Name: using single-worm data to quantify heterogeneity in caenorhabditis elegans-bacterial interactions
Uploaded: 2022-07-22T14:20:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using Single-Worm Data to Quantify Heterogeneity in Caenorhabditis elegans-Bacterial Interactions at JoVE.com

Forfatterne vil gerne anerkende H. Schulenberg og C. LaRock for deres generøse deling af bakteriestammer, der anvendes i disse eksperimenter. Dette arbejde blev støttet af finansiering fra Emory University og NSF (PHY2014173).

Orme, der blev brugt i disse eksperimenter, blev opnået fra Caenorhabditis Genetic Center, som finansieres af NIH Office of Research Infrastructure Programs (P40 OD010440). Bristol N2 er vildtypen. DAF-2/IGF-mutanter daf-16(mu86) I (CGC CF1038) og daf-2(e1370) III (CGC CB1370) bruges til at illustrere forskelle i tarmbakteriebelastning.
HT115(DE3) E. coli , der bærer pos-1 RNAi-vektoren , er fra Ahringer-biblioteket21. MYb-...

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Her præsenteres data om fordelene ved enkeltormkvantificering af bakteriebelastning i C. elegans sammen med en 96-brønds afbrydelsesprotokol for at muliggøre hurtig og konsekvent erhvervelse af store datasæt af denne type. Sammenlignet med eksisterende metoder33 tillader disse protokoller måling af tarmmikrobielle samfund med højere kapacitet i ormen.
Denne tilgang har plettering som et hastighedsbegrænsende trin og er ikke virkelig "high-throughput". Cy...

