Name: establishment of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest in rats
Uploaded: 2022-12-16T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Establishment of Deep Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest in Rats at JoVE.com

Gli autori ringraziano Liang Zhang per aver aiutato a raccogliere i dati video durante l'esperimento. Questo studio è stato sostenuto dalla National Natural Science Foundation of China (numero di sovvenzione: 82070479) e dai fondi di ricerca fondamentale per le università centrali (numero di sovvenzione: 3332022128).

I protocolli sono stati sottoposti a una revisione istituzionale e hanno ricevuto l'approvazione del Comitato istituzionale per la cura e l'uso degli animali, dell'ospedale Fuwai, dell'Accademia cinese delle scienze mediche (FW-2021-0005). Tutte le procedure sperimentali sono state eseguite in conformità con la Guida per la cura e l'uso degli animali da laboratorio pubblicata dal National Institutes of Health.
NOTA: I ratti maschi di Sprague-Dawley (peso: 500-600 g, età: 12-14 settimane) son...

<ol>
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S., Estrera, A., Oo, A., Field, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Is+moderate+hypothermic+circulatory+arrest+with+selective+antegrade+cerebral+perfusion+superior+to+deep+hypothermic+circulatory+arrest+in+elective+aortic+arch+surgery.">Is moderate hypothermic circulatory arrest with selective antegrade cerebral perfusion superior to deep hypothermic circulatory arrest in elective aortic arch surgery.</a> Interactive Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery. 23 (3), 462-468 (2016).</li><li>Giuliano, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inflammatory+profile+in+a+canine+model+of+hypothermic+circulatory+arrest.">Inflammatory profile in a canine model of hypothermic circulatory arrest.</a> Journal of Surgical Research. 264, 260-273 (2021).</li><li>Wang, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hyperoxia+management+during+deep+hypothermia+for+cerebral+protection+in+circulatory+arrest+rabbit+model.">Hyperoxia management during deep hypothermia for cerebral protection in circulatory arrest rabbit model.</a> ASAIO Journal. 58 (4), 330-336 (2012).</li><li>Jungwirth, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurologic+outcome+after+cardiopulmonary+bypass+with+deep+hypothermic+circulatory+arrest+in+rats:+Description+of+a+new+model.">Neurologic outcome after cardiopulmonary bypass with deep hypothermic circulatory arrest in rats: Description of a new model.</a> Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 131 (4), 805-812 (2006).</li><li>Engels, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+cardiopulmonary+bypass+with+deep+hypothermic+circulatory+arrest+rat+model+for+the+investigation+of+the+systemic+inflammation+response+and+induced+organ+damage.">A cardiopulmonary bypass with deep hypothermic circulatory arrest rat model for the investigation of the systemic inflammation response and induced organ damage.</a> Journal of Inflammation. 11, 26 (2014).</li><li>Chen, Q., Sun, K. 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C., Cao, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Triptolide+improves+neurobehavioral+functions,+inflammation,+and+oxidative+stress+in+rats+under+deep+hypothermic+circulatory+arrest.">Triptolide improves neurobehavioral functions, inflammation, and oxidative stress in rats under deep hypothermic circulatory arrest.</a> Aging. 13 (2), 3031-3044 (2021).</li><li>Liu, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+target+to+reduce+microglial+inflammation+and+neuronal+damage+after+deep+hypothermic+circulatory+arrest.">A novel target to reduce microglial inflammation and neuronal damage after deep hypothermic circulatory arrest.</a> Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 159 (6), 2431-2444 (2020).</li><li>Pinto, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+extracellular+isoform+of+superoxide+dismutase+has+a+significant+impact+on+cardiovascular+ischaemia+and+reperfusion+injury+during+cardiopulmonary+bypass.">The extracellular isoform of superoxide dismutase has a significant impact on cardiovascular ischaemia and reperfusion injury during cardiopulmonary bypass.</a> European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. 50 (6), 1035-1044 (2016).</li><li>Hirao, S., Masumoto, H., Itonaga, T., Minatoya, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+recovery+cardiopulmonary+bypass+model+without+transfusion+or+inotropic+agents+in+rats.">A recovery cardiopulmonary bypass model without transfusion or inotropic agents in rats.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (133), e56986 (2018).</li><li>Ha, J. Y., Kim, J. S., Kim, S. E., Son, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simultaneous+activation+of+mitophagy+and+autophagy+by+staurosporine+protects+against+dopaminergic+neuronal+cell+death.">Simultaneous activation of mitophagy and autophagy by staurosporine protects against dopaminergic neuronal cell death.</a> Neuroscience Letters. 561, 101-106 (2014).</li><li>Yamamoto, A., Yue, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autophagy+and+its+normal+and+pathogenic+states+in+the+brain.">Autophagy and its normal and pathogenic states in the brain.</a> Annual Review of Neuroscience. 37, 55-78 (2014).</li><li>You, X. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rat+cardiopulmonary+bypass+model:+Application+of+a+miniature+extracorporeal+circuit+composed+of+asanguinous+prime.">Rat cardiopulmonary bypass model: Application of a miniature extracorporeal circuit composed of asanguinous prime.</a> Journal of Extra-Corporeal Technology. 37 (1), 60-65 (2005).</li><li>Chen, Q., Lei, Y. Q., Liu, J. F., Wang, Z. C., Cao, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Beneficial+effects+of+chlorogenic+acid+treatment+on+neuroinflammation+after+deep+hypothermic+circulatory+arrest+may+be+mediated+through+CYLD/NF-&#954;B+signaling.">Beneficial effects of chlorogenic acid treatment on neuroinflammation after deep hypothermic circulatory arrest may be mediated through CYLD/NF-&#954;B signaling.</a> Brain Research. 1767, 147572 (2021).</li><li>Li, Y. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+expression+profiles+of+circular+RNAs+in+the+rat+hippocampus+after+deep+hypothermic+circulatory+arrest.">Differential expression profiles of circular RNAs in the rat hippocampus after deep hypothermic circulatory arrest.</a> Artificial Organs. 45 (8), 866-880 (2021).</li><li>Linardi, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Slow+versus+fast+rewarming+after+hypothermic+circulatory+arrest:+effects+on+neuroinflammation+and+cerebral+oedema.">Slow versus fast rewarming after hypothermic circulatory arrest: effects on neuroinflammation and cerebral oedema.</a> European Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery. 58 (4), 792-780 (2020).</li><li>Engelman, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Society+of+Thoracic+Surgeons,+The+Society+of+Cardiovascular+Anesthesiologists,+and+The+American+Society+of+ExtraCorporeal+Technology:+Clinical+practice+guidelines+for+cardiopulmonary+bypass--Temperature+management+during+cardiopulmonary+bypass.">The Society of Thoracic Surgeons, The Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, and The American Society of ExtraCorporeal Technology: Clinical practice guidelines for cardiopulmonary bypass--Temperature management during cardiopulmonary bypass.</a> Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 100 (2), 748-757 (2015).</li><li>Jenke, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=AdipoRon+attenuates+inflammation+and+impairment+of+cardiac+function+associated+with+cardiopulmonary+bypass-induced+systemic+inflammatory+response+syndrome.">AdipoRon attenuates inflammation and impairment of cardiac function associated with cardiopulmonary bypass-induced systemic inflammatory response syndrome.</a> Journal of the American Heart Association. 10 (6), 018097 (2021).</li></ol>

