Name: determination of the friction coefficients of icy pavements under different amounts of snowfall
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Determination of the Friction Coefficients of Icy Pavements Under Different Amounts of Snowfall at JoVE.com

笔者感谢陕西省教育厅资助的科研项目（项目编号：21JK0908）。

1. 设备的准备
<ol><li>BPT<ol><li>确保BPT（图1）在其使用寿命内，并且表面清洁且未损坏。 注意：BPT 的组件包括底座、调平螺旋、调平气泡、指针、摆锤、升降螺旋、紧固螺旋、手柄和表盘。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>沥青板<ol><li>确保用于实验的沥青混合料样品大小为 30 cm x 30 cm x 5 cm。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>冷冻设备<ol><li>确保所使用的冷冻设备可以在-20°C至0°C之间自由调?...

<ol>
	<li>Rajamani, R., Piyabongkarn, N., Lew, J., Yi, K., Phanomchoeng, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tire-road+riction-coefficient+estimation.">Tire-road riction-coefficient estimation.</a> IEEE Control Systems Magazine. 30 (4), 54-69 (2010).</li><li>Wallman, C. -. G., &#197;str&#246;m, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Friction+measurement+methods+and+the+correlation+between+road+friction+and+traffic+safety:+A+literature+review.">Friction measurement methods and the correlation between road friction and traffic safety: A literature review.</a> Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute. , (2001).</li><li>Kuttesch, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantifying+the+relationship+between+skid+resistance+and+wet+weather+accidents+for+Virginia+data.">Quantifying the relationship between skid resistance and wet weather accidents for Virginia data.</a> Virginia Tech. , (2004).</li><li>Juga, I., Nurmi, P., Hippi, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Statistical+modelling+of+wintertime+road+surface+friction.">Statistical modelling of wintertime road surface friction.</a> Meteorological Applications. 20 (3), 318-329 (2013).</li><li>Zhang, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+optimum+amount+of+road+deicing+salt+in+humid+areas.">The optimum amount of road deicing salt in humid areas.</a> Advances in Engineering Research. 153 (2017), 283-290 (2017).</li><li>Haavasoja, T., Pilli-Sihvola, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Friction+as+a+measure+of+slippery+road+surfaces.">Friction as a measure of slippery road surfaces.</a> Proceedings of 15th International Road Weather Conference. SIRWEC. , (2010).</li><li>Norrman, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Slipperiness+on+roads-an+expert+system+classification.">Slipperiness on roads-an expert system classification.</a> Meteorological Applications. 7 (1), 27-36 (2000).</li><li>Mayora, J. M. P., Pi&#241;a, R. 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J., Olszewski, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+tire-road+contact+under+winter+conditions.">Analysis of tire-road contact under winter conditions.</a> Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering. WFEO and UNESCO. , (2011).</li><li>Salimi, S., Nassiri, S., Bayat, A., Halliday, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lateral+coefficient+of+friction+for+characterizing+winter+road+conditions.">Lateral coefficient of friction for characterizing winter road conditions.</a> Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering. 43 (1), 73-83 (2016).</li><li>Hunter, J. 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SIRWEC. , (2010).</li><li>Ivanovi&#263;, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+identification+of+dynamic+tire+friction+potential+on+ice+surfaces.">Experimental identification of dynamic tire friction potential on ice surfaces.</a> Vehicle System Dynamics. 44 (1), 93-103 (2006).