Heterogenitet i værtsmikrobeforeninger observeres allestedsnærværende, og variation mellem individer anerkendes i stigende grad som en medvirkende faktor i processer på befolkningsniveau fra konkurrence og sameksistens1 til sygdomsoverførsel 2,3,4. I C. elegans er "skjult heterogenitet" inden for isogene populationer blevet observeret gentagne gange, hvor underpopulationer af individer viser forskellige fænotyper i varmechokrespons 5,6, aldring og levetid 7,8,9,10,11 og mange andre aspekter af fysiologi og udvikling12 . De fleste analyser, der forsøger at identificere subpopulationsstruktur, giver bevis for to underpopulationer i eksperimentelle populationer af isogene, synkroniserede orme 5,7,8, selvom andre data antyder muligheden for fordeling af træk inden for befolkningen snarere end forskellige grupper 7,12,13 . Af relevans her observeres betydelig heterogenitet i tarmpopulationer selv inden for isogene populationer af orme koloniseret fra en fælles kilde til mikrober 13,14,15,16, og denne heterogenitet kan skjules af batchfordøjelsesmålingerne, der er meget udbredt 17,18,19,20 til bakteriel kvantificering i ormen.
Dette arbejde præsenterer data, der tyder på et behov for større afhængighed af enkeltormmålinger i værtsmikrobeforening samt protokoller for at øge nøjagtigheden og gennemstrømningen i enkeltormforstyrrelse. Disse protokoller er designet til at lette mekanisk forstyrrelse af et stort antal individuelle C. elegans til kvantificering af levedygtig bakteriebelastning, samtidig med at de giver bedre repeterbarhed og lavere indsats pr. Prøve end pestlebaseret forstyrrelse af individuelle orme. Et anbefalet tarmrensningstrin, hvor orme får lov til at fodre med varmedræbt E. coli inden forberedelsen til afbrydelse, er inkluderet for at minimere bidrag fra nyligt indtagne og andre forbigående (ikke-klæbende) bakterier. Disse protokoller inkluderer en koldlammelsesmetode til rengøring af neglebåndet med en lavkoncentrationsoverfladeblegebehandling; overfladeblegning kan bruges som et forberedende trin i enkeltormforstyrrelse eller som en metode til fremstilling af levende, eksternt kimfrie orme. Denne overfladeblegningsmetode er tilstrækkelig til at fjerne en bred vifte af eksterne mikrober, og koldbehandling giver et alternativ til konventionel levamisolbaseret lammelse; mens levamisol vil blive foretrukket til koldfølsomme eksperimenter, minimerer koldlammelse bidrag til farlige affaldsstrømme og muliggør hurtig genoptagelse af normal aktivitet. Mens den fulde protokol beskriver et laboratorieforsøg, hvor orme koloniseres med kendte bakterier, kan procedurerne for rengøring af orme og enkeltormforstyrrelse let anvendes på orme isoleret fra vilde prøver eller koloniseret i mikrokosmoseksperimenter. De protokoller, der er beskrevet her, producerer levende bakterier ekstraheret fra ormtarmen, der er egnede til plettering og kvantificering af kolonidannende enheder (CFU'er) i individuelle orme; til sekventeringsbaseret analyse af tarmsamfundet bør efterfølgende cellelysis- og nukleinsyreekstraktionstrin tilføjes til disse protokoller.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well flat-bottom polypropylene plates, 300 uL</td>
			<td>Evergreen Labware</td>
			<td>290-8350-03F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well plate sealing mat, silicon, square wells (AxyMat)</td>
			<td>Axygen</td>
			<td>AM-2ML-SQ</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well plates, 2 mL, square wells</td>
			<td>Axygen</td>
			<td>P-2ML-SQ-C-S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well polypropylene plate lids</td>
			<td>Evergreen Labware</td>
			<td>290-8020-03L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agar</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>443570050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bead mill adapter set for 96-well plates</td>
			<td>QIAGEN</td>
			<td>119900</td>
			<td>Adapter plates for use with two 96-well plates on the TissueLyser II</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bead mill tissue homogenizer (TissueLyser II)</td>
			<td>QIAGEN</td>
			<td>85300</td>
			<td>Mechanical homogenizer for medium to high-throughput sample disruption</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BioSorter</td>
			<td>Union Biometrica</td>
			<td>By quotation</td>
			<td>Large object sorter equipped with a 250 micron focus for C. elegans</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bleach, commercial, 8.25% sodium hypochlorite</td>
			<td>Clorox</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Breathe-Easy 96-well gas permeable sealing membrane</td>
			<td>Diversified Biotech</td>
			<td>BEM-1</td>
			<td>Multiwell plate gas permeable polyurethane membranes. Thin sealing film is permeable to O2, CO2, and water vapors and is UV transparent down to 300 nm. Sterile, 100/box.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium chloride dihydrate</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AC423525000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cholesterol</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>AAA11470-30</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Citric acid monohydrate</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AC124910010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AC197722500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Corning 6765 LSE Mini Microcentrifuge</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>&#160;COR-6765</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disodium EDTA</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>409971000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DL 1,4 Dithiothreitol, 99+%, for mol biology, DNAse, RNAse and Protease free, ACROS Organics</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>327190010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eppendorf 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tubes, natural</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eppendorf 5424R microcentrifuge</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5406000640</td>
			<td>24-place refrigerated benchtop microcentrifuge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eppendorf 5810R centrifuge with rotor S-4-104</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>22627040</td>
			<td>3L benchtop centrifuge with adaptors for 15-50 mL tubes and plates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eppendorf plate bucket (x2), for Rotor S-4-104</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>22638930</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol 100%</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP2818500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass beads, 2.7 mm</td>
			<td>Life Science Products</td>
			<td>LS-79127</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass beads, acid-washed, 425-600 &#181;m</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G877-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass plating beads</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>76005-124</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrochloric acid</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>BDH7204-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iron (II) sulfate heptahydrate</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>423731000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kimble Kontes pellet pestle motor</td>
			<td>DWK Life Sciences</td>
			<td>749540-0000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kimble Kontes polypropylene pellet pestles and microtubes, 0.5 mL</td>
			<td>DWK Life Sciences</td>
			<td>749520-0590</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leica DMi8 motorized inverted microscope with motorized stage</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>11889113</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leica LAS X Premium software</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>11640687</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AC124900010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Manganese(II) chloride tetrahydrate</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>470301-706</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PARAFILM M flexible laboratory sealing film</td>
			<td>Amcor</td>
			<td>PM996</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Peptone</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP1420-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dishes, round, 10 cm</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>25384-094</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dishes, round, 6 cm</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>25384-092</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dishes, square, 10 x 10 cm</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>10799-140</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phospho-buffered saline (1X PBS)</td>
			<td>Gold Bio</td>
			<td>P-271-200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polypropylene autoclave tray, shallow</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>13-361-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium hydroxide</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AC134062500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium phosphate dibasic</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP363-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium phosphate monobasic</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP362-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>R 4.1.3/RStudio 2022.02.0 build 443</td>
			<td>R Foundation</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scoop-type laboratory spatula, metal</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>470149-438</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicon carbide 36 grit</td>
			<td>MJR Tumblers</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>Black extra coarse silicon carbide grit. Available in 0.5-5 lb sizes from this vendor.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium dodecyl sulfate</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP166-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium hydroxide</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>BDH7247-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium phosphate dibasic anhydrous</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP332-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodum chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP358-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AC419760010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tri-potassium citrate monohydrate</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AC611755000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP151-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zinc sulfate heptahydrate</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AC205982500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

using single-worm data to quantify heterogeneity in caenorhabditis elegans-bacterial interactions

