Name: targeted laser ablation in the embryo of saccharina latissima
Uploaded: 2022-03-11T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Targeted Laser Ablation in the Embryo of Saccharina latissima at JoVE.com

S.B.&#39;s PhD grant is funded by Region Bretagne (ARED grant Number COH20020) and Sorbonne Universit&#233;. I.T.is PhD grant is funded by Region Bretagne (ARED grant Number COH18020) and the Norvegian NMBU University. This project has received financial support from the CNRS through the MITI interdisciplinary programs.&#160;MRic is member of the national infrastructure France-BioImaging supported by the French National Research Agency (ANR-10-INBS-04).

1. Production of Saccharina latissima gametophytes
<ol>
	<li>Collect mature sporophytes of S. latissima from the wild as previously described20,21. Ensure that the selected sporophytes are devoid of epiphytes (small organisms visible on the blade&#39;s surface) or internal parasites (found in the bleached areas or spots on the blade). </li>
	<li>Using a scalpel, cut the darkest part in the center of the blade (fertile...

<ol>
	<li>Montell, D. J., Keshishian, H., Spradling, A. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laser+ablation+studies+of+the+role+of+the+Drosophila+oocyte+nucleus+in+pattern+formation.">Laser ablation studies of the role of the Drosophila oocyte nucleus in pattern formation.</a> Science. 254 (5029), 290-293 (1991).</li><li>Shivakumar, P. C., Lenne, P. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laser+ablation+to+probe+the+epithelial+mechanics+in+drosophila.">Laser ablation to probe the epithelial mechanics in drosophila.</a> Methods In Molecular Biology. 1478, 241-251 (2016).</li><li>Bargmann, C. 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Cellular integration of signalling pathways in plant development.</a> Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute. , 237-250 (1998).</li><li>Berger, F., Taylor, A., Brownlee, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+fate+determination+by+the+cell+wall+in+early+fucus+development.">Cell fate determination by the cell wall in early fucus development.</a> Science. 263 (5152), 1421-1423 (1994).</li><li>Bouget, F. Y., Berger, F., Brownlee, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Position+dependent+control+of+cell+fate+in+the+Fucus+embryo:+role+of+intercellular+communication.">Position dependent control of cell fate in the Fucus embryo: role of intercellular communication.</a> Development. 125 (11), 1999-2008 (1998).</li><li>Bringloe, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phylogeny+and+evolution+of+the+brown+algae.">Phylogeny and evolution of the brown algae.</a> Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences. 39 (4), 281-321 (2020).</li><li>Saifullah, S., Olsen, Y., Surilayani, D., Hand&#229;, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Carbohydrate+of+the+brown+seaweed,+saccharina+latissima:+a+review.">Carbohydrate of the brown seaweed, saccharina latissima: a review.</a> Joint proceedings of the 2nd and the 3rd International Conference on Food Security Innovation (ICFSI 2018-2019). , 180-182 (2021).</li><li>Zhang, X., Thomsen, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Techno-economic+and+environmental+assessment+of+novel+biorefinery+designs+for+sequential+extraction+of+high-value+biomolecules+from+brown+macroalgae+Laminaria+digitata,+Fucus+vesiculosus,+and+Saccharina+latissima.">Techno-economic and environmental assessment of novel biorefinery designs for sequential extraction of high-value biomolecules from brown macroalgae Laminaria digitata, Fucus vesiculosus, and Saccharina latissima.</a> Algal Research. 60, 102499 (2021).</li><li>Kanda, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=On+the+gametophytes+of+some+japanese+species+of+laminariales.">On the gametophytes of some japanese species of laminariales.</a> Scientific papers of the Institute of Algological Research, Faculty of Science. 