</li><li>Gao, J., Zhang, Y., Du, Y., Li, Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimization+of+the+tire+ice+traction+using+combined+Levenberg-Marquardt+(LM)+algorithm+and+neural+network.">Optimization of the tire ice traction using combined Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) algorithm and neural network.</a> Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering. 41, 40 (2019).</li><li>Nordstroem, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+validation+of+BV14,+a+new+twin+track+fixed+slip+friction+tested+for+winter+road+maintenance+monitoring+in+Sweden.">Development and validation of BV14, a new twin track fixed slip friction tested for winter road maintenance monitoring in Sweden.</a> Proceedings of XTH PIARC International Winter Road Congress. Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI). , (1998).</li><li>Norem, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selection+of+strategies+for+winter+maintenance+of+roads+based+on+climatic+parameters.">Selection of strategies for winter maintenance of roads based on climatic parameters.</a> Journal of Cold Regions Engineering. 23 (4), 113-135 (2009).</li><li>Bergstr&#246;m, A., &#197;str&#246;m, H., Magnusson, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Friction+measurement+on+cycleways+using+a+portable+friction+tester.">Friction measurement on cycleways using a portable friction tester.</a> Journal of Cold Regions Engineering. 17 (1), 37-57 (2003).</li><li>Henry, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+pavement+friction+characteristics.">Evaluation of pavement friction characteristics.</a> Transportation Research Board. , (2000).</li><li>ASTM International. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ASTM+E303-93.+Standard+Test+Method+for+Measuring+Surface+Frictional+Properties+Using+the+British+Pendulum+Tester.">ASTM E303-93. Standard Test Method for Measuring Surface Frictional Properties Using the British Pendulum Tester.</a> ASTM International. , (2018).</li><li>ASTM International. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ASTM+D6926-20.+Standard+Practice+for+Preparation+of+Asphalt+Mixture+Specimens+Using+Marshall+Apparatus.">ASTM D6926-20. Standard Practice for Preparation of Asphalt Mixture Specimens Using Marshall Apparatus.</a> ASTM International. , (2020).</li><li>Oliver, J. W., Tredrea, P., Pratt, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Seasonal+variation+of+skid+resistance+in+Australia.+Special+Report+No+37.">Seasonal variation of skid resistance in Australia. Special Report No 37.</a> Australian Road Research Board. , (1988).</li><li>Steven, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Friction+Testing+of+Pavement+Preservation+Treatments:+Temperature+Corrections+and+Operator/Machine+Variability.">Friction Testing of Pavement Preservation Treatments: Temperature Corrections and Operator/Machine Variability.</a> University of California Pavement Research Center Davis and Berkely. , (2009).</li><li>Transport Research Laboratory. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=BS+7976-2:2002.+Pendulum+testers+-+Method+of+operation.">BS 7976-2:2002. Pendulum testers - Method of operation.</a> Transport Research Laboratory. , (2002).</li><li>Lu, Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Friction+testing+of+pavement+preservation+treatments:+Literature+review.">Friction testing of pavement preservation treatments: Literature review.</a> UC Davis: University of California Pavement Research Center. , (2006).</li><li>Bazlamit, S. M., Reza, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Changes+in+asphalt+pavement+friction+components+and+adjustment+of+skid+number+for+temperature.">Changes in asphalt pavement friction components and adjustment of skid number for temperature.</a> Journal of Transportation Engineering. 131 (6), 470-476 (2005).</li></ol>