L'incannulamento è la procedura più fondamentale per stabilire il DHCA nei ratti. Prima dell'incannulamento, immergere l'arteria con 0,5 ml di lidocaina al 2% renderà più facile la cannulazione. Dopo l'incannulamento, è necessaria l'eparinizzazione con 500 UI/kg di eparina attraverso la vena giugulare esterna per evitare la formazione di microtrombi17. Abbiamo ripetutamente scoperto che questa dose di eparina può raggiungere l'obiettivo di un tempo di coagulazione attivato (ACT) >48...

L'arresto circolatorio ipotermico profondo (DHCA) è stato utilizzato in cardiochirurgia dal 19531. Il DHCA comporta la riduzione della temperatura interna del paziente a livelli profondamente ipotermici (15-22 ° C) prima di interrompere globalmente il flusso sanguigno al corpo2. L'arresto circolatorio può fornire un campo operativo relativamente incruento. L'ipotermia profonda diminuisce il metabolismo, specialmente nel cervello e nel miocardio, che è un metodo efficace di protezione contro l'ischemia3. Il DHCA è comunemente applicato durante gli interventi chirurgici per cardiopatia congenita complessa, malattia dell'arco aortico e persino tumori renali o surrenali con un trombo della vena cava 4,5. Pertanto, la definizione di modelli animali DHCA fornisce un riferimento importante per il perfezionamento della procedura e la prevenzione delle complicanze in ambito clinico.
Sebbene i modelli possano essere stabiliti con cani6, conigli7 e altri animali, è preferibile utilizzare ratti a causa della loro operabilità e basso costo. Il modello di ratto DHCA è stato descritto per la prima volta nel 2006 da Jungwirth et al.8. È stato riscontrato che la durata dell'arresto circolatorio ha avuto un impatto sugli esiti neurologici. Da allora, i modelli di ratto DHCA sono stati ampiamente studiati. È stato chiarito che il DHCA potrebbe provocare la sindrome da risposta infiammatoria sistemica (SIRS)9. In studi successivi, i farmacologi hanno scoperto che la neuroinfiammazione correlata al DHCA indotta da SIRS potrebbe essere attenuata dal resveratrolo10 e dal triptolide11. Il nostro team ha anche scoperto che la neuroinfiammazione correlata al DHCA potrebbe essere attenuata inibendo la proteina legante l'RNA inducibile dal freddo12. Nel sistema cardiovascolare, la superossido dismutasi ha un effetto cardioprotettivo sulle lesioni da ischemia/riperfusione (I/R) durante il DHCA13. Questi risultati hanno ampliato la comprensione dei processi fisiopatologici correlati al DHCA e hanno offerto nuove direzioni per migliorare i risultati del DHCA. Tuttavia, i risultati riguardanti l'endotossiemia, lo stress ossidativo e l'autofagia dopo DHCA sono inconcludenti. DHCA utilizza la stessa tecnologia operativa del bypass cardiopolmonare (CPB)14, ma la sua strategia di gestione è diversa e le fasi per generare DHCA differiscono tra i vari team 8,9,10,11. Il presente studio mira a fornire un metodo per stabilire la procedura DHCA nei ratti.

