA. Incubar las células a 37 grados centígrados durante un minuto.Después de un minuto, aspire el reactivo de disociación y coloque las células a 37 grados centígrados durante un minuto adicional. A continuación, retire la placa de la incubadora. Agregue un mililitro de medios StemFlex por pocillo y recoja cuidadosamente las células en un tubo cónico de 15 mililitros.Centrifugar las células. Retire el sobrenadante y vuelva a suspenderlo suavemente en tres mililitros de medios de diferenciación MSC que contengan 10 micromoles de un inhibidor de roca. Mezcle la suspensión celular y distribuya 500 microlitros por pocillo en una placa de fijación ultra baja de 24 pocillos.Luego coloque la placa en una incubadora a 37 grados centígrados. Después de 24 horas, para inducir los cuerpos embrionarios alcanzados, recójalos en un tubo de 15 mililitros y deje que se asienten. Después de 15 minutos, retire el sobrenadante y agregue el medio de diferenciación MSC suplementado con 10 ácido retinoico micromolar.Resuspenda suavemente los cuerpos embrionarios y distribuya 500 microlitros por pocillo en la misma placa de fijación ultra baja de 24 pocillos. Luego coloque la placa en la incubadora. Después de 48 horas, recoja los cuerpos embrionarios en un tubo de 15 mililitros y déjelos asentarse durante 15 minutos.A continuación, retire el sobrenadante y agregue el medio de diferenciación MSC suplementado con ácido retinoico micromolar 0.1. Después de resuspender los cuerpos embrionarios, distribuir 500 microlitros por pocillo en la misma placa de 24 pocillos y colocar la placa en la incubadora. Cuarenta y ocho horas después del último tratamiento con ácido retinoico, recolecte los cuerpos embrionarios, retire el sobrenadante y agregue DMEM medio bajo en glucosa sin citoquinas.Resuspenda suavemente y distribuya 500 microlitros de la suspensión celular por pocillo en la misma placa de fijación ultra baja de 24 pocillos, luego incube la placa a 37 grados centígrados. Después de 48 horas, para emplatar los cuerpos embrionarios derivados de iPSC, recolecte los cuerpos embrionarios en un tubo de 15 mililitros, déjelos asentar, luego retire el sobrenadante y vuelva a suspender en dos mililitros de medio de diferenciación MSC fresco. A continuación, transfiera la suspensión a dos pocillos de una placa de seis pocillos recubierta con matriz de membrana basal e incube las células a 37 grados centígrados.Después de cinco días, reemplace el medio gastado con un nuevo medio de diferenciación MSC que contenga 2,5 nanogramos por mililitro de factor de crecimiento de fibroblastos básico y continúe la diferenciación de MCS durante un máximo de 11 y 15 días. Cuando los cuerpos embrionarios en placas hayan alcanzado el 80 al 90% de confluencia, pasarlos lavándolos con DPBS, agregando tripsina-EDTA e incubando a 37 grados centígrados durante un minuto. Retire la tripsina-EDTA de la placa e incube de nuevo a 37 grados centígrados durante un minuto.A continuación, agregue un mililitro de medios por pozo. Después de tres minutos, recolecte las células usando medios de diferenciación MSC en un tubo cónico de 15 mililitros y centrifugue las células. Luego resuspenda las células en un medio de diferenciación MSC que contenga factor de crecimiento de fibroblastos básico y coloque las células en placas recubiertas de matriz de membrana basal en una proporción de uno a tres.Después de que las MSC hayan alcanzado el 90% de confluencia, continúe cultivándolas durante otras 48 horas para permitir que se sometan a un período de detención del crecimiento. Luego retire el medio y lave las células con DBPS. Después del lavado, agregue un medio de diferenciación adipocitaria completa a la placa e incube las células a 37 grados centígrados.Cambie el medio cada dos días durante 14 días. Diferenciar las MSC derivadas de iPSC en adipocitos. Para clasificar los adipocitos usando rojo del Nilo, prepare la solución de trabajo del rojo del Nilo en DMSO como se describe en el texto manuscrito.Antes de su uso, descongele la solución madre y reconstituya en DPBS para alcanzar una concentración de solución de trabajo de 300 nanomolares. En o después del día 14 de diferenciación de adipocitos, deseche el medio de las células y lave con DPBS. Luego agregue la solución de trabajo rojo del Nilo.Cubra el plato e incube las células a 37 grados centígrados. Después de 15 minutos, reemplace la solución roja del Nilo con tripsina-EDTA e incube las células a 37 grados centígrados durante cuatro minutos. Luego recolecte las células usando DMEM que contiene 5% FBS en un tubo cónico de 15 mililitros y centrifugue las células.Retire el sobrenadante y vuelva a suspender las células en DPBS a una densidad de 1 millón de células por mililitro. Luego, utilizando el clasificador FACS, aísle las células rojas positivas del Nilo utilizando el canal FL-1. Recolectar las células clasificadas y recultivarlas en medios de diferenciación de adipocitos o proceder a la extracción de ARN seguida de un análisis cuantitativo de los marcadores de diferenciación de adipocitos.Al iniciar la diferenciación, las células chapadas en suspensión son redondas con bordes celulares definidos y son de tamaño pequeño a mediano en diámetro. La viabilidad de los cuerpos embrionarios se observa por el comportamiento de rápida proliferación que da lugar a más MSC. Este comportamiento de rápida proliferación, junto con su morfología peculiar y alargada, se conserva incluso después de pasar las MSC a placas recubiertas de matriz fresca.Una buena diferenciación produce MSC confiables con una eficiencia de expresión superior al 90% de los marcadores de superficie mesenquimales CD73, CD44 y CD90. Además, la evaluación de las células para la ausencia de marcadores de superficie que representan el fenotipo hematopoyético CD14, CD34 y CD19 mostró menos del 1% de eficiencia de expresión, La alta expresión en la distribución citoplasmática de FABP4, un marcador para adipocitos terminalmente diferenciados, indica su madurez de desarrollo. Además, la alta expresión de adiponectina, otro marcador de madurez de los adipocitos, indica que los adipocitos son lo suficientemente funcionales como para someterse al almacenamiento de lípidos y la adipogénesis en respuesta a la señalización de la glucosa.Tras la tinción, el rojo del Nilo se une exclusivamente a los adipocitos maduros que contienen lípidos, lo que lo convierte en una herramienta efectiva para clasificar los adipocitos maduros utilizando citometría de flujo activada por fluorescencia. Las células rojas positivas del Nilo muestran una regulación positiva significativa de los marcadores de maduración en al menos el doble en comparación con las células no clasificadas. Debe ser muy cuidadoso al recolectar células durante la formación del cuerpo embrionario y la disociación de células mesenquimales, ya que eso tendría un gran impacto en la eficiencia de supervivencia posterior a la disociación de las células madre mesenquimales.La población pura de adipocitos obtenida de pacientes portadores de mutaciones puede someterse a la secuenciación funcional y del transcriptoma completo para determinar las vías reguladoras y de señalización afectadas por una mutación particular sin que los datos se vean afectados por la heterogeneidad de la muestra. Esta técnica permitirá la generación escalable de células madre mesenquimales in vitro, eliminando la necesidad de cosecharlas de donantes humanos para diferenciarlas fácilmente en adipocitos, condrocitos y osteocitos para comprender la patogénesis de la enfermedad relacionada con los tejidos.