本文探讨了使用BPT测试结冰路面摩擦系数的程序。有几点需要综合分析，这里详细讨论。首先，在制备沥青混合料样品方面，应尝试使用道路石油沥青来制备样品，但这不是必需的。沥青混合料样品的制备应严格按照ASTM（D6926-20）实验方案进行，因为这会影响最终结果的准确性25。如果由于混合分级不良而导致最终样品的摩擦系数太大或太小，则必须重新制备样品并再次进行测?...

路面摩擦定义为车辆轮胎与下垫路面1之间的抓地力。道路设计中最常与路面摩擦相关的指数是路面摩擦系数。摩擦力是道路设计中最重要的因素之一，仅次于耐用性。路面摩擦性能与事故风险之间存在强烈而明确的相关性2.例如，道路事故率与路面防滑能力之间存在显着的负相关关系3，4，5。有几个因素可能有助于减少路面摩擦，其中最直接和影响的因素之一是降雪6。具体来说，降雪会导致路面上结冰，从而显着降低道路摩擦系数7，8。一项针对影响芬兰南部交通事故率的因素的研究指出，事故率通常在大雪天达到峰值，超过10厘米的积雪会导致事故率翻倍9。在瑞典和加拿大进行的研究中也发现了类似的结果10，11。因此，研究雪冻路面的摩擦特性对于提高道路安全性至关重要。
确定结冰路面的摩擦系数是一个复杂的过程，因为摩擦系数在不同的降雪水平和路面冰厚下可能会有所不同。此外，不同的温度和轮胎特性也会影响摩擦系数。过去，已经进行了许多实验来研究轮胎在冰上的摩擦特性12.但是，由于个别环境和轮胎特性的差异，无法获得一致的结果并用作理论研究的基础。因此，许多研究人员试图开发理论模型来分析轮胎在冰上的摩擦力。Hayhoe和Sahpley13 提出了轮胎和冰界面处湿摩擦热交换的概念，而Peng等人14 提出了基于上述概念预测摩擦的高级数据模型。此外，Klapproth提出了一个创新的数学模型，用于描述粗糙橡胶在光滑冰上的摩擦15。然而，上述模型已被证明存在重大误差，主要是因为它们无法准确有效地表征轮胎在冰上的摩擦特性16。
为了减少理论模型的误差，需要大量的实验数据。芬兰气象局开发了一个用于预测结冰路面摩擦的摩擦模型，该模型的公式主要基于从道路气象站获得的数据和统计分析17。此外，Ivanović等人通过分析轮胎在冰上的摩擦特性收集了大量的实验数据，并通过回归分析计算了冰的摩擦系数18。Gao等人还通过将Levenberg-Marquardt（LM）优化算法与神经网络相结合，提出了一种新的轮胎-橡胶-冰牵引预测模型，得到了冰上摩擦系数的公式19。上述所有模型都已在实践中得到验证或应用，因此被认为是可行的。
除了理论方法外，还开发了许多实用方法来测量积雪和冰冻地区路面的摩擦系数。由于天气的特殊性，这些方法在瑞典、挪威和芬兰等北欧国家得到了广泛的应用20。在瑞典，使用以下三种主要类型的摩擦测量设备：BV11、SFT 和 BV14。BV14是专为冬季维护评估而开发的双摩擦测试仪，直接连接到测量车辆，可同时测量两个车轮路径上的干摩擦20。在芬兰，摩擦测量车（TIE 475）用于冬季道路维护评估，而在挪威，ROAR摩擦测量装置（不含水）是一种常用的设备2。在瑞典、挪威和芬兰进行的大多数冬季摩擦测量都是使用带有 ABS 的普通乘用车和测量制动2，20 下减速的仪器进行的。该方法的优点是简单且相对便宜，主要缺点是该方法的精度很低。
上述研究提供了预测和检测冰上摩擦系数的方法。但是，尚未提供统一的方法和特定的指导道路设计师价值。此外，对于冬季道路，轮胎与冰之间的摩擦系数可能因冰厚不同而有所不同，还应采取不同的处置措施21。因此，本文旨在确定不同降雪量下结冰路面的摩擦系数。
在国际上，英国便携式测试仪（BPT）和瑞典道路和运输研究所便携式摩擦测试仪（VTI PFT）是目前最常用的测量摩擦系数22，23的仪器。PFT是由VTI开发的便携式摩擦测试仪，它允许操作员在直立位置进行测量并将数据保存在计算机22上。PFT可以测量大多数轮廓道路标记，但目前可用的仪器数量仍然很少2。BPT是由英国道路研究实验室（RRL，现为TRL）开发的摆锤摩擦系数测试仪。该仪器是一种动态摆锤冲击型测试仪，用于测量橡胶滑块边缘在测试表面上推进时的能量损失。结果报告为英国钟摆数（BPN），以强调它们是特定于该测试仪的，而不是直接等同于其他设备的结果24。该仪器已被证明可用于确定实验路面领域的摩擦系数23。本实验使用BPT来确定摩擦系数。
本研究描述了测量室内不同降雪量下结冰路面摩擦系数的实验步骤。详细解释了实验中需要注意的问题，如实验校准、实验实施、数据分析方法等。本实验程序可归纳为以下五个步骤：1）设备的准备，2）降雪量的计算和分析，3）设备校准，4）摩擦系数的测定，以及5）数据分析。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Brush</td>
			<td>Shenzhen Huarui Brush Industry Co., LTD</td>
			<td>L-31</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Freezing equipment</td>
			<td>Haier Group</td>
			<td>BC/BD-251HD</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Measuring cylinder</td>
			<td>Zhaoqing High-tech Zone Qianghong Plastic Mould Co., LTD</td>
			<td>lb1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pavement thermometer&#160;</td>
			<td>Fluke Electronic Insrtument Company</td>
			<td>F62MAX</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pendulum Friction Cofficient Meter</td>
			<td>Muyang County Highway Instrument Co., LTD</td>
			<td>/</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber sheet</td>
			<td>Jiangsu Muyang Xinchen Highway Instrument Co., LTD</td>
			<td>785120123500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sliding length ruler&#160;</td>
			<td>Jiangsu Muyang Xinchen Highway Instrument Co., LTD</td>
			<td>785120123500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tripod</td>
			<td>Hangzhou Ruiqi Trading Co., LTD</td>
			<td>TRGC1169</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

