Name: in vivo vascular permeability detection in mouse submandibular gland
Uploaded: 2022-08-04T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vivo Vascular Permeability Detection in Mouse Submandibular Gland at JoVE.com

이 연구는 중국 국립 자연 과학 재단 (보조금 31972908, 81991500, 81991502, 81771093 및 81974151)과 베이징 자연 과학 재단 (보조금 7202082)의 지원을 받았습니다.

모든 실험 절차는 북경대학 보건과학센터 동물연구윤리위원회의 승인을 받았으며 실험동물의 관리 및 사용 가이드(NIH 간행물 제85-23호, 1996년 개정)를 준수했습니다. 8-10주의 연령 그룹의 수컷 야생형(WT) 마우스를 본 연구에 사용하였다. 실험동물은 통증과 불편함을 최소화하기 위해 조심스럽게 처리하였다.
1. 동물 절차
<ol><li>마취제와 추적자를 준비하고 투여?...

<ol>
	<li>Carpenter, G. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+secretion,+components,+and+properties+of+saliva.">The secretion, components, and properties of saliva.</a> Annual Review of Food Science and Technology. 4, 267-276 (2013).</li><li>Garrett, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+proper+role+of+nerves+in+salivary+secretion:+A+review.">The proper role of nerves in salivary secretion: A review.</a> Journal of Dental Research. 66 (2), 387-397 (1987).</li><li>Berndt, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tight+junction+proteins+at+the+blood-brain+barrier:+Far+more+than+claudin-5.">Tight junction proteins at the blood-brain barrier: Far more than claudin-5.</a> Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 76 (10), 1987-2002 (2019).</li><li>Cong, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Disruption+of+endothelial+barrier+function+is+linked+with+hyposecretion+and+lymphocytic+infiltration+in+salivary+glands+of+Sj&#246;gren's+syndrome.">Disruption of endothelial barrier function is linked with hyposecretion and lymphocytic infiltration in salivary glands of Sj&#246;gren's syndrome.</a> Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Molecular Basis of Disease. 1864 (10), 3154-3163 (2018).</li><li>Helmchen, F., Denk, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deep+tissue+two-photon+microscopy.">Deep tissue two-photon microscopy.</a> Nature Methods. 2 (12), 932-940 (2005).</li><li>Zipfel, W. 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W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nonlinear+magic:+Multiphoton+microscopy+in+the+biosciences.">Nonlinear magic: Multiphoton microscopy in the biosciences.</a> Nature Biotechnology. 21 (11), 1369-1377 (2003).</li><li>Masedunskas, A., Sramkova, M., Weigert, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Homeostasis+of+the+apical+plasma+membrane+during+regulated+exocytosis+in+the+salivary+glands+of+live+rodents.">Homeostasis of the apical plasma membrane during regulated exocytosis in the salivary glands of live rodents.</a> Bioarchitecture. 1 (5), 225-229 (2011).</li><li>Masedunskas, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+for+the+actomyosin+complex+in+regulated+exocytosis+revealed+by+intravital+microscopy.">Role for the actomyosin complex in regulated exocytosis revealed by intravital microscopy.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (33), 13552-13557 (2011).</li><li>Balda, M. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+dissociation+of+paracellular+permeability+and+transepithelial+electrical+resistance+and+disruption+of+the+apical-basolateral+intramembrane+diffusion+barrier+by+expression+of+a+mutant+tight+junction+membrane+protein.">Functional dissociation of paracellular permeability and transepithelial electrical resistance and disruption of the apical-basolateral intramembrane diffusion barrier by expression of a mutant tight junction membrane protein.</a> The Journal of Cell Biology. 134 (4), 1031-1049 (1996).</li><li>Enis, D. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction,+differentiation,+and+remodeling+of+blood+vessels+after+transplantation+of+Bcl-2-transduced+endothelial+cells.">Induction, differentiation, and remodeling of blood vessels after transplantation of Bcl-2-transduced endothelial cells.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 102 (2), 425-430 (2005).</li><li>Wang, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+digital+subtraction+angiography+in+canine+hindlimb+arteriography.">Application of digital subtraction angiography in canine hindlimb arteriography.</a> Vascular. 30 (3), 474-480 (2022).</li><li>Trani, M., Dejana, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+insights+in+the+control+of+vascular+permeability:+vascular+endothelial-cadherin+and+other+players.">New insights in the control of vascular permeability: vascular endothelial-cadherin and other players.</a> Current Opinion in Hematology. 22 (3), 267-272 (2015).</li><li>Viazzi, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vascular+permeability,+blood+pressure,+and+organ+damage+in+primary+hypertension.">Vascular permeability, blood pressure, and organ damage in primary hypertension.</a> Hypertension Research. 31 (5), 873-879 (2008).</li><li>Scheppke, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinal+vascular+permeability+suppression+by+topical+application+of+a+novel+VEGFR2/Src+kinase+inhibitor+in+mice+and+rabbits.">Retinal vascular permeability suppression by topical application of a novel VEGFR2/Src kinase inhibitor in mice and rabbits.</a> The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 118 (6), 2337-2346 (2008).</li><li>Blanchet, M. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Loss+of+CD34+leads+to+exacerbated+autoimmune+arthritis+through+increased+vascular+permeability.">Loss of CD34 leads to exacerbated autoimmune arthritis through increased vascular permeability.</a> Journal of Immunology. 184 (3), 1292-1299 (2010).</li><li>Egawa, G., Ono, S., Kabashima, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravital+Imaging+of+vascular+permeability+by+two-photon+microscopy.">Intravital Imaging of vascular permeability by two-photon microscopy.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 2223, 151-157 (2021).</li><li>Vestweber, D., Wessel, F., Nottebaum, A. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Similarities+and+differences+in+the+regulation+of+leukocyte+extravasation+and+vascular+permeability.">Similarities and differences in the regulation of leukocyte extravasation and vascular permeability.</a> Seminars in Immunopathology. 36 (2), 177-192 (2014).</li><li>Schulte, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stabilizing+the+VE-cadherin-catenin+complex+blocks+leukocyte+extravasation+and+vascular+permeability.">Stabilizing the VE-cadherin-catenin complex blocks leukocyte extravasation and vascular permeability.</a> The EMBO Journal. 30 (20), 4157-4170 (2011).</li><li>Uhl, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+experimental+approach+for+in+vivo+analyses+of+the+salivary+gland+microvasculature.">A novel experimental approach for in vivo analyses of the salivary gland microvasculature.</a> Frontiers in Immunology. 11, 604470 (2020).</li></ol>