robust-differentiation-human-ipscs-into-pure-population-adipocytes-to

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Generation of Human Adipose Stem Cells through Dedifferentiation of Mature Adipocytes in Ceiling Cultures

Mature adipocytes have been shown to reverse their phenotype into fibroblast-like cells in vitro through a technique called ceiling culture. Mature adipocytes can also be isolated from fresh adipose tissue for depot-specific characterization of their function and metabolic properties. Here, we describe a well-established protocol to isolate mature adipocytes from adipose tissues using collagenase digestion, and subsequent steps to perform ceiling cultures. Briefly, adipose tissues are incubated in a Krebs-Ringer-Henseleit buffer containing collagenase to disrupt tissue matrix. Floating mature adipocytes are collected on the top surface of the buffer. Mature cells are plated in a T25-flask completely filled with media and incubated upside down for a week. An alternative 6-well plate culture approach allows the characterization of adipocytes undergoing dedifferentiation. Adipocyte morphology drastically changes over time of culture. Immunofluorescence can be easily performed on slides cultivated in 6-well plates as demonstrated by FABP4 immunofluorescence staining. FABP4 protein is present in mature adipocytes but down-regulated through dedifferentiation of fat cells. Mature adipocyte dedifferentiation may represent a new avenue for cell therapy and tissue engineering.