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			<td>Dongguan Kewei Medical Instrument Co., Ltd.</td>
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			<td>HFK Bioscience Co.,Ltd.</td>
			<td>/</td>
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			<td>Maruishi Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd</td>
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			<td>Shaver</td>
			<td>Hangzhou Huayuan Pet Products Co.,Ltd.</td>
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			<td>Ventilator</td>
			<td>Shanghai Alcott Biotech Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>ALC-V8S</td>
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establishment of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest in rats

L'arresto circolatorio ipotermico profondo (DHCA) viene applicato di routine durante gli interventi chirurgici per cardiopatia congenita complessa e malattia dell'arco aortico. Il presente studio mira a fornire un metodo per stabilire il DHCA nei ratti. Per valutare l'impatto del processo DHCA sui segni vitali, è stato utilizzato come controllo un modello di ratto di bypass cardiopolmonare (CPB) a temperatura normale senza arresto circolatorio. Come previsto, DHCA ha portato ad una significativa diminuzione della temperatura corporea e della pressione arteriosa media. L'analisi dei gas ematici ha indicato che il DHCA ha aumentato i livelli di acido lattico ma non ha influenzato il pH del sangue e le concentrazioni di emoglobina, ematocrito, Na+, Cl−, K+ e glucosio. Inoltre, rispetto ai ratti CPB a temperatura normale, i risultati della microscopia elettronica a trasmissione hanno mostrato un lieve aumento degli autofagosomi ippocampali nei ratti DHCA.

Come gruppo di controllo, i ratti CPB a temperatura normale (NtCPB) senza arresto circolatorio hanno mostrato una pressione arteriosa media stabile (MAP) e una temperatura corporea durante l'intera procedura, mentre la MAP dei ratti DHCA è diminuita durante l'arresto cardiaco (p < 0,01, Figura 3A). La temperatura dei ratti DHCA è scesa rapidamente durante la fase di raffreddamento e si è ripresa gradualmente durante la fase di riscaldamento. Durante lo svezzamento dei ratti dai c...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Establishment of Deep Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest in Rats at JoVE.com

Establishment of Deep Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest in Rats

Questo protocollo presenta l'instaurazione di un arresto circolatorio ipotermico profondo nei ratti, che può essere applicato per studiare la sindrome da risposta infiammatoria sistemica, il danno da ischemia/riperfusione, lo stress ossidativo, la neuroinfiammazione, ecc.

Instaurazione di arresto circolatorio ipotermico profondo nei ratti

Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) is routinely applied during surgeries for complex congenital heart disease and aortic arch disease. The present ...