내피 장벽 기능의 유지 및 조절은 혈관 항상성에 필수적입니다. 내피 세포와 그 세포 간 접합부는 혈관 완전성을 유지하고 제어하는 데 중요한 역할을합니다12. 혈류의 전단력, 성장 인자 및 염증 인자는 혈관 투과성의 변화를 일으킬 수 있으므로 고혈압, 당뇨병 및자가 면역 질환과 같은 전신 질환의 발생 및 발달에 참여할 수 있습니다13,14,15<sup class="xre...

다양한 타액선은 주로 감염에 대한 첫 번째 방어선 역할을하고 소화를 돕는 타액을 생성하여 구강 및 전반적인 건강에 필수적인 역할을합니다1. 혈액 공급은 일차 타액을 형성하는 물, 전해질 및 분자를 지속적으로 제공하기 때문에 타액선 분비에 중요합니다. 단단한 접합 (TJ) 복합체에 의해 조절되는 내피 장벽 기능은 물, 용질, 단백질 및 순환 혈관에서 타액선 조직으로 이동하는 세포에도 투과성이 높은 모세 혈관의 투과를 엄격하고 섬세하게 제한합니다 2,3. 우리는 이전에 콜린성 자극에 반응하여 내피 TJ의 개방이 타액 분비를 촉진하는 반면, 내피 장벽 기능의 손상은 쇼그렌 증후군4의 턱밑샘(SMG)의 저분비 및 림프구 침윤과 상호 연결되어 있음을 발견했습니다. 이러한 데이터는 내피 장벽 기능의 기여가 다양한 타액선 질환에 대해 충분한주의를 기울일 필요가 있음을 시사합니다.
이광자 레이저 스캐닝 현미경은 생체 내 온전한 조직에서 세포의 역학을 관찰하기 위한 강력한 도구입니다. 이 기술의 장점 중 하나는 표본이 NIR에 의해 여기될 때 근적외선(NIR)이 가시광선 또는 자외선보다 조직 침투가 더 깊고적절한 조건에서 조직에 명백한 빛 손상을 일으키지 않는다는 것입니다5,6. 실제로, 타액선은 매우 균질하고 표면적인 조직이며, 표면 acinar 세포는 샘 표면 7,8에서 약 30μm 떨어져 있습니다. 생체 내 컨포칼 현미경은 살아있는 마우스 타액선에서 세포하 분해능8에서 외분비 분비와 액틴 세포골격을 연구할 수 있는 것으로 나타났습니다. 그럼에도 불구하고 이광자 레이저 스캐닝 현미경은 기존 컨포칼 현미경의 장점이 있을 뿐만 아니라 더 깊은 조직과 이미지를 보다 명확하게 감지하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다. 여기서, paracellular 투과성 추적자로 자주 사용되고 크기가 다른 장점을 갖는 형광 표지 덱스 트란은 TJ 기공9의 크기를 테스트하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다. 본 연구에서는 마우스 SMG에서 내피 장벽 기능의 현장 평가를 위해 생체 내 실시간 2 광자 레이저 스캐닝 현미경 기술이 확립되었습니다. 마우스 SMG에서 생체내 혈관 투과성 검출을 위한 각각의 작업 단계는 현재 프로토콜에 기재되어 있다. 다음은 마우스 SMG 덕트 결찰 모델에서 내피 장벽 기능을 검출하는 예입니다.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>2-photon microscope (TCS-SP8 DIVE)</td>
			<td>Leica, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4 kDa FITC-labeled dextran</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>46944</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>70 kDa rhodamine B-labeled dextran</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>R9379</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blunt tissue separation nickel</td>
			<td>Bejinghuabo Company</td>
			<td>NZW28</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Depilatory cream</td>
			<td>Veet</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable sterile syringe</td>
			<td>Zhiyu Company</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Image J software</td>
			<td>National Institutes of Health</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin syringe</td>
			<td>Becton, Dickinson and Company</td>
			<td>0253316</td>
			<td>1 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leica Application Suite X software</td>
			<td>Leica Microsystems</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microtubes</td>
			<td>Axygen</td>
			<td>MCT-150-C</td>
			<td>1.5 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate buffered saline 1x</td>
			<td>Servicebio</td>
			<td>G4207-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue scissors</td>
			<td>Bejinghuabo Company</td>
			<td>M286-05</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tribromoethanol</td>
			<td>JITIAN Bio</td>
			<td>JT0781</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