Mature adipocytes may represent an abundant source of stem cells through dedifferentiation, which leads to a homogenous population of fibroblast-like cells. Collagenase digestion is used to isolate mature adipocytes from human fat. The goal of our protocol is to obtain multipotent, dedifferentiated fat cells from human mature adipocytes.

Generación de células madre adiposas Humano a través Desdiferenciación de adipocitos maduros en culturas de techo

Mature adipocytes have been shown to reverse their phenotype into fibroblast-like cells in vitro through a technique called ceiling culture. Mature ...

Investigación

Biología del Desarrollo

Differentiation of the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line

Having appropriate in vivo and in vitro systems that provide translational models for human disease is an integral aspect of research in neurobiology and the neurosciences. Traditional in vitro experimental models used in neurobiology include primary neuronal cultures from rats and mice, neuroblastoma cell lines including rat B35 and mouse Neuro-2A cells, rat PC12 cells, and short-term slice cultures. While many researchers rely on these models, they lack a human component and observed experimental effects could be exclusive to the respective species and may not occur identically in humans. Additionally, although these cells are neurons, they may have unstable karyotypes, making their use problematic for studies of gene expression and reproducible studies of cell signaling. It is therefore important to develop more consistent models of human neurological disease. 
The following procedure describes an easy-to-follow, reproducible method to obtain homogenous and viable human neuronal cultures, by differentiating the chromosomally stable human neuroblastoma cell line, SH-SY5Y. This method integrates several previously described methods1-4 and is based on sequential removal of serum from media. The timeline includes gradual serum-starvation, with introduction of extracellular matrix proteins and neurotrophic factors. This allows neurons to differentiate, while epithelial cells are selected against, resulting in a homogeneous neuronal culture. Representative results demonstrate the successful differentiation of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells from an initial epithelial-like cell phenotype into a more expansive and branched neuronal phenotype. This protocol offers a reliable way to generate homogeneous populations of neuronal cultures that can be used for subsequent biochemical and molecular analyses, which provides researchers with a more accurate translational model of human infection and disease.

It is critical in neurobiology and neurovirology to have a reliable, replicable in vitro system that serves as a translational model for what occurs in vivo in human neurons. This protocol describes how to culture and differentiate SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells into viable neurons for use in in vitro applications.

La diferenciación de la línea celular SH-SY5Y de neuroblastoma humano

Having appropriate in vivo and in vitro systems that provide translational models for human disease is an integral aspect of research in neurobiology and ...

In Vitro Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Trophoblastic Cells

The placenta is the first organ to develop during embryogenesis and is required for the survival of the developing embryo. The placenta is comprised of various trophoblastic cells that differentiate from the extra-embryonic trophectoderm cells of the preimplantation blastocyst. As such, our understanding of the early differentiation events of the human placenta is limited because of ethical and legal restrictions on the isolation and manipulation of human embryogenesis. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are a robust model system for investigating human development and can also be differentiated in vitro into trophoblastic cells that express markers of the various trophoblast cell types. Here, we present a detailed protocol for differentiating hPSCs into trophoblastic cells using bone morphogenic protein 4 and inhibitors of the Activin/Nodal signaling pathways. This protocol generates various trophoblast cell types that can be transfected with siRNAs for investigating loss-of-function phenotypes or can be infected with pathogens. Additionally, hPSCs can be genetically modified and then differentiated into trophoblast progenitors for gain-of-function analyses. This in vitro differentiation method for generating human trophoblasts starting from hPSCs overcomes the ethical and legal restrictions of working with early human embryos, and this system can be used for a variety of applications, including drug discovery and stem cell research.

In Vitro Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Trophoblastic Cells

Here, we present a protocol to efficiently generate human trophoblastic cells from human pluripotent stem cells using bone morphogenic protein 4 and inhibitors of the Activin/Nodal pathways. This method is suitable for the efficient differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells and can generate large quantities of cells for genetic manipulation.

Diferenciación in vitro de células madre pluripotentes humana en células trofoblásticas

The placenta is the first organ to develop during embryogenesis and is required for the survival of the developing embryo. The placenta is comprised of ...