Nematoden Caenorhabditis elegans er et modelsystem for værtsmikrobe- og værtsmikrobiominteraktioner. Mange undersøgelser til dato bruger batchfordøjelser snarere end individuelle ormprøver til at kvantificere bakteriebelastning i denne organisme. Her hævdes det, at den store interindividuelle variabilitet, der ses i bakteriel kolonisering af C. elegans tarm, er informativ, og at batchfordøjelsesmetoder kasserer information, der er vigtig for nøjagtig sammenligning på tværs af betingelser. Da beskrivelsen af variationen i disse prøver kræver et stort antal individer, etableres en bekvem 96-brønds pladeprotokol til forstyrrelse og kolonibelægning af individuelle orme.

Blegestilisering af levende orme Overfladeblegede orme er effektivt fri for eksterne bakterier, indtil bevægeligheden vender tilbage, og udskillelsen genoptages. Under de betingelser, der anvendes her, observeres hurtig udryddelse af bakterier i buffer (figur 1A-C, supplerende figur 2, video 1) uden at forstyrre de tarmassocierede bakterier i koldlammede orme (figur 1D-F, video 2</st...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using Single-Worm Data to Quantify Heterogeneity in Caenorhabditis elegans-Bacterial Interactions at JoVE.com

Using Single-Worm Data to Quantify Heterogeneity in Caenorhabditis elegans-Bacterial Interactions

Denne protokol beskriver en 96-brønds forstyrrelse af individuelle bakterielt koloniserede Caenorhabditis elegans efter kold lammelse og overfladeblegning for at fjerne eksterne bakterier. Den resulterende suspension er belagt på agarplader for at muliggøre nøjagtig kvantificering af bakteriebelastningen i et stort antal individuelle orme.

Brug af enkeltormdata til at kvantificere heterogenitet i Caenorhabditis elegans-bakterielle interaktioner

The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a model system for host-microbe and host-microbiome interactions. Many studies to date use batch digests rather ...