in vivo vascular permeability detection in mouse submandibular gland

타액은 구강 및 전반적인 건강에 중요한 역할을합니다. 혈관의 손상되지 않은 내피 장벽 기능은 타액 분비를 가능하게하는 반면, 내피 장벽 기능 장애는 많은 타액선 분비 장애와 관련이 있습니다. 본 프로토콜은 마우스 턱밑샘 (SMG)에서 내피 조밀 접합부 (TJ)의 기능을 평가하기 위한 생체내 초세포 투과성 검출 방법을 기술한다. 먼저, 상이한 분자량 (4 kDa, 40 kDa 또는 70 kDa)을 갖는 형광 표지 된 덱스 트란을 마우스의 각 정맥에 주입 하였다. 그 후, 일방적 인 SMG를 해부하여 2 광자 레이저 스캐닝 현미경으로 맞춤형 홀더에 고정 한 다음 혈관, acini 및 덕트에 대한 이미지를 캡처했습니다. 이 방법을 사용하여 혈관에서 acini의 기저측으로, 심지어 acinar 상피를 가로질러 덕트로 다양한 크기의 추적자의 실시간 동적 누출을 모니터링하여 생리적 또는 병리생리학적 조건에서 내피 장벽 기능의 변화를 평가했습니다.

프로토콜에 따라 일방적 인 SMG는 맞춤형 홀더에 부착되었으며 글 랜드는 호흡이 운동 아티팩트를 일으키지 않도록 마우스 몸에서 최대한 멀리 유지되었습니다. 혈관에서 적혈구 (검은 점)의 빠른 흐름을 현미경으로 관찰했습니다. 안구 렌즈 아래에서 조직 필드를 찾은 후에는 현미경 소프트웨어를 조작하도록 전환해야 합니다. 대조군에서는 두 추적자 모두 마우스 SMG의 혈관에 존재했습니다. 특?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vivo Vascular Permeability Detection in Mouse Submandibular Gland at JoVE.com

In Vivo Vascular Permeability Detection in Mouse Submandibular Gland

본 프로토콜에서, 턱밑샘(SMG)의 내피 장벽 기능은 이광자 레이저 스캐닝 현미경 하에 생체 내에서 시험 동물 모델의 각 정맥에 상이한 분자 가중 형광 추적자를 주입함으로써 평가되었다.

생체 내 마우스 턱밑샘의 혈관 투과성 검출

Saliva plays an important role in oral and overall health. The intact endothelial barrier function of blood vessels enables saliva secretion, whereas the ...