Generation of iPSC-derived Human Brain Organoids to Model Early Neurodevelopmental Disorders

The restricted availability of suitable in vitro models that can reliably represent complex human brain development is a significant bottleneck that limits the translation of basic brain research into clinical application. While induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have replaced the ethically questionable human embryonic stem cells, iPSC-based neuronal differentiation studies remain descriptive at the cellular level but fail to adequately provide the details that could be derived from a complex, 3D human brain tissue. 
This gap is now filled through the application of iPSC-derived, 3D brain organoids, "Brains in a dish," that model many features of complex human brain development. Here, a method for generating iPSC-derived, 3D brain organoids is described. The organoids can help with modeling autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH), a rare human neurodevelopmental disorder. A widely accepted explanation for the brain malformation in MCPH is a depletion of the neural stem cell pool during the early stages of human brain development, a developmental defect that is difficult to recreate or prove in vitro. 
To study MCPH, we generated iPSCs from patient-derived fibroblasts carrying a mutation in the centrosomal protein CPAP. By analyzing the ventricular zone of microcephaly 3D brain organoids, we showed the premature differentiation of neural progenitors. These 3D brain organoids are a powerful in vitro system that will be instrumental in modeling congenital brain disorders induced by neurotoxic chemicals, neurotrophic viral infections, or inherited genetic mutations.

Modeling human brain development has been hindered due to the unprecedented complexity of neural epithelial tissue. Here, a method for the robust generation of brain organoids to delineate early events of human brain development and to model microcephaly in vitro is described.

Generación de derivados de IPSC organoides cerebro humano para modelar los trastornos del neurodesarrollo temprano

The restricted availability of suitable in vitro models that can reliably represent complex human brain development is a significant bottleneck that ...

Protocol for the Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells into Mixed Cultures of Neurons and Glia for Neurotoxicity Testing

Human pluripotent stem cells can differentiate into various cell types that can be applied to human-based in vitro toxicity assays. One major advantage is that the reprogramming of somatic cells to produce human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) avoids the ethical and legislative issues related to the use of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). HiPSCs can be expanded and efficiently differentiated into different types of neuronal and glial cells, serving as test systems for toxicity testing and, in particular, for the assessment of different pathways involved in neurotoxicity. This work describes a protocol for the differentiation of hiPSCs into mixed cultures of neuronal and glial cells. The signaling pathways that are regulated and/or activated by neuronal differentiation are defined. This information is critical to the application of the cell model to the new toxicity testing paradigm, in which chemicals are assessed based on their ability to perturb biological pathways. As a proof of concept, rotenone, an inhibitor of mitochondrial respiratory complex I, was used to assess the activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway, a key regulator of the antioxidant-response-element-(ARE)-driven cellular defense mechanism against oxidative stress.

Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are considered a powerful tool for drug and chemical screening and for the development of new in vitro models for toxicity testing, including neurotoxicity. Here, a detailed protocol for the differentiation of hiPSCs into neurons and glia is described.

Protocolo para la diferenciación de células madre pluripotentes inducidas por humanos en cultivos mixtos de neuronas y glia para pruebas de neurotoxicidad

Human pluripotent stem cells can differentiate into various cell types that can be applied to human-based in vitro toxicity assays. One major advantage is ...

In Vitro Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Functional Cardiomyocyte-like Cells