Denne protokol demonstrerer mekanisk forstyrrelse af havets elegans. I et 96-brøndformat, der muliggør kvantificering af bakteriel belastning i individuelle orme. Denne teknik øger hastigheden og ensartetheden af mekanisk forstyrrelse sammenlignet med Pasel-baserede metoder, der gør det muligt for forskere nemt at producere større datasæt af målinger af høj kvalitet af en enkelt orm.Denne teknik involverer mange bevægelige dele, og det er let at miste din plads. Sørg for, at du har alle materialer, mærkede rør, buffere og plader sat op, inden du begynder. Demonstration af proceduren vil være Megan Taylor, en forskningsspecialistleder fra mit laboratorium.Begynd med at suspendere ormprøven i en milliliter M ni TX nul en i et mikrocentrifugerør. Saml de voksne orme ved centrifugering og kassér supernatanten. Brug af de samme centrifugeringsparametre.Skyl ormene to gange med en milliliter M9TX01 og en gang med en milliliter M9 ormbuffer for at minimere de eksterne bakterier. Derefter suspenderes hver prøve i en milliliter S-medium plus to x varmedræbte OP50 i et kulturrør. Inkuber rørene ved 25 grader Celsius i 20 til 30 minutter for at passere de ikke-vedhæftede bakterier fra tarmen.Efter inkubation skylles de rensede orme to gange med en milliliter kold M9TX01 og kasseres supernatanten. Sæt rørene på is i 10 minutter for at lamme ormene. Tilsæt derefter en milliliter iskold M ni ormbuffer med uparfumeret blegemiddel til hvert rør.Inkuber rørene på is i mindst 10 minutter for at dræbe eksterne bakterier. Kassér blegemiddelbufferen, og sæt rørene tilbage til isen for at forhindre ormene i at pumpe. Derefter tilsættes en milliliter kold M9TX01 til hvert rør og centrifuge i fem sekunder.I en minicentrifuge. Sæt rørene tilbage på is, og fjern supernatanten. Gentag dette trin én gang.Til kemisk permeabilisering af orm neglebånd. Overfør rørene indeholdende ormene i 20 mikroliter buffer til et rørstativ ved stuetemperatur. Derefter tilsættes 100 mikroliter SDS / DTT-opløsning til hver varm prøve.Inkuber rørene i op til otte minutter på bænken for delvist at nedbryde neglebåndet af de voksne orme. På dette tidspunkt vil ormene dø og slå sig ned i bunden af røret. Efter inkubation kasseres SDS/DTT-supernatanten forsigtigt.Tilsæt derefter en milliliter M9TX01 til hvert rør og centrifuger kort for at pelletere ormene. Kassér supernatanten og suspender ormene igen i en milliliter M ni ormbuffer med 0,1% Triton x-100. For at forberede sig på mekanisk forstyrrelse af orme skal du opnå en steril to milliliter dyb brønd 96 brøndplade og et silikonepladedæksel.Brug en steril scoop spatel til at tilføje en lille mængde sterilt 36 gitter silikonecarbid til hver brønd, så gitteret næppe dækker bunden af brønden. Tilsæt 180 mikroliter M ni ormbuffer til hver brønd. Mærk søjlerne og rækkerne, og dæk derefter pladen løst med silikonepladen.Overfør derefter de permeabiliserede orme til en lille petriskål med M9TX01 fyldt op til en dybde på en centimeter. Ved hjælp af en dissekering mikroskop pipetteres individuelle orme i 20 mikroliter volumener og overfør dem til individuelle brønde på 96 brøndpladen for at skubbe eventuelle orme, der sidder fast på pipetten, aspirere 20 mikroliter M9TX01 fra et klart område af petriskålen og frigive den tilbage i skålen. Når alle orme er overført, dækkes 96-brøndpladen med et ark fleksibel loftfilm med papirbagsiden vendt nedad mod prøvebrøndene.Placer silikone loftsmåtten let oven på den fleksible loftfilm uden at trykke dækslet ned i brøndene. Placer pladen ved fire grader Celsius i 30 til 60 minutter for at forhindre overophedning under forstyrrelse. Efter afkøling af pladen trykkes silikone loftmåtten fast ned i brøndene for at forsegle dem.Fastgør derefter plader i vævsforstyrrelsen. Ryst pladerne i et minut ved 30 hertz. Drej derefter pladerne med 180 grader og gentag omrystningen i et minut.Bank pladerne godt på bænken to eller tre gange for at løsne grus fra den fleksible loftfilm. Centrifuge pladen sæt 2.400 gange G i to minutter for at indsamle prøverne i bunden af brøndene. Fjern derefter silikonelåget og træk loftsfilmen af.For at forberede ti gange seriel fortynding af ormfordøjelserne skal du fylde 180 mikroliter af en X PBS i række B til D af en 96 brøndplade. Ved hjælp af en multi-well pipetter indstillet til 200 mikroliter, blandes ormens fordøjelse langsomt ved pipettering. Den maksimale mængde væske overføres til række A på den 96 brøndplade, der indeholder PBS.Brug en flerkanalspipette til at fjerne 20 mikroliter fra øverste række og dispensere i række B.Efterfulgt af blanding. Gentag dette trin for række B til C og derefter række C til D for at få en 1000 gange fortynding Til bakteriel kvantificering af monokoloniserede orme. Plade 10 til 20 mikroliter af hver fortynding på faste agarplader.Til kolonisering af flere arter, plade 100 mikroliter af hver fortynding på 10 centimeter agarplader. Ved hjælp af denne protokol blev effektiv ekstern desinficering observeret efter overfladeblegning af kolde lammede orme set ved nedgangen i eksterne bakterier i buffer. Uden at påvirke de tarmassocierede bakterier.Manuel forstyrrelse af orme resulterede i mere heterogenitet. Silikonecarbidgrus var ideel til forstyrrelser med eller uden Tri Andex. I 96-brøndmetoden var store glasperler ikke egnede til 96-brøndteknikken.Små glasperler gav ensartede resultater, men tilstoppede røret i spidsen. Orme koloniseret på den samme pulje af bakterier viste stor variation i tarmbelastningen, når de blev observeret for individuelle bakterier og bakteriesamfund med flere arter. Orme koloniseret med bakterier, der udtrykker GFP, viste heterogenitet i individuelle ormmålinger.For denne GFP udtrykker bakteriestamme, der sammenligner koloniseringen af vildtype Bristol Len to orme. Til DAF viste to IGF-mutanter, at DAF 16-mutanten understøtter større populationer af bakterier, mens DAF to er resistente over for kolonisering. Denne heterogenitet var karakteristisk og konsistent over forskellige kørsler af det samme eksperiment.Prøveudtagning af data til simulering af batchfordøjelser viste sig at ændre fordelingen sammenlignet med individuelle ormdata. Den batchekstrapolerede CFU pr. orm var centreret omkring det aritmetiske gennemsnit af de enkelte data, hvilket førte til tab af biologisk variation. I stedet for at fortsætte med at fordøje levende overfladeblegemiddel og skylleorme kan bruges til yderligere eksperimenter.Bevægelsen genoptages hurtigt, når orme fjernes fra kulden.