본 프로토콜은 마우스 턱밑샘에서 단단한 내피 접합부의 기능을 평가하기 위한 생체내 초세포 투과성 검출 측정을 기술한다. 그럼에도 불구하고 2 개의 광자 레이저 스캐닝 현미경은 기존의 컨 포칼 현미경의 장점을 가질뿐만 아니라 더 깊은 조직과 이미지를보다 명확하게 감지하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다. 이 실험은 다른 조직, 특히 동물의 표면 조직과 기관의 혈관 투과성을 평가하기위한 좋은 방법 측정을 제공합니다.투과성 분석을 위한 형광 신호 간의 간섭을 최소화하기 위해 플루오레세인, 이소티오시아네이트, 표지된 덱스트란 및 로다민 B(뚜렷한 여기 방출 스펙트럼을 갖는 표지된 덱스트란)와 같은 적절한 추적자를 선택하는 것으로 시작하십시오. 미량의 멸균 인산염 완충 식염수를 밀리리터 당 100 밀리그램으로 희석하고 빛으로부터 보호 된 분취량을 섭씨 영하 20도에서 보관하십시오. 8 내지 10주령의 수컷 야생형 마우스를 마취시킨 후, 마우스의 머리와 목을 부드럽게 잡고 안구의 한쪽이 약간 돌출되도록 한다.100 마이크로 리터의 형광 추적 용액 혼합물이 들어있는 인슐린 주사기를 눈의 모서리를 따라 눈과 직각으로 삽입하십시오. 주사 후 팔다리와 머리를 테이프로 붙인 앙와위 자세로 골판지 위에 마우스를 빠르게 놓습니다. 턱밑샘 또는 SMG 분리의 경우 입체 현미경으로 일반 조직 가위로 목의 표피를 절단하여 SMG의 양쪽을 노출시킵니다.다음으로, 무딘 조직 분리 바늘을 사용하여 샘 조직, 혈관 및 선 구조를 손상시키지 않고 샘 표면에서 캡슐을 부드럽게 분리합니다. 맞춤형 홀더를 음압 장치에 연결하고 음압 효과가 사전에 제대로 달성되었는지 확인하십시오. 노출된 SMG를 맞춤형 홀더에 부드럽게 놓고 가능한 한 마우스 몸에서 멀리 떨어진 음압 흡입으로 조직을 빨아들여 호흡 및 기타 조건으로 인한 운동 아티팩트를 줄입니다.글 랜드 부위가 선택된 직후 이미징을 시작하십시오. Z축을 따라 순차적인 이미지를 획득하여 글랜드 표면으로부터 2 미크론까지 떨어져 최대 70 내지 140 미크론의 조직을 3차원 구축하여 생성한다. 다음으로, SMG에서 혈관 투과성을 측정하기 위해 혈관의 타임 랩스 이미징을 획득합니다.탐색기 대화 상자에서 새 폴더 추가"를 클릭하고 파일 이름을 변경하십시오. 그런 다음 획득 열로 돌아갑니다. XY에서 형식은 512 x 512이고 속도는 400Hz입니다.양방향 X"를 켜고 줌 비율을 0.75 및 줌 1.5로 설정합니다. 그런 다음 획득 모드"에서 XYT를 선택하여 타임랩스 이미징을 획득합니다. 실험 필요에 따라 지속 시간을 20초, 30분 이상으로 설정합니다.조건을 설정 한 후 라이브"를 클릭하여 사진 형성 프레임에서 두 채널과 겹치는 채널의 혈관 영상을 관찰하고 관심 영역을 선택합니다. 클릭 스타트"이미징을 시작합니다. 생체내 혈관 투과성 분석, 및 마우스의 혈관의 3차원 이미지.턱밑 땀샘이 여기에 표시됩니다. 대조군에서는 두 추적자 모두 SMG의 혈관에 존재했습니다. 분자량이 작기 때문에 FD4는 혈관에서 acini와 덕트의 기저부로 누출되어 acini와 덕트의 모양을 명확하게 묘사 할 수있었습니다.RD70은 대형 혈관과 미세 혈관에 분포되었습니다. 덕트 결찰 그룹에서 FD4와 RD70은 모두 acini의 기저측으로 혈관을 외유출했으며, 이는 덕트 결찰이 내피 장벽 기능을 방해하고 큰 분자에 대한 투과성을 증가시킬 수 있음을 나타냅니다. 또한, FD4 및 RD70 형광 강도 반정량 결과 이러한 관찰을 확인하였다.3차원 이미지는 대조군에 비해 결찰 그룹의 혈관 주위에 FD4 및 RD70의 형광이 훨씬 더 가려진 것으로 나타났습니다. 신중한 SMG 분리와 적절한 배치 및 현미경은 성공적인 검출을 위한 필수 전제 조건입니다. 절차에 따라 적혈구의 움직임을 결합하여 혈류 속도를 계산할 수 있으며 형광 표지 된 혈액 세포의 침윤을 추적 할 수 있습니다.

