Name: development of knock-out muscle cell lines using lentivirus-mediated crispr/cas9 gene editing
Uploaded: 2022-06-16T14:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Development of Knock-Out Muscle Cell Lines using Lentivirus-Mediated CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing at JoVE.com

This work was funded by grants from Association Fran&#231;aise contre les myopathies (AFM-T&#233;l&#233;thon) and from Auvergne-Rh&#244;ne Alpes R&#233;gion (AURA).

Muscle biopsies were obtained from the Bank of Tissues for Research (Myobank, a partner in the EU network EuroBioBank, Paris, France) in accordance with European recommendations and French legislation. Written informed consent was obtained from all individuals. Immortalized myoblasts were kindly produced by Dr. V. Mouly (Myology Institute, Paris, France), and the protocols were approved by Myology Institute ethic committee (MESRI, n AC-2019-3502).
1. CRISPR guide design
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A major step on the way to the characterization of genes of unknown function involved in pathologies is the development of relevant cellular models to study the function of these genes. The use of gene editing using CRISPR/Cas9 is an exponentially growing field of research, and the development of knock-out models as presented here is among its most widely used applications. In this context, we propose here a versatile protocol to develop a human cell line knock-out in any gene of interest, allowing the characterization o...

With the progress of gene sequencing and the identification of mutations in genes of unknown functions in a specific tissue, the development of relevant cellular models to understand the function of a new target gene and confirm its involvement in the related pathophysiological mechanisms constitutes an essential tool. In addition, these models are of major importance for future therapeutic developments1,2, and constitute an interesting alternative to the development of knock-out animal models in straight line with the international recommendations for reduction in the use of animals in experimentation. Gene editing using CRISPR/Cas9 is among the most powerful tools currently available, which has allowed the development of many knock-out/knock-in models, and targeted gene validation using CRISPR/Cas9 is among the most widely used application of CRISPR/Cas93. The success of gene editing relies on the ability to introduce the CRISPR tools (the guide RNAs and the nuclease Cas9) in the target cell model, which can be a challenge in many difficult-to-transfect cells, such as muscle cells4. This challenge can be overcome with the use of virus, usually lentivirus, which has the great advantage to transduce efficiently many cell types and deliver its transgene. But its major drawback is the integration of the transgene in the host cell genome, leading to potential alteration of genes localized at the integration site and to the permanent expression of the transgene, which in the case of the nuclease Cas9 would result in damaging consequences5. A smart solution has been proposed by Merienne and colleagues6, which consists of introduction into the cells of a guide-RNA targeting the Cas9 gene itself, leading to Cas9 inactivation. An adaptation of this strategy is presented here as a user friendly and versatile protocol allowing to knock-out virtually any gene in difficult-to-transfect cells.
The goal of the protocol presented here is to induce the inactivation of a gene of interest in immortalized muscle cells. It can be used to knock-out any gene of interest, in different types of immortalized cells. The protocol described here contains steps to design the guide RNAs and their cloning into lentiviral plasmids, to produce the CRISPR tools in lentiviral vectors, to transduce the cells with the different lentiviruses, and to clone the cells to produce a homogenous edited cell line.
Using this protocol, immortalized human skeletal muscle cells have been developed with deletion of the type 1 ryanodine receptor (RyR1), an essential calcium channel involved in intracellular calcium release and muscle contraction7. The knock-out (KO) of the gene has been confirmed at the protein level using Western blot, and at the functional level using calcium imaging.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-CACNA1S antibody</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>HPA048892</td>
			<td>Primary antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blp I</td>
			<td>NE BioLabs</td>
			<td>R0585S</td>
			<td>Restriction enzyme</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CalPhos Mammalian Transfection Kit</td>
			<td>Takara</td>
			<td>631312&#160;</td>
			<td>Transfection kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Easy blot anti Mouse IgG</td>
			<td>GeneTex</td>
			<td>GTX221667-01</td>
			<td>HRP secondary antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Easy blot anti Rabbit IgG</td>
			<td>GeneTex</td>
			<td>GTX221666</td>
			<td>HRP secondary antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluo-4 direct</td>
			<td>Molecular Probes</td>
			<td>F10472</td>
			<td>Calcium imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GAPDH(14C10) Rabbit mAb&#160;</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technology</td>
			<td>#2118</td>
			<td>Primary antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HindIII</td>
			<td>Fermentas</td>
			<td>ER0501</td>
			<td>Restriction enzyme</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>InFusion HD Precision Plus</td>
			<td>Takara</td>
			<td>638920</td>
			<td>Ligation kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MasterMix Phusion High Fidelity with GC</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>F532L</td>
			<td>Mix for PCR reaction with High fidelity Taq polymerase and dNTPs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Myosin Heavy Chain antibody</td>
			<td>DHSB</td>
			<td>MF20</td>
			<td>Primary antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NucleoBond Xtra Maxi EF</td>
			<td>Macherey-Nagel</td>
			<td>REF&#160;740424</td>
			<td>Maxipreparation kit for purification of plasmids</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NucleoSpin Gel and PCR Clean-up</td>
			<td>Macherey-Nagel</td>
			<td>740609</td>
			<td>DNA purification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NucleoSpin Tissue</td>
			<td>Macherey-Nagel</td>
			<td>740952</td>
			<td>Kit for DNA extraction from cell</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>One Shot Stbl3 Chemically Competent&#160;E. coli</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>C737303</td>
			<td>Chemically competent cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plasmid #87904</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>87904</td>
			<td>Lentiviral plasmid encoding the SpCas9 (for LV-Cas9)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plasmid #87919</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>87919</td>
			<td>Lentiviral backbone for insertion of cassette with guides (for LV-guide-target)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plasmid #12260</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>12260</td>
			<td>Lentiviral plasmid encoding lentiviral packaging GAG POL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plasmid #8454</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>8454</td>
			<td>Lentiviral plasmid encoding envelope protein for producing lentiviral and MuLV retroviral particles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>V5 Tag Monoclonal Antibody</td>
			<td>Invitrogene</td>
			<td>R96025&#160;</td>
			<td>Primary antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>XL10-Gold Ultracompetent Cells</td>
			<td>Agilent</td>
			<td>200317</td>
			<td>Chemically competent cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xma I</td>
			<td>NE BioLabs</td>
			<td>R0180S</td>
			<td>Restriction enzyme</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