determination of the friction coefficients of icy pavements under different amounts of snowfall

路面上的冰会导致摩擦系数显着降低，从而危及驾驶安全。然而，仍然没有研究提供被冰覆盖的路面的确切摩擦系数值，这对道路设计和冬季道路养护措施的选择都是不利的。因此，本文提出了一种确定冬季结冰路面摩擦系数的实验方法。实验采用了英国便携式测试仪（BPT），也称为摆锤摩擦系数计。实验分为以下五个步骤：设备的准备、降雪量的计算和分析、设备校准、摩擦系数的确定和数据分析。最终实验的准确性直接受设备精度的影响，对此进行了详细描述。此外，本文提出了一种计算相应降雪量的冰厚的方法。结果表明，即使是由非常小的降雪形成的斑块状冰也可能导致路面摩擦系数显着降低，从而危及行车安全。此外，当冰厚度达到5毫米时，摩擦系数达到峰值，这意味着应采取保护措施以避免形成此类冰。

表4中的样品7是干样品对照组，而其余样品1-6对应于从非常小雪到大暴风雪的冰厚度。
当比较样本7和其他六组时，观察到结冰显着降低了路面的摩擦系数。此外，路面摩擦系数随冰层厚度的增加而降低，冰厚趋于稳定在5 mm，相当于中雪。最终的冰摩擦系数约为干试样和湿试样表面摩擦系数的25%。
根据样本1，观察到非常小的降雪对道路摩擦?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Determination of the Friction Coefficients of Icy Pavements Under Different Amounts of Snowfall at JoVE.com

Determination of the Friction Coefficients of Icy Pavements Under Different Amounts of Snowfall

在这里，我们提出了一种确定室内不同冰厚路面摩擦系数的方法。完整的程序包括设备的准备，降雪量的计算和分析，设备校准，摩擦系数的确定和数据分析。

不同降雪量下结冰路面摩擦系数的测定

Ice on road surfaces can lead to a significant decrease in the friction coefficient, thus endangering driving safety. However, there are still no studies ...