in-vivo-vascular-permeability-detection-in-mouse-submandibular-gland

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

In Vivo Vascular Permeability Detection in Mouse Submandibular Gland

Single-cell Suction Recordings from Mouse Cone Photoreceptors

Rod and cone photoreceptors in the retina are responsible for light detection. In darkness, cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels in the outer segment are open and allow cations to flow steadily inwards across the membrane, depolarizing the cell. Light exposure triggers the closure of the CNG channels, blocks the inward cation current flow, and thus results in cell hyperpolarization. Based on the polarity of photoreceptors, a suction recording method was developed in 1970s that, unlike the classic patch-clamp technique, does not require penetrating the plasma membrane 1. Drawing the outer segment into a tightly-fitting glass pipette filled with extracellular solution allows recording the current changes in individual cells upon test-flash exposure. However, this well-established "outer-segment-in (OS-in)" suction recording is not suitable for mouse cone recordings, because of the low percentage of cones in the mouse retina (3%) and the difficulties in identifying the cone outer segments. Recently, an inner-segment-in (IS-in) recording configuration was developed to draw the inner segment/nuclear region of the photoreceptor into the recording pipette 2,3. In this video, we will show how to record from individual mouse cone photoresponses using single-cell suction electrode.

We will show how to record flash responses from single mouse cones using a suction electrode.

마우스 콘 Photoreceptors에서 단일 셀 석션 레코딩

Rod and cone photoreceptors in the retina are responsible for light detection. In darkness, cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels in the outer segment ...

연구

생물학

In vivo Imaging and Therapeutic Treatments in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer

Human cancer and response to therapy is better represented in orthotopic animal models. This paper describes the development of an orthotopic mouse model of ovarian cancer, treatment of cancer via oral delivery of drugs, and monitoring of tumor cell behavior in response to drug treatment in real time using in vivo imaging system. In this orthotopic model, ovarian tumor cells expressing luciferase are applied topically by injecting them directly into the mouse bursa where each ovary is enclosed. Upon injection of D-luciferin, a substrate of firefly luciferase, luciferase-expressing cells generate bioluminescence signals. This signal is detected by the in vivo imaging system and allows for a non-invasive means of monitoring tumor growth, distribution, and regression in individual animals. Drug administration via oral gavage allows for a maximum dosing volume of 10 mL/kg body weight to be delivered directly to the stomach and closely resembles delivery of drugs in clinical treatments. Therefore, techniques described here, development of an orthotopic mouse model of ovarian cancer, oral delivery of drugs, and in vivo imaging, are useful for better understanding of human ovarian cancer and treatment and will improve targeting this disease.

In vivo Imaging and Therapeutic Treatments in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer

Orthotopic animal models of ovarian cancer replicate better human disease and therefore enhance our understanding of cancer progression and tumor response to therapy. A mouse model receives an intrabursal injection of luciferase-expressing ovarian tumor cells. Treatment is administered via oral gavage. Tumor growth is monitored by in vivo imaging system.

생체내 이미징 및 난소암의 Orthotopic 마우스 모델에서 치료 트리 트먼트

Human cancer and response to therapy is better represented in orthotopic animal models.  This paper describes the development of an orthotopic mouse model ...

Isolation of Mouse Salivary Gland Stem Cells

Mature salivary glands of both human and mouse origin comprise a minimum of five cell types, each of which facilitates the production and excretion of saliva into the oral cavity. Serous and mucous acinar cells are the protein and mucous producing factories of the gland respectively, and represent the origin of saliva production. Once synthesised, the various enzymatic and other proteinaceous components of saliva are secreted through a series of ductal cells bearing epithelial-type morphology, until the eventual expulsion of the saliva through one major duct into the cavity of the mouth. The composition of saliva is also modified by the ductal cells during this process.
In the manifestation of diseases such as Sj&ouml;gren's syndrome, and in some clinical situations such as radiotherapy treatment for head and neck cancers, saliva production by the glands is dramatically reduced 1,2. The resulting xerostomia, a subjective feeling of dry mouth, affects not only the ability of the patient to swallow and speak, but also encourages the development of dental caries and can be socially debilitating for the sufferer.
The restoration of saliva production in the above-mentioned clinical conditions therefore represents an unmet clinical need, and as such several studies have demonstrated the regenerative capacity of the salivary glands 3-5. Further to the isolation of stem cell-like populations of cells from various tissues within the mouse and human bodies 6-8, we have shown using the described method that stem cells isolated from mouse salivary glands can be used to rescue saliva production in irradiated salivary glands 9,10. This discovery paves the way for the development of stem cell-based therapies for the treatment of xerostomic conditions in humans, and also for the exploration of the salivary gland as a microenvironment containing cells with multipotent self-renewing capabilities.