1 (2), 221-260 (1936).</li><li>Fritsch, F. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The structure and reproduction of the algae. Volume 2. , (1945).</li><li>Bartsch, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+genus+Laminaria+sensu+lato+:+recent+insights+and+developments.">The genus Laminaria sensu lato : recent insights and developments.</a> European Journal of Phycology. 43 (1), 1-86 (2008).</li><li>Theodorou, I., Charrier, B., Boutet, A., Schierwater, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chapter+2:+Brown+algae:+ectocarpus+and+saccharina+as+experimental+models+for+developmental+biology.">Chapter 2: Brown algae: ectocarpus and saccharina as experimental models for developmental biology.</a> Handbook of Marine Model Organisms in Experimental Biology - Established and Emerging. , 485 (2021).</li><li>Drew, G. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+reproduction+and+early+development+of+laminaria+digitata+and+laminaria+saccharina.">The reproduction and early development of laminaria digitata and laminaria saccharina.</a> Annals of Botany. 24 (1), 177-189 (1910).</li><li>Yendo, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+development+of+costaria,+undaria,+and+laminaria.">The development of costaria, undaria, and laminaria.</a> Annals of Botany. 25 (99), 691-715 (1911).</li><li>Forbord, S., Steinhovden, K., R&#248;d, K., Hand&#229;, A., Skjermo, J., Charrier, B., Wichard, T., Reddy, C. R. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cultivation+protocol+for+Saccharina+latissima.">Cultivation protocol for Saccharina latissima.</a> Protocols for Macroalgae Research. , 37-59 (2018).</li><li>Bartsch, I., Charrier, B., Wichard, T., Reddy, C. R. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Derivation+of+clonal+stock+cultures+and+hybridization+of+kelps.">Derivation of clonal stock cultures and hybridization of kelps.</a> Protocols for Macroalgae Research. , 61-78 (2018).</li><li>Theodorou, I., Opsahl-Sorteberg, H. -. G., Charrier, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparation+of+zygotes+and+embryos+of+the+kelp+saccharina+latissima+for+cell+biology+approaches.">Preparation of zygotes and embryos of the kelp saccharina latissima for cell biology approaches.</a> Bio-protocol. 101, 4132 (2021).</li><li>L&#252;ning, K., Dring, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reproduction+induced+by+blue+light+in+female+gametophytes+of+Laminaria+saccharina.">Reproduction induced by blue light in female gametophytes of Laminaria saccharina.</a> Planta. 104 (3), 252-256 (1972).</li><li>de Medeiros, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+and+tissue+manipulation+with+ultrashort+infrared+laser+pulses+in+light-sheet+microscopy.">Cell and tissue manipulation with ultrashort infrared laser pulses in light-sheet microscopy.</a> Scientific Reports. 10 (1), 1942 (2020).</li><li>Liang, X., Michael, M., Gomez, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+mechanical+tension+at+cell-cell+junctions+using+two-photon+laser+ablation.">Measurement of mechanical tension at cell-cell junctions using two-photon laser ablation.</a> Bio-protocol. 6 (24), 2068 (2016).</li><li>Ebbing, A., Pierik, R., Bouma, T., Kromkamp, J. C., Timmermans, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+light+and+biomass+density+influence+the+reproduction+of+delayed+Saccharina+latissima+gametophytes+(Phaeophyceae).">How light and biomass density influence the reproduction of delayed Saccharina latissima gametophytes (Phaeophyceae).</a> Journal of Phycology. 56 (3), 709-718 (2020).</li><li>Rabill&#233;, H., Billoud, B., Tesson, B., Le Panse, S., Rolland, &. #. 2. 0. 1. ;., Charrier, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+brown+algal+mode+of+tip+growth:+Keeping+stress+under+control.">The brown algal mode of tip growth: Keeping stress under control.</a> PLoS Biology. 17 (1), 2005258 (2019).</li></ol>