Instaurazione di arresto circolatorio ipotermico profondo nel ratto. Arresto circolatorio ipotermico profondo, DHCA viene applicato di routine durante interventi chirurgici di cardiopatia congenita complessa e malattia dell'arco aortico. Il presente studio mira a fornire un metodo per stabilire il DHCA nei ratti.I protocolli hanno ricevuto una revisione istituzionale e hanno ottenuto l'approvazione del Comitato istituzionale per la cura e l'uso degli animali, dell'ospedale Fuwai, dell'Accademia cinese delle scienze mediche. Lavori preparatori. Assicurarsi che i circuiti CPB contengano un serbatoio modificato dal contagocce morphs, dalla pompa a rulli, dallo scambiatore di calore, dall'ossigenatore a membrana, dal tubo di collegamento e da un serbatoio dell'acqua collegato al circuito e produca 12 millilitri di amido idrossi con un millilitro di eparina sodica e un millilitro di soluzione salina innescando il circuito con una soluzione di adescamento da 40 millilitri con la pompa a rulli che ruota delicatamente.Due, anestesia e incannulamento. Collegare il tubo con il ventilatore e i parametri laterali. Metti una coperta elettrica e la destra e affronta la destra con del nastro adesivo.Applicare unguento oftalmico agli occhi per prevenire la secchezza. Rasare i capelli sulla regione inguinale destra, sulla regione cervicale destra e sulla coda con il rasoio. Quindi disinfettare la pelle con aldeide e alcool.Tagliare la pelle e la regione inguinale sinistra e sezionare il muscolo e tessuto molle osseo per esporre la vena femorale sinistra e l'arteria. Separare attentamente l'arteria. Cannulare catetere endovenoso calibro 22 nell'arteria femorale sinistra.Arteria e catetere legati con seta. Utilizzare soluzione salina contenente eparina per lavare la cannula per evitare la coagulazione. Collegare il catetere con il sensore di pressione per monitorare la pressione sanguigna.Tagliare la pelle della coda e poi utilizzare un bisturi per tagliare la specia superficiale dell'arteria caudale per esporre l'arteria della coda che si trova nel mezzo del campo chirurgico. Cannulare l'arteria caudale con il catetere endovenoso di gauge 22. Arteria ligata e catetere con seta.Utilizzare soluzione salina contenente eparina per lavare il catetere per evitare la coagulazione. Tagliare la pelle della giugulare destra della vena, quindi separare muscolo e tessuto per esporre la vena. Inserire un catetere endovenoso multiage fatto in casa di 16 gauge nella giugulare esterna destra della vena e inserirlo nella vena cava inferiore destra o nell'atrio destro con attenzione.Somministrare eparina sodica dove la vena esterna destra copre ogni regione cannulata con palline umide per evitare la contaminazione. Tre, collegare il circuito con il catetere nell'arteria della coda e mantenere la pompa bassa velocità da uno a due millilitri al minuto. Quindi collegare il serbatoio con il catetere nella vena giugulare esterna destra.Assicurati che ci sia sempre un livello ematico di circa un centimetro nel serbatoio. Accendere il serbatoio dell'acqua e impostare prima la temperatura dell'acqua a 37 gradi centigradi. Dopo che la pressione sanguigna è stabile, aumentare delicatamente la pompa di flusso fino a 80-100 millilitri al minuto.Quattro, raffreddamento. Impostare la temperatura ambiente a circa 20 gradi centigradi. Metti i cubetti di ghiaccio in questi guanti monouso e poi mettili sulla testa e sui lati giusti.La temperatura della vasca è stata suggerita in tempo reale in base alla temperatura rettale del riso. Modificare correttamente i parametri rilevanti del ventilatore in base ai risultati dell'analisi dei gas del sangue. Cinque, arresto circolatorio di ipotermia profonda.Quindi la temperatura rettale scende a 15-20 gradi centigradi. Cambiare l'impacco di ghiaccio e smaltire i guanti per garantire il mantenimento dell'ipotermia profonda durante l'arresto circolatorio. Arrestare la pompa a rulli.Mantenere il serbatoio a contatto con l'ambiente e drenare lentamente il sangue dalla vena giugulare esterna al serbatoio. Presta attenzione alla riforma della pressione sanguigna. Dopo che non c'è pressione sanguigna e battito cardiaco, interrompere il drenaggio e tenere chiuso il serbatoio.Spegnere il ventilatore. Sei, riscaldamento e riperfusione. Rimuovere tutti i guanti monouso e aumentare la temperatura ambiente a 25 gradi centigradi.Ripristinare la memoria ossigeno inter ventilazione mantenendo il taglio del tubo di drenaggio venoso. Accendere la pompa a rulli per assicurarsi che il sangue nel serbatoio torni lentamente al corpo destro. Accendere il ventilatore dopo che il livello del sangue nel serbatoio rimane un centimetro.Utilizzando il tubo di drenaggio e drenare lentamente il sangue dall'atrio destro al serbatoio. Accendere la lampada riscaldante, la piastra elettrica e il serbatoio dell'acqua. Impostare la temperatura del serbatoio dell'acqua su 25 gradi centigradi.Quindi regolarlo tempestivamente sulla temperatura sinistra. Rimuovere la lampada riscaldante dopo che la temperatura rettale è tornata a 34 gradi centigradi. Sette, svezzamento dalla CPB.Ridurre lentamente e gradualmente il rullo della portata della pompa e regolare la velocità del genere vena nella portata ridurre a un millilitro al minuto. Mantenere il serbatoio a contatto con l'ambiente. Infondere il sangue rimanente in un circuito con una portata di un millilitro al minuto.Arrestare l'ossigenazione della memoria e la pompa a rulli. Eutanasia dopo un periodo di ventilazione meccanica e anestesia profonda. Risultati rappresentativi.Come gruppo di controllo, la temperatura normale CPB, NtCPB, ratto. Senza l'arresto circolatorio ha mostrato una MAP della pressione arteriosa media stabile e la temperatura corporea durante l'intera procedura. Mentre la MAP dei ratti DHCA è diminuita durante l'arresto cardiaco.La temperatura dei ratti DHCA è scesa rapidamente durante la fase di raffreddamento e si è ripresa gradualmente durante la fase di rotazione. Lo svezzamento del circuito DHCA la temperatura dei ratti DHCA è tornata alla normalità. I dati di cui sopra hanno indicato che la nostra procedura DHCA ha imitato i cambiamenti effettivi della temperatura e della MAP dei pazienti nelle cliniche.L'effetto del processore DHCA e dell'aumento è stato studiato mediante analisi dei gas ematici. Dopo il contatto dell'intero sangue con la soluzione primaria, la concentrazione di emoglobina era superiore a sei grammi per decilitter in entrambi i gruppi. Lo svezzamento dalla superficie del DHCA, è aumentato a nove grammi per decilitter a causa della reinfusione del sangue rimanente nel circuito CPB nella destra.L'ematocrito, HCT, ha mostrato la tendenza simile a HB. Dopo la riperfusione del DHCA l'acido lattato è aumentato rapidamente, il che è stato più pronunciato nel gruppo DHCA. Il pH è diminuito dopo la procedura DHCA, che era molto probabilmente il risultato dell'accumulo di acido lattato. Durante l'intero esperimento, la concentrazione di sodio, cloruro, ioni potassio e glucosio non ha mostrato differenze significative ogni 10 punti.Questo risultato suggerisce che il DHCA ha solo indotto l'aumento dell'acido lattato, ma non ha influenzato il pH del sangue e la concentrazione di emoglobina, ematocrito, ioni sodio, ioni cloruro, ioni potassio e glucosio. Al fine di valutare l'impatto del DHCA sull'autofagia neuronale, abbiamo usato il microscopio elettronico a trasmissione e sorprendentemente abbiamo trovato e aumentato il numero di autofagosomi nell'ippocampo dei ratti DHCA. I dati di cui sopra hanno indicato che il nostro modello DHCA ha imitato i cambiamenti effettivi della temperatura e della MAP dei pazienti nelle cliniche.Questo modello può essere applicato per studiare la sindrome da risposta infiammatoria sistemica, la neuroinfiammazione, eccetera.