An optimized protocol for the isolation of stem cells from the mouse salivary gland is described. The method employs enzymatic and mechanical digestion, and permits isolation of salispheres containing cells with characteristics of stem cells.

마우스 침샘에 줄기 세포의 분리

Mature salivary glands of both human and mouse origin comprise a minimum of five cell types, each of which facilitates the production and excretion of ...

Evaluation of Mammary Gland Development and Function in Mouse Models

The human mammary gland is composed of 15-20 lobes that secrete milk into a branching duct system opening at the nipple. Those lobes are themselves composed of a number of terminal duct lobular units made of secretory alveoli and converging ducts1. In mice, a similar architecture is observed at pregnancy in which ducts and alveoli are interspersed within the connective tissue stroma. The mouse mammary gland epithelium is a tree like system of ducts composed of two layers of cells, an inner layer of luminal cells surrounded by an outer layer of myoepithelial cells denoted by the confines of a basement membrane2. At birth, only a rudimental ductal tree is present, composed of a primary duct and 15-20 branches. Branch elongation and amplification start at the beginning of puberty, around 4 weeks old, under the influence of hormones3,4,5. At 10 weeks, most of the stroma is invaded by a complex system of ducts that will undergo cycles of branching and regression in each estrous cycle until pregnancy2. At the onset of pregnancy, a second phase of development begins, with the proliferation and differentiation of the epithelium to form grape-shaped milk secretory structures called alveoli6,7. Following parturition and throughout lactation, milk is produced by luminal secretory cells and stored within the lumen of alveoli. Oxytocin release, stimulated by a neural reflex induced by suckling of pups, induces synchronized contractions of the myoepithelial cells around the alveoli and along the ducts, allowing milk to be transported through the ducts to the nipple where it becomes available to the pups 8. Mammary gland development, differentiation and function are tightly orchestrated and require, not only interactions between the stroma and the epithelium, but also between myoepithelial and luminal cells within the epithelium9,10,11. Thereby, mutations in many genes implicated in these interactions may impair either ductal elongation during puberty or alveoli formation during early pregnancy, differentiation during late pregnancy and secretory activation leading to lactation12,13. In this article, we describe how to dissect mouse mammary glands and assess their development using whole mounts. We also demonstrate how to evaluate myoepithelial contractions and milk ejection using an ex-vivo oxytocin-based functional assay. The effect of a gene mutation on mammary gland development and function can thus be determined in situ by performing these two techniques in mutant and wild-type control mice.

This method describes how to dissect and assess mammary gland development and function from mice. Excised mammary glands are assessed for the degree of development using whole mount while milk ejection is evaluated using an oxytocin-based myoepithelial cell contraction assay.

마우스 모델에서 유선 개발 및 기능 평가

The human mammary gland is composed of 15-20 lobes that secrete milk into a branching duct system opening at the nipple. Those lobes are themselves ...

Multi-parameter Measurement of the Permeability Transition Pore Opening in Isolated Mouse Heart Mitochondria

The mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mtPTP) is a non specific channel that forms in the inner mitochondrial membrane to transport solutes with a molecular mass smaller than 1.5 kDa. Although the definitive molecular identity of the pore is still under debate, proteins such as cyclophilin D, VDAC and ANT contribute to mtPTP formation. While the involvement of mtPTP opening in cell death is well established1, accumulating evidence indicates that the mtPTP serves a physiologic role during mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis2, bioenergetics and redox signaling 3.
mtPTP opening is triggered by matrix Ca2+ but its activity can be modulated by several other factors such as oxidative stress, adenine nucleotide depletion, high concentrations of Pi, mitochondrial membrane depolarization or uncoupling, and long chain fatty acids4. In vitro, mtPTP opening can be achieved by increasing Ca2+ concentration inside the mitochondrial matrix through exogenous additions of Ca2+ (calcium retention capacity). When Ca2+ levels inside mitochondria reach a certain threshold, the mtPTP opens and facilitates Ca2+ release, dissipation of the proton motive force, membrane potential collapse and an increase in mitochondrial matrix volume (swelling) that ultimately leads to the rupture of the outer mitochondrial membrane and irreversible loss of organelle function.
Here we describe a fluorometric assay that allows for a comprehensive characterization of mtPTP opening in isolated mouse heart mitochondria. The assay involves the simultaneous measurement of 3 mitochondrial parameters that are altered when mtPTP opening occurs: mitochondrial Ca2+ handling (uptake and release, as measured by Ca2+ concentration in the assay medium), mitochondrial membrane potential, and mitochondrial volume. The dyes employed for Ca2+ measurement in the assay medium and mitochondrial membrane potential are Fura FF, a membrane impermeant, ratiometric indicator which undergoes a shift in the excitation wavelength in the presence of Ca2+, and JC-1, a cationic, ratiometric indicator which forms green monomers or red aggregates at low and high membrane potential, respectively. Changes in mitochondrial volume are measured by recording light scattering by the mitochondrial suspension. Since high-quality, functional mitochondria are required for the mtPTP opening assay, we also describe the steps necessary to obtain intact, highly coupled and functional isolated heart mitochondria.