Local cellular laser ablation allows for temporal and spatial ablation with a high level of precision. However, its efficiency can be hampered by the non-accessibility of target cells; for example, all the cells are of a three-dimensional embryo. This protocol was developed on the embryo of the alga Saccharina latissima, which develops a monolayered lamina in which all cells can be easily distinguished and destroyed individually with a laser beam.
Laser power and wavelength</s...

Laser ablation has been used for decades to study embryo development. Irradiating embryo cells with a laser beam makes it possible to monitor the regenerative potential and the modification of the cell lineage during embryogenesis and investigate the impact of targeted ablation on cell division and cell fate. The model organisms used in laser ablation methods are typically animals, such as insects1,2, nematodes3,4, vertebrates5,6, and occasionally plants7,8. In addition, a laser micro-ablation approach was used on the brown alga Fucus in 1994 and 1998 to demonstrate the role of the cell wall in the photopolarization of the early embryo9,10.
Brown algae belong to the group Stramenopiles, diverged at the root of the eukaryotic tree 1.6 billion years ago. As a result, they are phylogenetically independent of other multicellular organisms, such as animals and plants11. Saccharina latissima belongs to the order Laminariales, more commonly known as kelps, and they are among the largest organisms on earth, reaching sizes of over 30 m. Saccharina sp.&#160;is a large seaweed used for many applications such as food and feed, and its polysaccharides are extracted for use in the agricultural, pharmacological and cosmetic industries worldwide12,13. Its cultivation, mainly in Asia and more recently in Europe, requires the preparation of embryos in hatcheries before releasing juveniles in the open sea. Like all kelps, it&#160;has a biphasic life cycle composed of a microscopic gametophytic phase, during which a haploid gametophyte grows and produces gametes for fertilization, and a diploid macroscopic sporophytic phase, where a large planar blade develops from its holdfast attached to the seafloor or rocks. The sporophyte releases haploid spores at maturity, thereby completing the life cycle14,15,16.
S. latissima presents some interesting&#160;morphological features17. Its embryo develops as a monolayered planar sheet15,18,19&#160;before acquiring a multilayered structure coinciding with the emergence of different tissue types. In addition, Laminariales is one of the only taxa of brown algae whose embryos remain attached to their maternal gametophytic tissue (Desmarestiales and Sporochnales do too15). This feature offers the opportunity to study the role of maternal tissue in this developmental process and compare maternal control mechanisms in brown algae with those in animals and plants.
This article presents the first complete protocol for laser ablation in an early kelp embryo. This protocol involving UV ns-pulsed technique results in the specific destruction of individual embryo cells to study their respective roles during embryogenesis. The procedure offers a reliable approach for investigating cell interactions and cell fate during embryogenesis in Laminariales.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>25 mm glass bottom petri dish</td>
			<td>NEST</td>
			<td>801001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Autoclaved sea water</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Collected offshore near the Astan buoy (48&#176;44.934 N 003&#176;57.702 W) close to Roscoff, France, at a depth of 20 m.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell scraper</td>
			<td>MED 2</td>
			<td>83.3951</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell strainer 40 &#181;m</td>
			<td>Corning / Falcon</td>
			<td>352340</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Culture cabinets</td>
			<td>Snijders Scientific Plant Growth Cabinet ECD01</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Any other brand is suitable provided that the light intensity, the photoperiod and the temperature can be controlled.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LSM 880 Zeiss confocal microscope</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss microscopy, Jena, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Ablation and imaging were performed using a 40x/1.2 water objective</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pellet pestles</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>Z359947</td>
			<td>Blue polypropylene (autoclavable)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Provasoli supplement</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Recipe is available here: http://www.sb-roscoff.fr/sites/www.sb-roscoff.fr/files/documents/station-biologique-roscoff-preparation-du-provasoli-2040.pdf</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pulsed 355 laser (UGA-42 Caliburn 355/25)</td>
			<td>Rapp OptoElectronic, Wedel, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel</td>
			<td>Paramount</td>
			<td>PDSS 11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SysCon software</td>
			<td>Rapp OptoElectronic, Wedel, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Laser-driver software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ZEN software</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss microscopy, Jena, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Imaging software, used together with the SysCon software; Black 2.3 version</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

targeted laser ablation in the embryo of saccharina latissima

In Saccharina latissima, the embryo&#160;develops as a monolayered cell sheet called the lamina or the blade. Each embryo cell is easy to observe, readily distinguishable from its neighbors, and can be individually targeted. For decades, laser ablation has been used to study embryo development. Here, a protocol for cell-specific laser ablation was developed for early embryos of the brown alga S. latissima. The presented work includes: (1) the preparation of Saccharina embryos, with a description of the critical parameters, including culture conditions, (2) the laser ablation settings, and (3) the monitoring of the subsequent growth of the irradiated embryo using time-lapse microscopy. In addition, details are provided on the optimal conditions for transporting the embryos from the imaging platform back to the lab, which can profoundly affect subsequent embryo development. Algae belonging to the order Laminariales display embryogenesis patterns similar to Saccharina; this protocol can thus be easily transferred to other species in this taxon.

Gametophytes of S. latissima were grown, and gametogenesis was induced to produce zygotes and embryos. Twelve days after the induction of gametogenesis, the embryos underwent laser ablation. Here, the experiment aimed to assess the role of specific cells in the overall development of S. latissima embryos. The most apical cell, the most basal cell, and the median cells were targeted. After tile scanning, the entire Petri dish (Figure 2A), an embryo of interest, was identifie...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Targeted Laser Ablation in the Embryo of Saccharina latissima at JoVE.com

Targeted Laser Ablation in the Embryo of Saccharina latissima

The destruction of specific cells in the embryo is a powerful tool for studying cellular interactions involved in cell fate. The present protocol describes techniques for the laser ablation of targeted cells in the early embryo of the brown alga Saccharina latissima.

