Name: in vivo vascular permeability detection in mouse submandibular gland
Uploaded: 2022-08-04T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vivo Vascular Permeability Detection in Mouse Submandibular Gland at JoVE.com

Denne studien ble støttet av National Natural Science Foundation of China (tilskudd 31972908, 81991500, 81991502, 81771093 og 81974151) og Beijing Natural Science Foundation (tilskudd 7202082).

Alle eksperimentelle prosedyrer ble godkjent av Etisk komité for dyreforsøk, Peking University Health Science Center, og overholdt Veiledningen for pleie og bruk av forsøksdyr (NIH-publikasjon nr. 85-23, revidert 1996). Mannlige villtype (WT) mus i aldersgruppen 8-10 uker ble brukt til denne studien. De eksperimentelle dyrene ble nøye behandlet for å minimere smerte og ubehag.
1. Dyr prosedyrer
<ol><li>Forbered og administrer bedøvelsene og sporstoffene.<ol><li>Opprett...

<ol>
	<li>Carpenter, G. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+secretion,+components,+and+properties+of+saliva.">The secretion, components, and properties of saliva.</a> Annual Review of Food Science and Technology. 4, 267-276 (2013).</li><li>Garrett, J. 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R., Williams, R. M., Webb, W. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nonlinear+magic:+Multiphoton+microscopy+in+the+biosciences.">Nonlinear magic: Multiphoton microscopy in the biosciences.</a> Nature Biotechnology. 21 (11), 1369-1377 (2003).</li><li>Masedunskas, A., Sramkova, M., Weigert, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Homeostasis+of+the+apical+plasma+membrane+during+regulated+exocytosis+in+the+salivary+glands+of+live+rodents.">Homeostasis of the apical plasma membrane during regulated exocytosis in the salivary glands of live rodents.</a> Bioarchitecture. 1 (5), 225-229 (2011).</li><li>Masedunskas, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+for+the+actomyosin+complex+in+regulated+exocytosis+revealed+by+intravital+microscopy.">Role for the actomyosin complex in regulated exocytosis revealed by intravital microscopy.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (33), 13552-13557 (2011).</li><li>Balda, M. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+dissociation+of+paracellular+permeability+and+transepithelial+electrical+resistance+and+disruption+of+the+apical-basolateral+intramembrane+diffusion+barrier+by+expression+of+a+mutant+tight+junction+membrane+protein.">Functional dissociation of paracellular permeability and transepithelial electrical resistance and disruption of the apical-basolateral intramembrane diffusion barrier by expression of a mutant tight junction membrane protein.</a> The Journal of Cell Biology. 134 (4), 1031-1049 (1996).</li><li>Enis, D. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction,+differentiation,+and+remodeling+of+blood+vessels+after+transplantation+of+Bcl-2-transduced+endothelial+cells.">Induction, differentiation, and remodeling of blood vessels after transplantation of Bcl-2-transduced endothelial cells.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 102 (2), 425-430 (2005).</li><li>Wang, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+digital+subtraction+angiography+in+canine+hindlimb+arteriography.">Application of digital subtraction angiography in canine hindlimb arteriography.</a> Vascular. 30 (3), 474-480 (2022).</li><li>Trani, M., Dejana, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+insights+in+the+control+of+vascular+permeability:+vascular+endothelial-cadherin+and+other+players.">New insights in the control of vascular permeability: vascular endothelial-cadherin and other players.</a> Current Opinion in Hematology. 22 (3), 267-272 (2015).</li><li>Viazzi, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vascular+permeability,+blood+pressure,+and+organ+damage+in+primary+hypertension.">Vascular permeability, blood pressure, and organ damage in primary hypertension.</a> Hypertension Research. 31 (5), 873-879 (2008).</li><li>Scheppke, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinal+vascular+permeability+suppression+by+topical+application+of+a+novel+VEGFR2/Src+kinase+inhibitor+in+mice+and+rabbits.">Retinal vascular permeability suppression by topical application of a novel VEGFR2/Src kinase inhibitor in mice and rabbits.</a> The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 118 (6), 2337-2346 (2008).</li><li>Blanchet, M. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Loss+of+CD34+leads+to+exacerbated+autoimmune+arthritis+through+increased+vascular+permeability.">Loss of CD34 leads to exacerbated autoimmune arthritis through increased vascular permeability.</a> Journal of Immunology. 184 (3), 1292-1299 (2010).</li><li>Egawa, G., Ono, S., Kabashima, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravital+Imaging+of+vascular+permeability+by+two-photon+microscopy.">Intravital Imaging of vascular permeability by two-photon microscopy.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 2223, 151-157 (2021).</li><li>Vestweber, D., Wessel, F., Nottebaum, A. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Similarities+and+differences+in+the+regulation+of+leukocyte+extravasation+and+vascular+permeability.">Similarities and differences in the regulation of leukocyte extravasation and vascular permeability.</a> Seminars in Immunopathology. 36 (2), 177-192 (2014).</li><li>Schulte, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stabilizing+the+VE-cadherin-catenin+complex+blocks+leukocyte+extravasation+and+vascular+permeability.">Stabilizing the VE-cadherin-catenin complex blocks leukocyte extravasation and vascular permeability.</a> The EMBO Journal. 30 (20), 4157-4170 (2011).</li><li>Uhl, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+experimental+approach+for+in+vivo+analyses+of+the+salivary+gland+microvasculature.">A novel experimental approach for in vivo analyses of the salivary gland microvasculature.</a> Frontiers in Immunology. 11, 604470 (2020).</li></ol>

Vedlikehold og regulering av endotelbarrierefunksjon er avgjørende for vaskulær homeostase. Endotelceller og deres intercellulære veikryss spiller en kritisk rolle i å opprettholde og kontrollere vaskulær integritet12. Skjærkraften i blodstrømmen, vekstfaktorer og inflammatoriske faktorer kan forårsake endringer i vaskulær permeabilitet og dermed delta i forekomsten og utviklingen av systemiske sykdommer som hypertensjon, diabetes og autoimmune sykdommer13,14,15<su...