Myocardial infarction and the subsequent ischemic cascade result in the extensive loss of cardiomyocytes, leading to congestive heart failure, the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a promising option for cell-based therapies to replace current, invasive techniques. MSCs can differentiate into mesenchymal lineages, including cardiac cell types, but complete differentiation into functional cells has not yet been achieved. Previous methods of differentiation were based on pharmacological agents or growth factors. However, more physiologically relevant strategies can also enable MSCs to undergo cardiomyogenic transformation. Here, we present a differentiation method using MSC aggregates on cardiomyocyte feeder layers to produce cardiomyocyte-like contracting cells.
Human umbilical cord perivascular cells (HUCPVCs) have been shown to have a greater differentiation potential than commonly investigated MSC types, such as bone marrow MSCs (BMSCs). As an ontogenetically younger source, we investigated the cardiomyogenic potential of first-trimester (FTM) HUCPVCs compared to older sources. FTM HUCPVCs are a novel, rich source of MSCs that retain their in utero immunoprivileged properties when cultured in vitro. Using this differentiation protocol, FTM and term HUCPVCs achieved significantly increased cardiomyogenic differentiation compared to BMSCs, as indicated by the increased expression of cardiomyocyte markers (i.e., myocyte enhancer factor 2C, cardiac troponin T, heavy chain cardiac myosin, signal regulatory protein &#945;, and connexin 43). They also maintained significantly lower immunogenicity, as demonstrated by their lower HLA-A expression and higher HLA-G expression. Applying aggregate-based differentiation, FTM HUCPVCs showed increased aggregate formation potential and generated contracting cells clusters within 1 week of co-culture on cardiac feeder layers, becoming the first MSC type to do so. 
Our results demonstrate that this differentiation strategy can effectively harness the cardiomyogenic potential of young MSCs, such as FTM HUCPVCs, and suggests that in vitro pre-differentiation could be a potential strategy to increase their regenerative efficacy in vivo.

In Vitro Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Functional Cardiomyocyte-like Cells

Here, we present a method to efficiently harness the cardiac differentiation potential of young sources of human mesenchymal stem cells in order to generate functional, contracting, cardiomyocyte-like cells in vitro.

In Vitro Diferenciación de células madre mesenquimales humanas en células funcionales en cardiomiocitos

Myocardial infarction and the subsequent ischemic cascade result in the extensive loss of cardiomyocytes, leading to congestive heart failure, the leading ...

Suppression of Pro-fibrotic Signaling Potentiates Factor-mediated Reprogramming of Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts into Induced Cardiomyocytes

Trans-differentiation of one somatic cell type into another has enormous potential to model and treat human diseases. Previous studies have shown that mouse embryonic, dermal, and cardiac fibroblasts can be reprogrammed into functional induced-cardiomyocyte-like cells (iCMs) through overexpression of cardiogenic transcription factors including GATA4, Hand2, Mef2c, and Tbx5 both in vitro and in vivo. However, these previous studies have shown relatively low efficiency. In order to restore heart function following injury, mechanisms governing cardiac reprogramming must be elucidated to increase efficiency and maturation of iCMs.
We previously demonstrated that inhibition of pro-fibrotic signaling dramatically increases reprogramming efficiency. Here, we detail methods to achieve a reprogramming efficiency of up to 60%. Furthermore, we describe several methods including flow cytometry, immunofluorescent imaging, and calcium imaging to quantify reprogramming efficiency and maturation of reprogrammed fibroblasts. Using the protocol detailed here, mechanistic studies can be undertaken to determine positive and negative regulators of cardiac reprogramming. These studies may identify signaling pathways that can be targeted to promote reprogramming efficiency and maturation, which could lead to novel cell therapies to treat human heart disease.

Here we present a robust method to reprogram primary embryonic fibroblasts into functional cardiomyocytes through overexpression of GATA4, Hand2, Mef2c, Tbx5, miR-1, and miR-133 (GHMT2m) alongside inhibition of TGF-&#946; signaling. Our protocol generates beating cardiomyocytes as early as 7 days post-transduction with up to 60% efficiency.

Supresión de la señalización Pro-fibróticos potencia Factor-mediada la reprogramación de fibroblastos embrionarios de ratón en cardiomiocitos inducida

Trans-differentiation of one somatic cell type into another has enormous potential to model and treat human diseases. Previous studies have shown that ...

Efficient Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Liver Cells

The liver detoxifies harmful substances, secretes vital proteins, and executes key metabolic activities, thus sustaining life. Consequently, liver failure&#8212;which can be caused by chronic alcohol intake, hepatitis, acute poisoning, or other insults&#8212;is a severe condition that can culminate in bleeding, jaundice, coma, and eventually death. However, approaches to treat liver failure, as well as studies of liver function and disease, have been stymied in part by the lack of a plentiful supply of human liver cells. To this end, this protocol details the efficient differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into hepatocyte-like cells, guided by a developmental roadmap that describes how liver fate is specified across six consecutive differentiation steps. By manipulating developmental signaling pathways to promote liver differentiation and to explicitly suppress the formation of unwanted cell fates, this method efficiently generates populations of human liver bud progenitors and hepatocyte-like cells by days 6 and 18 of PSC differentiation, respectively. This is achieved through the temporally-precise control of developmental signaling pathways, exerted by small molecules and growth factors in a serum-free culture medium. Differentiation in this system occurs in monolayers and yields hepatocyte-like cells that express characteristic hepatocyte enzymes and have the ability to engraft a mouse model of chronic liver failure. The ability to efficiently generate large numbers of human liver cells in vitro has ramifications for treatment of liver failure, for drug screening, and for mechanistic studies of liver disease.