Targeted Laser Ablation in the Embryo of Saccharina latissima

In Saccharina latissima, the embryo&#160;develops as a monolayered cell sheet called the lamina or the blade. Each embryo cell is easy to observe, readily ...

This protocol is the first complete laser ablation protocol on early kelp embryo. The procedure offers a reliable approach on investigating cell fate and interaction during embryogenesis in brown algae. Local cellular laser ablation allows for temporal and special ablation with a high level of precision and tissue on cells.This approach is a promising method for studying cell fates and interaction in the early embryo of brown algae. It can be applied to other algae systems with few changes. Begin by imaging the entire Petri dish to locate the embryos for selection during the ablation step and monitor the subsequent development of the selected embryos.Start the tile scan. Record the position of the four cardinal points of the Petri dish. Enter the parameters as defined in the text manuscript and acquire transmitted or fluorescent images of the whole Petri dish at low resolution.Save the tile scan image and keep it open in the image acquisition software window. Change the objective without removing the Petri dish. Find embryos of interest on the scan.To calibrate the laser, open the laser driver and image acquisition software package. Then initialize the laser path. Synchronize both software packages by clicking on start acquisition in the laser driver software package.Set up the parameters for laser ablation and click on live. Select an empty area on the dish and lower the stage level to 20 micrometers below the top surface of the Petri dish to focus on the glass bottom. To find an area of interest by clicking on choose AOI button and clicking on the edges of the image in the UV laser driver software package.Click on start calibration and select manual calibration to set the ablation laser and imaging laser trajectories. Ensure that all shutters are open. Select a laser power high enough to see a black dot in the center of the live image corresponding to the hole in the glass cover slip.Click on the central black dot with the mouse cursor and select 18 additional dots proposed by the software to complete the alignment procedure. Click on the click and fire mode. Check the calibration on the same cover slip and click on the glass layer where the laser impact is visible.Select an embryo of interest on the tile scan and move the stage by clicking on it. Start the time series. Test time lapse parameters in live and adjust if necessary.Start a time lapse recording in the image acquisition software at the maximum speed. Adjust the zoom to focus on the area of interest and visualize the whole embryo. To follow the embryo during the recording of ablation, click on the button, acquire latest image.Set the parameters to 45%laser transmission corresponding to a maximum of 40 microwatts and one millisecond pulse time duration. Apply the damaging irradiation on the embryo cells of interest by using the laser driver software click and fire function. Under 688 nanometers, monitor the autofluorescent chloroplasts ejection from the cytoplasm.If cell contents remain in the cell, use the click and fire function once more to increase the size of the breach in the cell. Repeat this process until most of the cell contents are released, keeping the number of shots to a minimum. Stop the time lapse recording after the embryo has stabilized and no further intercellular movement can be detected.Update the annotation on the tile scan image, overwrite the existing tile scan, and save the image. Determine the survival rate by monitoring the number of embryos that develop after laser ablation and compare them to those that die. Determine the growth delay by measuring the length of the laser shot embryos every day and comparing it to intact embryos.Find the adjacent damage by monitoring the reaction of cells adjoining the ablated cells. Targeted cells of interest were the most apical cell, the most basal cell, and the median cells. After tile scanning the entire Petri dish, an embryo of interest was identified as a suitable candidate for laser shooting.The cell released its contents when shot with a pulse UV laser beam at 45%power, while a cell's adjacent to the irradiated cells expanded into the intercellular space. The position of the irradiated embryos was recorded every 24 hours for 10 days. Most of the irradiated embryos continued to develop but showed growth alteration.In contrast, embryos tested with other laser parameters quickly showed signs of severe stress such as cell bleaching, fading, or shape changes. Almost all embryos shot in this way died within five days after the experiment. Some parameters, such as image format or zoom should not be changed after calibration.Monitoring during and after laser ablation is required to have insight into what happened. Laser ablation is paving the way to new discoveries in the developmental study of brown algae and more profound understanding of interactions of different metabolites or components of their cells.

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