development of knock-out muscle cell lines using lentivirus-mediated crispr/cas9 gene editing

One important application of clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas 9 is the development of knock-out cell lines, specifically to study the function of new genes/proteins associated with a disease, identified during the genetic diagnosis. For the development of such cell lines, two major issues have to be untangled: insertion of the CRISPR tools (the Cas9 and the guide RNA) with high efficiency into the chosen cells, and restriction of the Cas9 activity to the specific deletion of the chosen gene. The protocol described here is dedicated to the insertion of the CRISPR tools in difficult to transfect cells, such as muscle cells. This protocol is based on the use of lentiviruses, produced with plasmids publicly available, for which all the cloning steps are described to target a gene of interest. The control of Cas9 activity has been performed using an adaptation of a previously described system called KamiCas9, in which the transduction of the cells with a lentivirus encoding a guide RNA targeting the Cas9 allows the progressive abolition of Cas9 expression. This protocol has been applied to the development of a RYR1-knock out human muscle cell line, which has been further characterized at the protein and functional level, to confirm the knockout of this important calcium channel involved in muscle intracellular calcium release and in excitation-contraction coupling. The procedure described here can easily be applied to other genes in muscle cells or in other difficult to transfect cells and produce valuable tools to study these genes in human cells.

This protocol was applied to immortalized myoblasts from a healthy subject15 (so-called HM cells, for human myoblasts), in which the RyR1 has been previously characterized16, in order to knock out the RYR1 gene encoding the RyR1 protein. The design of the guides RNA was made to delete the sequence encompassing part of exon 101 and intron 101 of the gene. Deletion of part of exon 101 is foreseen to result in disruption of the reading frame. In addition, exon 101 enc...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Development of Knock-Out Muscle Cell Lines using Lentivirus-Mediated CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing at JoVE.com

Development of Knock-Out Muscle Cell Lines using Lentivirus-Mediated CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing

The protocol describes how to generate knock-out myoblasts using CRISPR/Cas9, starting from the design of guide-RNAs to the cellular cloning and characterization of the knock-out clones.

One important application of clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas 9 is the development of knock-out cell lines, ...

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