establishment-of-deep-hypothermic-circulatory-arrest-in-rats

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Orthotopic Hind-Limb Transplantation in Rats

Composite tissue allotransplantation (CTA) now represents a valid therapeutic option after the loss of a hand, forearm or digits and has become a novel therapeutic entity in reconstructive surgery. However, long term high-dose multi-drug immunosuppressive therapy is required to ensure graft survival, bearing the risk of serious side effects which halters broader application. Further progression in this field may depend on better understanding of basic immunology and ischemia reperfusion injury in composite tissue grafts.
To date, orthotopic hind limb transplantation in rats has been the preferred rodent model for reconstructive transplantation (RT), however, it is an extremely demanding procedure that requires extraordinary microsurgical skills for reattachment of vasculature, bones, muscles and nerves.
We have introduced the vascular cuff anastomosis technique to this model, providing a rapid and reliable approach to rat hind limb transplantation. This technique simplifies and shortens the surgical procedure and enables surgeons with basic microsurgical experience to successfully perform the operation with high survival and low complication rates. The technique seems to be well suited for immunological as well as ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) studies.

Here we describe the orthotopic rat hind-limb transplantation procedure, which seems to be the gold standard in vivo model for composite tissue allotransplantation research.

Ortotopico Hind-Limb trapianto in topi

Composite tissue allotransplantation (CTA) now represents a valid therapeutic option after the loss of a hand, forearm or digits and has become a novel ...

Ricerca

Immunologia e infezioni

Diagnosis of Ecto- and Endoparasites in Laboratory Rats and Mice

Internal and external parasites remain a significant concern in laboratory rodent facilities, and many research facilities harbor some parasitized animals. Before embarking on an examination of animals for parasites, two things should be considered. One: what use will be made of the information collected, and two: which test is the most appropriate. Knowing that animals are parasitized may be something that the facility accepts, but there is often a need to treat animals and then to determine the efficacy of treatment. Parasites may be detected in animals through various techniques, including samples taken from live or euthanized animals. Historically, the tests with the greatest diagnostic sensitivity required euthanasia of the animal, although PCR has allowed high-sensitivity testing for several types of parasite. This article demonstrates procedures for the detection of endo- and ectoparasites in mice and rats. The same procedures are applicable to other rodents, although the species of parasites found will differ.