A spectrofluorometric protocol for the measurement of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening in isolated mouse heart mitochondria is presented here. The assay involves the simultaneous measurement of mitochondria Ca2+ handling, mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial volume. The procedure for obtaining high-quality and functional heart mitochondria is also described.

미토콘드리아 절연 마우스 중심부에 투과율 전환 기공 영업의 다중 매개 변수 측정

The mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mtPTP) is a non specific channel that forms in the inner mitochondrial membrane to transport solutes with ...

Intraductal Injection for Localized Drug Delivery to the Mouse Mammary Gland

Herein we describe a protocol to deliver various reagents to the mouse mammary gland via intraductal injections. Localized drug delivery and knock-down of genes within the mammary epithelium has been difficult to achieve due to the lack of appropriate targeting molecules that are independent of developmental stages such as pregnancy and lactation. Herein, we describe a technique for localized delivery of reagents to the mammary gland at any stage in adulthood via intraductal injection into the nipples of mice. The injections can be performed on live mice, under anesthesia, and allow for a non-invasive and localized drug delivery to the mammary gland. Furthermore, the injections can be repeated over several months without damaging the nipple. Vital dyes such as Evans Blue are very helpful to learn the technique. Upon intraductal injection of the blue dye, the entire ductal tree becomes visible to the eye. Furthermore, fluorescently labeled reagents also allow for visualization and distribution within the mammary gland. This technique is adaptable for a variety of compounds including siRNA, chemotherapeutic agents, and small molecules.

A protocol for the non-invasive intraductal delivery of aqueous reagents to the mouse mammary gland is described. The method takes advantage of localized injection into the nipples of mammary glands targeting mammary ducts specifically. This technique is adaptable for a variety of compounds including siRNA, chemotherapeutic agents and small molecules.

마우스 유선 화 된 약물 전달을위한 췌관 주입

Herein we describe a protocol to deliver various reagents to the mouse mammary gland via intraductal injections. Localized drug delivery and knock-down of ...

Measuring the Osmotic Water Permeability Coefficient (Pf) of Spherical Cells: Isolated Plant Protoplasts as an Example

Studying AQP regulation mechanisms is crucial for the understanding of water relations at both the cellular and the whole plant levels. Presented here is a simple and very efficient method for the determination of the osmotic water permeability coefficient (Pf) in plant protoplasts, applicable in principle also to other spherical cells such as frog oocytes. The first step of the assay is the isolation of protoplasts from the plant tissue of interest by enzymatic digestion into a chamber with an appropriate isotonic solution. The second step consists of an osmotic challenge assay: protoplasts immobilized on the bottom of the chamber are submitted to a constant perfusion starting with an isotonic solution and followed by a hypotonic solution. The cell swelling is video recorded. In the third step, the images are processed offline to yield volume changes, and the time course of the volume changes is correlated with the time course of the change in osmolarity of the chamber perfusion medium, using a curve fitting procedure written in Matlab (the &#8216;PfFit&#8217;), to yield Pf.

Measuring the Osmotic Water Permeability Coefficient Pf of Spherical Cells: Isolated Plant Protoplasts as an Example

Measuring the osmotic water permeability coefficient (Pf) of cells can help understand the regulatory mechanisms of aquaporins (AQPs). Pf determination in spherical plant cell protoplasts presented here involves protoplasts isolation and numerical analysis of their initial rate of volume change as a result of an osmotic challenge during constant bath perfusion.