该视频旨在展示确定结冰路面摩擦系数的过程。使用摆锤摩擦系数计。路面上的冰会导致摩擦系数显着降低，从而危及驾驶员安全。我们希望在室内建立一个完整而科学的实验程序，以确定结冰路面的摩擦系数。实验采用摆锤摩擦试验机进行，同时冻结沥青板和水层，模拟道路结冰。还模拟了不同冰层厚度的沥青板上不同程度的降雪，使结果更加直观。准备设备。首先，摆锤摩擦系数计，在实验过程中确保B P T在其表面寿命范围内，并且表面清洁且未损坏。它的组件是底座、调平螺旋、调平气泡、指针、摆锤、提升螺旋、紧固螺旋、抱团和表盘。然后对沥青板进行，保证用于实验的沥青混合料试样尺寸为30厘米×30厘米×5厘米。右图显示了用模具包裹的沥青板。接下来的冷冻设备，确保实验中使用的该设备可以在零下20摄氏度到零摄氏度之间自由调节温度。实验中使用的其他设备包括三脚架、量筒、橡胶板、路面温度计、滑动长度尺和刷子。实验中使用的橡胶板尺寸为6.35毫米×25.4毫米×76.2毫米，应符合下表中给出的质量要求。在实验过程中，确保橡胶板没有以下缺陷：一是有油渍;其次，橡胶板宽度边缘磨损大于3.2毫米。第三，橡胶板长度方向磨损大于1.6毫米。在使用新橡胶板之前，请确保在用于官方测试之前在干燥的表面上测量橡胶板 10 次。降雪量的计算和分析 该表给出了降雪等级分类，以考虑极端情况在研究条件下需要 24 小时降雪。而且，为了保证实验的方便性，将各级降雪分区的上限用于相应的计算和分析。经计算后，不同降雪水平测试在相应水量下试样如表所示。实验没有考虑异常暴风雪的影响，并将非常小的雪从1到6进行编号。设备校准 将BPT放在合适的位置。合适的位置意味着地面平坦且没有坑洼，旋转BPT底部的找平螺旋，使调平气泡保持在中间位置。松开紧固螺旋，旋转升降螺旋，使钟摆自由升降摆动。然后拧紧紧固螺旋。将摆臂放在摆台的右悬臂上，使摆臂保持在上升的脚趾位置，同时将指针旋转到与摆锤齐平的右侧。按下释放按钮，让摆臂自由摆动，然后摆锤穿过最低点。要到达最高点，请用手握住它。此时指针应指示零。如果指针未显示零点，请松开并拧紧变窄螺母，使其显示零点。将沥青板直接放在钟摆下方，同时松开紧固螺旋，使橡胶板的最低边缘接触沥青板的表面。准备滑动长度尺并将其靠近橡胶板。提起提手，使滑动长度尺的左侧刻度标记与橡胶板的最低边缘齐平。提起提手并再次向右移动摆锤，使橡胶板的最低边缘仅接触沥青板的表面。进一步观察，滑动长度珠宝商与橡胶板的边缘齐平。如果齐平，滑动长度满足 136 毫米的要求。否则，请继续以下操作。转动升降螺旋调整摆高，使滑动长度符合要求。需要重要的棕褐色。扭转底座上的水平螺旋。在调整过程中，气泡中的水平需要保持居中。摩擦系数测定。选择七块沥青板。用刷子清洁表面并在室温下自然干燥。对沥青板进行编号，依次将沥青板置于模式，同时与水层一起嗡嗡作响和冻结。将七人制样品放入冰箱中，温度控制在零下10摄氏度下24小时。冷冻后，依次调低样品，去除模式并将它们放在BPT中心，这些中心已经调平并零位使用路面厘米测量样品的表面温度并记录，进行滑动长度校准。为确保 126 毫米的滑动距离，按下摆臂释放开关，当垫臂越过最低点并摆动到用手握住的最高点时，读取和记录将摆臂和指针分别恢复到零位和水平线位置。每次测试新样品时，都应重新校准滑动长度。重复这些步骤10次。依次测量七个样品。每个样品有10个测量结果，最小值和最大值差异应小于3。数据分析记录表中的数据和平均测量结果得到的平均值使测得的温度值达到等效值。要获得温度补偿值，请从表中的平均BPN值中减去补偿的BPN值，以获得最终的温度补偿BPN值，绘制表四中的最终BPN值和条形图以获得更直观的结果。代表性结果：比较样品7和其他6组时，我认为观察到路面的摩擦系数显着降低。基于样本，一个非常轻的雪力不会对路面摩擦系数产生严重影响。对于样品二、样品三和样品四，观察到样品四、五和六的表面摩擦系数逐渐降低。最终的平均 BPM 值是相同的。这可能表明冰层的道路摩擦系数趋于稳定，不需要另一种较厚的冰层测量。条形图可以更好地反映摩擦系数的宽比。样品一表示结冰后粘附在路面上的非常轻的雪，导致路面摩擦系数降低，与干燥样品相比，其BPM值降低了约43%。样本二、样本三和样本四分别对应小雪和大雪。其中，中雪的BPM值仅为小雪的一半，因为小雪对应的冰层厚度最小值为2。样品表面的微观结构仍然影响摩擦系数值，BPN较大。大雪、暴风雪和大暴风雪样本的BPN相同，可以阻止冰厚度达到11最小值。橡胶板不能再通过压实冰层使冰层变形。结论：采用摆锤摩擦系数测试仪测定7块沥青板的摩擦系数，并对最终结果进行温度校正。由此可见，路面结冰对摩擦系数的影响确实显著，即使是轻微的积雪也会产生斑块的冰块，使路面的摩擦系数降低约40%，最终结果可为道路设计和冬季路面养护提供参考。