This article describes various procedures for screening rats and mice to detect endo- or ectoparasitism. Several diagnostic assays will be demonstrated, both those suitable for use on live animals and those used after euthanasia of the animal. Photographs to aid in identification of rat and mouse parasites will be included.

La diagnosi di Ecto-e endoparassiti in ratti e topi di laboratorio

Internal and external parasites remain a significant concern in laboratory rodent facilities, and many research facilities harbor some parasitized ...

Establishment of Epstein-Barr Virus Growth-transformed Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines

Infection of B cells with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) leads to proliferation and subsequent immortalization, resulting in establishment of lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) in vitro. Since LCL are latently infected with EBV, they provide a model system to investigate EBV latency and virus-driven B cell proliferation and tumorigenesis1. LCL have been used to present antigens in a variety of immunologic assays2, 3. In addition, LCL can be used to generate human monoclonal antibodies4, 5 and provide a potentially unlimited source when access to primary biologic materials is limited6, 7.
A variety of methods have been described to generate LCL. Earlier methods have included the use of mitogens such as phytohemagglutinin, lipopolysaccharide8, and pokeweed mitogen9 to increase the efficiency of EBV-mediated immortalization. More recently, others have used immunosuppressive agents such as cyclosporin A to inhibit T cell-mediated killing of infected B cells7, 10-12.
The considerable length of time from EBV infection to establishment of cell lines drives the requirement for quicker and more reliable methods for EBV-driven B cell growth transformation. Using a combination of high titer EBV and an immunosuppressive agent, we are able to consistently infect, transform, and generate LCL from B cells in peripheral blood. This method uses a small amount of peripheral blood mononuclear cells that are infected in vitroclusters of cells can be demonstrated. The presence of CD23 with EBV in the presence of FK506, a T cell immunosuppressant. Traditionally, outgrowth of proliferating B cells is monitored by visualization of microscopic clusters of cells about a week after infection with EBV. Clumps of LCL can be seen by the naked eye after several weeks. We describe an assay to determine early if EBV-mediated growth transformation is successful even before microscopic clusters of cells can be demonstrated. The presence of CD23hiCD58+ cells observed as early as three days post-infection indicates a successful outcome.

We describe a method for generating transformed B cell lines using Epstein-Barr virus. We also illustrate a novel assay that can identify B cells destined to undergo transformation as early as three days after infection.

Istituzione di Epstein-Barr Virus Growth-trasformata linee linfoblastoidi

Infection of B cells with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) leads to proliferation and subsequent immortalization, resulting in establishment of lymphoblastoid ...

Establishment of an In vitro System to Study Intracellular Behavior of Candida glabrata in Human THP-1 Macrophages

A cell culture model system, if a close mimic of host environmental conditions, can serve as an inexpensive, reproducible and easily manipulatable alternative to animal model systems for the study of a specific step of microbial pathogen infection. A human monocytic cell line THP-1 which, upon phorbol ester treatment, is differentiated into macrophages, has previously been used to study virulence strategies of many intracellular pathogens including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Here, we discuss a protocol to enact an in vitro cell culture model system using THP-1 macrophages to delineate the interaction of an opportunistic human yeast pathogen Candida glabrata with host phagocytic cells. This model system is simple, fast, amenable to high-throughput mutant screens, and requires no sophisticated equipment. A typical THP-1 macrophage infection experiment takes approximately 24 hr with an additional 24-48 hr to allow recovered intracellular yeast to grow on rich medium for colony forming unit-based viability analysis. Like other in vitro model systems, a possible limitation of this approach is difficulty in extrapolating the results obtained to a highly complex immune cell circuitry existing in the human host. However, despite this, the current protocol is very useful to elucidate the strategies that a fungal pathogen may employ to evade/counteract antimicrobial response and survive, adapt, and proliferate in the nutrient-poor environment of host immune cells.

Establishment of an In vitro System to Study Intracellular Behavior of Candida glabrata in Human THP-1 Macrophages

The current article outlines a protocol to establish an in vitro cell culture model system to study the interaction of a facultative intracellular human fungal pathogen Candida glabrata with human macrophages which will be a useful tool to advance our knowledge of fungal virulence mechanisms.

Istituzione di un<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Sistema per studiare intracellulare Comportamento<em&gt; Candida glabrata</em&gt; In umani THP-1 macrofagi

A cell culture model system, if a close mimic of host environmental conditions, can serve as an inexpensive, reproducible and easily manipulatable ...