This protocol details a monolayer, serum-free method to efficiently generate hepatocyte-like cells from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) in 18 days. This entails six steps as hPSCs sequentially differentiate into intermediate cell-types such as the primitive streak, definitive endoderm, posterior foregut and liver bud progenitors before forming hepatocyte-like cells.

Diferenciación eficiente de células madre pluripotentes humanas en células hepáticas

The liver detoxifies harmful substances, secretes vital proteins, and executes key metabolic activities, thus sustaining life. Consequently, liver ...

Efficient Neural Differentiation using Single-Cell Culture of Human Embryonic Stem Cells

In vitro differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) has transformed the ability to study human development on both biological and molecular levels and provided cells for use in regenerative applications. Standard approaches for hESC culture using colony type culture to maintain undifferentiated hESCs and embryoid body (EB) and rosette formation for differentiation into different germ layers are inefficient and time-consuming. Presented here is a single-cell culture method using hESCs instead of a colony-type culture. This method allows maintenance of the characteristic features of undifferentiated hESCs, including expression of hESC markers at levels comparable to colony type hESCs. In addition, the protocol presents an efficient method for neural progenitor cell (NPC) generation from single-cell type hESCs that produces NPCs within 1 week. These cells highly express several NPC marker genes and can differentiate into various neural cell types, including dopaminergic neurons and astrocytes. This single-cell culture system for hESCs will be useful in investigating the molecular mechanisms of these processes, studies of certain diseases, and drug discovery screens.

Presented here is a protocol for the generation of a single-cell culture of human embryonic stem cells and their subsequent differentiation into neural progenitor cells. The protocol is simple, robust, scalable, and suitable for drug screening and regenerative medicine applications.

Diferenciación neuronal eficiente utilizando el cultivo monocelular de células madre embrionarias humanas

In vitro differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) has transformed the ability to study human development on both biological and molecular ...

Directed Differentiation of Hemogenic Endothelial Cells from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Blood vessels are ubiquitously distributed within all tissues of the body and perform diverse functions. Thus, derivation of mature vascular endothelial cells, which line blood vessel lumens, from human pluripotent stem cells is crucial for a multitude of tissue engineering and regeneration applications. In vivo, primordial endothelial cells are derived from the mesodermal lineage and are specified toward specific subtypes, including arterial, venous, capillary, hemogenic, and lymphatic. Hemogenic endothelial cells are of particular interest because, during development, they give rise to hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, which then generate all blood lineages throughout life. Thus, creating a system to generate hemogenic endothelial cells in vitro would provide an opportunity to study endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition, and may lead to ex vivo production of human blood products and reduced reliance on human donors. While several protocols exist for the derivation of progenitor and primordial endothelial cells, generation of well-characterized hemogenic endothelial cells from human stem cells has not been described. Here, a method for the derivation of hemogenic endothelial cells from human embryonic stem cells in approximately 1 week is presented: a differentiation protocol with primitive streak cells formed in response to GSK3&#946; inhibitor (CHIR99021), then mesoderm lineage induction mediated by bFGF, followed by primordial endothelial cell development promoted by BMP4 and VEGF-A, and finally hemogenic endothelial cell specification induced by retinoic acid. This protocol yields a well-defined population of hemogenic endothelial cells that can be used to further understand their molecular regulation and endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition, which has the potential to be applied to downstream therapeutic applications.

Presented here is a simple protocol for the directed differentiation of hemogenic endothelial cells from human pluripotent stem cells in approximately 1 week.

Diferenciación dirigida de células endoteliales hemogénicas de células madre pluripotentes humanas

Blood vessels are ubiquitously distributed within all tissues of the body and perform diverse functions. Thus, derivation of mature vascular endothelial ...