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Mechanical Engineering

Engineering

Unit 1

Friction

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

Preparation and Friction Force Microscopy Measurements of Immiscible, Opposing Polymer Brushes

互溶的测量准备和摩擦力显微镜，反对聚合物刷

Solvated polymer brushes are well known to lubricate high-pressure contacts, because they can sustain a positive normal load while maintaining low ...

科研

工程学

Development of an Experimental Setup for the Measurement of the Coefficient of Restitution under Vacuum Conditions

实验装置的研制归还系数在真空条件下测量

The Discrete Element Method is used for the simulation of particulate systems to describe and analyze them, to predict and afterwards optimize their ...

Experimental Protocol to Investigate Particle Aerosolization of a Product Under Abrasion and Under Environmental Weathering

实验协议来调查产品的粒子雾化在耐磨和环境下风化

The present article presents an experimental protocol to investigate particle aerosolization of a product under abrasion and under environmental ...

In Situ Visualization of the Phase Behavior of Oil Samples Under Refinery Process Conditions

In Situ Visualization of the Phase Behavior of Oil Samples Under Refinery Process Conditions

在油样品的相行为在炼油工艺条件的原位可视化

To help address production issues in refineries caused by the fouling of process units and lines, we have developed a setup as well as a method to ...

A Novel Biaxial Testing Apparatus for the Determination of Forming Limit under Hot Stamping Conditions

一种新型双轴试验设备的成形极限的下烫印条件的决定

The hot stamping and cold die quenching process is increasingly used to form complex shaped structural components of sheet metals. Conventional ...

Determination of the Excitation and Coupling Rates Between Light Emitters and Surface Plasmon Polaritons

光发射器与表面等离子体极化激元的激发和耦合速率的测定

We have developed a unique method to measure the excitation and coupling rates between the light emitters and surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) arising ...

One-Step Approach to Fabricating Polydimethylsiloxane Microfluidic Channels of Different Geometric Sections by Sequential Wet Etching Processes

连续湿法刻蚀法制作不同几何断面烷微流控通道的一步法

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) materials are substantially exploited to fabricate microfluidic devices by using soft lithography replica molding techniques. ...

Generating Lap Joints Via Friction Stir Spot Welding on DP780 Steel

通过 DP780 钢上的摩擦搅拌点焊生成圈接头

Friction stir spot welding (FSSW), a derivative of friction stir welding (FSW), is a solid-state welding technique that was developed in 1991. An industry ...

Accurate Determination of the Equilibrium Surface Tension Values with Area Perturbation Tests

通过区域扰动测试精确测定平衡表面张力值

We demonstrate two robust protocols for determining the equilibrium surface tension (EST) values with area perturbation tests. The EST values should be ...

Determination of Aggregate Surface Morphology at the Interfacial Transition Zone (ITZ)

Determination of Aggregate Surface Morphology at the Interfacial Transition Zone ITZ

在界面过渡区（ITZ）的聚合曲面形态测定

Here, we present a comprehensive method to illustrate the uneven distribution of the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) around the aggregate and the effect ...