Complete Thymectomy in Adult Rats with Non-invasive Endotracheal Intubation

Thymectomy in neonatal rodents is an established and reliable procedure for immunological studies. However, in adult rats, complications of hemorrhage and pneumothorax from pleural disruption can result in a significant mortality rate. This protocol is a simple method of rat thymectomy that utilizes a mini-sternotomy and endotracheal intubation. Intubation is accomplished with a non-invasive and easily reproducible method and allows for positive pressure ventilation to prevent pneumothorax and a controlled airway that allows sufficient time for careful thymus dissection to minimize pleural disruption. A 1.5 cm sternal incision decreases contact with mediastinal vessels and pleura, while still providing full visualization of the thymus. Following exposure of the mediastinum, the thymus is removed by blunt dissection under magnification. The pleural space is then sealed by suture closure of the pre-tracheal muscles followed by the application of surgical glue. The thorax is then closed by suture closure of the sternum, followed by suture closure of the skin. All thymectomies were complete as evidenced by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of mediastinal tissue, and absence of na&#239;ve T-cells by flow cytometry, and the procedure had a 96% survival rate. This method is suitable when complete thymectomy with minimal complications is desired for further immunological studies in athymic adult rats.

Rodent thymectomy is a valuable technique in immunological research. Here, a protocol for complete thymectomy in adult rats using a mini-sternotomy along with non-invasive intubation and positive pressure ventilation to minimize perioperative morbidity and mortality is described.

Thymectomy completa in ratti adulti con non-invasiva intubazione endotracheale

Thymectomy in neonatal rodents is an established and reliable procedure for immunological studies. However, in adult rats, complications of hemorrhage and ...

Prevention of Heat Stress Adverse Effects in Rats by Bacillus subtilis Strain

This study was designed to evaluate the protective effect of the Bacillus subtilis strain against complications related to heat stress. Thirty-two Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study. Animals were orally treated twice a day for two days with B. subtilis BSB3 strain or PBS. The next day after the last treatment, each group was divided and two experimental groups (one treated with PBS and one treated with B. subtilis) were placed at 45 oC for 25 min. Two control groups stayed for 25 min at room temperature. All rats were euthanized and different parameters were analyzed in all groups. Adverse effects of heat stress are registered by the decrease of villi height and total mucosal thickness in the intestinal epithelium; translocation of bacteria from the lumen; increased vesiculation of erythrocytes and elevation of the lipopolysaccharides (LPS) level in the blood. The protective efficacy of treatment is evaluated by prevention of these side effects. The protocol was set up for the oral treatment of rats with bacteria for prevention of heat stress complications, but this protocol can be modified and used for other routes of administration and for analysis of different compounds.

Prevention of Heat Stress Adverse Effects in Rats by Bacillus subtilis Strain

We described a protocol for prevention of heat stress effects in rats by oral pre-treatment with beneficial bacteria. This protocol can be modified and used for various routes of administration and for analysis of different compounds.

La prevenzione di stress termico effetti avversi nei ratti<em&gt; Bacillus subtilis</em&gt; Strain

This study was designed to evaluate the protective effect of the Bacillus subtilis strain against complications related to heat stress. Thirty-two ...

Stenosis of the Inferior Vena Cava: A Murine Model of Deep Vein Thrombosis

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and its devastating complication, pulmonary embolism, are a severe health problem with high mortality. Mechanisms of thrombus formation in veins remain obscure. Lack of mobility (e.g., after surgery or long-haul flights) is one of the main factors leading to DVT. The pathophysiological consequence of the lack of mobility is blood flow stagnation in venous valves. Here, a model is described that mimics such flow disturbance as a thrombosis-driving factor. In this model, partial flow restriction (stenosis) in the inferior vena cava (IVC) is created. Closure of about 90% of the IVC lumen for 48 h results in development of thrombi structurally similar to those in humans. The similarities are: i) most of the thrombus volume is red, i.e., consists of red blood cells and fibrin, ii) presence of a white part (lines of Zahn), iii) non-denuded endothelial monolayer, iv) elevated plasma D-Dimer levels, and v) possibility to prevent thrombosis by low molecular weight heparin. Limitations include variable size of thrombi and the fact that a certain percentage of wild-type mice (0 - 35%) may not produce a thrombus. In addition to visual observation and measurement, thrombi may be visualized by non-invasive technologies, such as ultrasonography, which allows for monitoring the dynamics of thrombus development. At shorter time points (1 - 6 h), intravital microscopy may be applied to directly observe events (e.g., recruitment of cells to the vessel wall) preceding thrombus formation. Use of this method by several teams around the world has made it possible to uncover basic mechanisms of DVT initiation and identify potential targets that might be beneficial for its prevention.

We describe here stenosis in the inferior vena cava as a murine model of deep vein thrombosis. This model recapitulates blood flow restriction, one of the major triggers of venous thrombosis in humans.