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Using Single-Worm Data to Quantify Heterogeneity in Caenorhabditis elegans-Bacterial Interactions

Analysis of Schwann-astrocyte Interactions Using In Vitro Assays

Analysis of Schwann-astrocyte Interactions Using In Vitro Assays

Schwann cells are one of the commonly used cells in repair strategies following spinal cord injuries. Schwann cells are capable of supporting axonal ...

Time-lapse Microscopy of Early Embryogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans

Time-lapse Microscopy of Early Embryogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans has often been used as a model system in studies of early developmental processes.  The transparency of the 
embryos, the genetic ...

Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model System to Study Protein Homeostasis in a Multicellular Organism

Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model System to Study Protein Homeostasis in a Multicellular Organism

The folding and assembly of proteins is essential for protein function, the long-term health of the cell, and longevity of the organism. Historically, the ...

Using Coculture to Detect Chemically Mediated Interspecies Interactions

Brug cokultur Detect Kemisk medierede interspecies Interaktioner

In nature, bacteria rarely exist in isolation; they are instead surrounded by a diverse array of other microorganisms that alter the local environment by ...

A Screenable In Vivo Assay for Mitochondrial Modulators Using Transgenic Bioluminescent Caenorhabditis elegans

A Screenable In Vivo Assay for Mitochondrial Modulators Using Transgenic Bioluminescent Caenorhabditis elegans

En screenbar<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Assay for mitokondrie modulatorer Brug Transgene Bioluminescent<em&gt; Caenorhabditis elegans</em

The multicellular model organism Caenorhabditis elegans is a small nematode of approximately 1 mm in size in adulthood that is genetically and ...

Techniques to Induce and Quantify Cellular Senescence

Teknikker til at fremkalde og kvantificere cellesenescens

In response to cellular stress or damage, proliferating cells can induce a specific program that initiates a state of long-term cell-cycle arrest, termed ...

Methods to Study Changes in Inherent Protein Aggregation with Age in Caenorhabditis elegans

Methods to Study Changes in Inherent Protein Aggregation with Age in Caenorhabditis elegans

Metoder til undersøgelse ændringer i iboende Protein sammenlægning med alder i Caenorhabditis elegans

In the last decades, the prevalence of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), has grown. These ...

Nasal Potential Difference to Quantify Trans-epithelial Ion Transport in Mice

Nasal potentielle forskel at kvantificere Trans-epitelial Ion Transport i mus

The nasal potential difference test has been used for almost three decades to assist in the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis (CF). It has proven to be helpful ...

Using Caenorhabditis elegans to Screen for Tissue-Specific Chaperone Interactions

Using Caenorhabditis elegans to Screen for Tissue-Specific Chaperone Interactions

Brug caenorhabditis elegans til skærmen for vævsspecifikke chaperone interaktioner

Correct folding and assembly of proteins and protein complexes are essential for cellular function. Cells employ quality control pathways that correct, ...

High-Throughput Live Imaging of Microcolonies to Measure Heterogeneity in Growth and Gene Expression

High-Throughput Live Imaging af mikrokolonier til måling af heterogenitet i vækst og genekspression

Precise measurements of between- and within-strain heterogeneity in microbial growth rates are essential for understanding genetic and environmental ...