삼투 물 투수 계수 (P 측정<sub&gt; F</sub&gt;) 구형 세포 : 예를 들어 식물 절연 원형질체

Studying AQP regulation mechanisms is crucial for the understanding of water relations at both the cellular and the whole plant levels. Presented here is ...

Measuring the Stiffness of Ex Vivo Mouse Aortas Using Atomic Force Microscopy

Arterial stiffening is a significant risk factor and biomarker for cardiovascular disease and a hallmark of aging. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a versatile analytical tool for characterizing viscoelastic mechanical properties for a variety of materials ranging from hard (plastic, glass, metal, etc.) surfaces to cells on any substrate. It has been widely used to measure the stiffness of cells, but less frequently used to measure the stiffness of aortas. In this paper, we will describe the procedures for using AFM in contact mode to measure the ex vivo elastic modulus of unloaded mouse arteries. We describe our procedure for isolation of mouse aortas, and then provide detailed information for the AFM analysis. This includes step-by-step instructions for alignment of the laser beam, calibration of the spring constant and deflection sensitivity of the AFM probe, and acquisition of force curves. We also provide a detailed protocol for data analysis of the force curves.

Measuring the Stiffness of Ex Vivo Mouse Aortas Using Atomic Force Microscopy

We present detailed protocols for isolation of aortas from mouse and measurement of their elastic modulus using atomic force microscopy.

의 강성 측정<em&gt; 전의 VIVO</em원자 힘 현미경을 사용하여&gt; 마우스 대동맥

Arterial stiffening is a significant risk factor and biomarker for cardiovascular disease and a hallmark of aging. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a ...

In Vivo Detection and Analysis of Rb Protein SUMOylation in Human Cells

The post-translational modifications of proteins are critical for the proper regulation of intracellular signal transduction. Among these modifications, small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) is a ubiquitin-like protein that is covalently attached to the lysine residues of a variety of target proteins to regulate cellular processes, such as gene transcription, DNA repair, protein interaction and degradation, subcellular transport, and signal transduction. The most common approach to detecting protein SUMOylation is based on the expression and purification of recombinant tagged proteins in bacteria, allowing for an in vitro biochemical reaction which is simple and suitable for addressing mechanistic questions. However, due to the complexity of the process of SUMOylation in vivo, it is more challenging to detect and analyze protein SUMOylation in cells, especially when under endogenous conditions. A recent study by the authors of this paper revealed that endogenous retinoblastoma (Rb) protein, a tumor suppressor that is vital to the negative regulation of the cell cycle progression, is specifically SUMOylated at the early G1 phase. This paper describes a protocol for the detection and analysis of Rb SUMOylation under both endogenous and exogenous conditions in human cells. This protocol is appropriate for the phenotypical and functional investigation of the SUMO-modification of Rb, as well as many other SUMO-targeted proteins, in human cells.

In Vivo Detection and Analysis of Rb Protein SUMOylation in Human Cells

Small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) family proteins are conjugated to the lysine residues of target proteins to regulate various cellular processes. This paper describes a protocol for the detection of retinoblastoma (Rb) protein SUMOylation under endogenous and exogenous conditions in human cells.

Vivo에서 검색 및 Rb 단백질 SUMOylation 인간 세포에서의 분석

The post-translational modifications of proteins are critical for the proper regulation of intracellular signal transduction. Among these modifications, ...

In Vitro and In Vivo Approaches to Determine Intestinal Epithelial Cell Permeability

The intestinal barrier defends against pathogenic microorganism and microbial toxin. Its function is regulated by tight junction permeability and epithelial cell integrity, and disruption of the intestinal barrier function contributes to progression of gastrointestinal and systemic disease. Two simple methods are described here to measure the permeability of intestinal epithelium. In vitro, Caco-2BBe cells are plated in tissue culture wells as a monolayer and transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) can be measured by an epithelial (volt/ohm) meter. This method is convincing because of its user-friendly operation and repeatability. In vivo, mice are gavaged with 4 kDa fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran, and the FITC-dextran concentrations are measured in collected serum samples from mice to determine the epithelial permeability. Oral gavage provides an accurate dose, and therefore is the preferred method to measure the intestinal permeability in vivo. Taken together, these two methods can measure the permeability of the intestinal epithelium in vitro and in vivo, and hence be used to study the connection between diseases and barrier function.

In Vitro and In Vivo Approaches to Determine Intestinal Epithelial Cell Permeability

Two methods are presented here to determine intestinal barrier function. An epithelial meter (volt/ohm) is used for measurements of transepithelial electrical resistance of cultured epithelia directly in tissue culture wells. In mice, the FITC-dextran gavage method is used to determine the intestinal permeability in vivo.