Stenosi della Vena Cava inferiore: un modello murino di trombosi venosa profonda

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and its devastating complication, pulmonary embolism, are a severe health problem with high mortality. Mechanisms of thrombus ...

Deep Vein Thrombosis Induced by Stasis in Mice Monitored by High Frequency Ultrasonography

Venous thrombosis is a common condition affecting 1 - 2% of the population, with an annual incidence of 1 in 500. Venous thrombosis can lead to death through pulmonary embolism or results in the post-thrombotic syndrome, characterized by chronic leg pain, swelling, and ulceration, or in chronic pulmonary hypertension resulting in significant chronic respiratory compromise. This is the most common cardiovascular disease after myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke and is a clinical challenge for all medical disciplines, as it can complicate the course of other disorders such as cancer, systemic disease, surgery, and major trauma.
Experimental models are necessary to study these mechanisms. The stasis model induces consistent thrombus size and a quantifiable amount of thrombus. However, it is necessary to systematically ligate side branches of the inferior vena cava to avoid variability in thrombus sizes and any erroneous data interpretation. We have developed a non-invasive technique to measure thrombus size using ultrasonography. Using this technique, we can assess thrombus development and resolution over time in the same animal. This approach limits the number of mice required for quantification of venous thrombosis consistent with the principle of replacement, reduction, and refinement of animals in research. We have demonstrated that thrombus weight and histological analysis of thrombus size correlate with measurement obtained with ultrasonography. Therefore, the current study describes how to induce deep vein thrombosis in mice using the inferior vena cava stasis model and how to monitor it using high frequency ultrasound.

The present protocol describes the steps to obtain venous thrombosis using a stasis model. In addition, we are using a non-invasive method to measure thrombus formation and resolution over time.

Trombosi venosa profonda indotta dalla stasi in topi monitorati dall'ecografia ad alta frequenza

Venous thrombosis is a common condition affecting 1 - 2% of the population, with an annual incidence of 1 in 500. Venous thrombosis can lead to death ...

Deep Dermal Injection As a Model of Candida albicans Skin Infection for Histological Analyses

The skin is an extremely extended organ of the body and, due to this large surface, it is continuously exposed to microorganisms. Skin damage can easily lead to infections in the dermis which can, in turn, result in the dissemination of pathogens into the bloodstream. Understanding how the immune system fights infections at the very early stage and how the host can eliminate the pathogens is an important step to set the base for future therapeutic interventions. Here we describe a model of Candida albicans infection that can visualize the processes that occur early during an infection, including when the pathogen has passed the epithelial barrier, as well as the immune response elicited by the C. albicans invasion. We used this infection model to perform histological analyses that show the immune cells that infiltrate the skin as well as the presence and localization of the pathogen. Samples collected after the infection can be processed for RNA extraction.

Deep Dermal Injection As a Model of Candida albicans Skin Infection for Histological Analyses

Here we describe a protocol that allows histological and molecular analysis of skin samples after Candida albicans intradermal injection. This protocol maintains the structural integrity of the skin and allows for the localization of tissue-resident or newly recruited immune cells as well as the pathogen distribution.

Profondo cutaneo iniezione come un modello di infezione della pelle Candida albicans per analisi istologiche

The skin is an extremely extended organ of the body and, due to this large surface, it is continuously exposed to microorganisms. Skin damage can easily ...

Establishment of Viral Infection and Analysis of Host-Virus Interaction in Drosophila Melanogaster

Virus spreading is a major cause of epidemic diseases. Thus, understanding the interaction between the virus and the host is very important to extend our knowledge of prevention and treatment of viral infection. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has proven to be one of the most efficient and productive model organisms to screen for antiviral factors and investigate virus-host interaction, due to powerful genetic tools and highly conserved innate immune signaling pathways. The procedure described here demonstrates a nano-injection method to establish viral infection and induce systemic antiviral responses in adult flies. The precise control of the viral injection dose in this method enables high experimental reproducibility. Protocols described in this study include the preparation of flies and the virus, the injection method, survival rate analysis, the virus load measurement, and an antiviral pathway assessment. The influence effects of viral infection by the flies' background were mentioned here. This infection method is easy to perform and quantitatively repeatable; it can be applied to screen for host/viral factors involved in virus-host interaction and to dissect the crosstalk between innate immune signaling and other biological pathways in response to viral infection.

Establishment of Viral Infection and Analysis of Host-Virus Interaction in Drosophila Melanogaster

This protocol describes how to establish viral infection in vivo in Drosophila melanogaster using the nano-injection method and basic techniques to analyze virus-host interaction.

Istituzione dell'infezione virale e analisi dell'interazione ospite-Virus in Drosophila Melanogaster

Virus spreading is a major cause of epidemic diseases. Thus, understanding the interaction between the virus and the host is very important to extend our ...