Ulike spyttkjertler produserer spytt, som primært fungerer som den første forsvarslinjen mot infeksjoner og hjelper fordøyelsen, og spiller dermed en viktig rolle i oral og generell helse1. Blodtilførsel er avgjørende for spyttkjertelsekresjon siden det hele tiden gir vann, elektrolytter og molekyler som danner den primære spytten. Endotelbarrierefunksjon, regulert av det tette krysset (TJ) -komplekset, begrenser strengt og delikat gjennomtrengingen av kapillærene, som er svært gjennomtrengelige for vann, oppløsninger, proteiner og til og med celler som beveger seg fra de sirkulerende blodkarene inn i spyttkjertelvevet 2,3. Vi har tidligere funnet at åpningen av endotelial TJs som respons på en kolinerg stimulus letter spyttsekresjon, mens svekkelsen av endotelbarrierefunksjonen er interlinket med hyposekresjon og lymfocytisk infiltrasjon i submandibulære kjertler (SMG) ved Sjögrens syndrom4. Disse dataene antyder at bidraget fra endotelbarrierefunksjonen må betales nok oppmerksomhet angående en rekke spyttkjertelsykdommer.
Et to-foton laserskanningsmikroskop er et kraftig verktøy for å observere dynamikken til celler i intakt vev in vivo. En av fordelene med denne teknikken er at nær-infrarødt lys (NIR) har dypere vevspenetrasjon enn synlig eller ultrafiolett lys når prøver er begeistret av NIR og ikke forårsaker åpenbar lysskade på vev under passende forhold 5,6. Faktisk er spyttkjertlene et veldig homogent og overfladisk vev, hvor overflateacinarcellene bare er rundt 30 μm unna kjerteloverflaten 7,8. Det er vist at intravital konfokalmikroskopi kan studere eksokrin sekresjon og aktincytoskjelett i spyttkjertler med levende mus ved subcellulær oppløsning8. To-foton laserskanningsmikroskopi har likevel ikke bare fordelen av konvensjonell konfokal mikroskopi, men kan også brukes til å oppdage dypere vev og bilde tydeligere. Her kan fluorescensmerket dextrans, som ofte brukes som paracellulære permeabilitetssporere og har fordelen av forskjellige størrelser, brukes til å teste størrelsen på TJ-pore9. I denne studien etableres en intravital sanntids to-foton laserskanningsmikroskopiteknikk for in situ-evaluering av endotelbarrierefunksjon i muse-SMG-er. Hvert arbeidstrinn for in vivo vaskulær permeabilitetsdeteksjon i musens SMG-er er beskrevet i gjeldende protokoll. Her er et eksempel på å oppdage endotelbarrierefunksjon i musens SMG-kanalligeringsmodell.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>2-photon microscope (TCS-SP8 DIVE)</td>
			<td>Leica, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4 kDa FITC-labeled dextran</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>46944</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>70 kDa rhodamine B-labeled dextran</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>R9379</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blunt tissue separation nickel</td>
			<td>Bejinghuabo Company</td>
			<td>NZW28</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Depilatory cream</td>
			<td>Veet</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable sterile syringe</td>
			<td>Zhiyu Company</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Image J software</td>
			<td>National Institutes of Health</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin syringe</td>
			<td>Becton, Dickinson and Company</td>
			<td>0253316</td>
			<td>1 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leica Application Suite X software</td>
			<td>Leica Microsystems</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microtubes</td>
			<td>Axygen</td>
			<td>MCT-150-C</td>
			<td>1.5 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate buffered saline 1x</td>
			<td>Servicebio</td>
			<td>G4207-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue scissors</td>
			<td>Bejinghuabo Company</td>
			<td>M286-05</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tribromoethanol</td>
			<td>JITIAN Bio</td>
			<td>JT0781</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

in vivo vascular permeability detection in mouse submandibular gland

Spytt spiller en viktig rolle i oral og generell helse. Den intakte endotelbarrierefunksjonen til blodkar muliggjør spyttsekresjon, mens endotelbarrieredysfunksjonen er relatert til mange spyttkjertelsekretoriske lidelser. Den nåværende protokollen beskriver en in vivo paracellulær permeabilitetsdeteksjonsmetode for å evaluere funksjonen til endoteltette kryss (TJs) i musens submandibulære kjertler (SMG). Først ble fluorescensmerket dextrans med forskjellige molekylvekter (4 kDa, 40 kDa eller 70 kDa) injisert i musens vinkelårer. Etterpå ble den ensidige SMG dissekert og festet i den tilpassede holderen under et to-foton laserskanningsmikroskop, og deretter ble det tatt bilder for blodkar, acini og kanaler. Ved hjelp av denne metoden ble sanntids dynamisk lekkasje av de forskjellige størrelsene sporstoffer fra blodkar inn i basale sider av acini og til og med over acinarepitelet i kanalene overvåket for å evaluere endringen av endotelbarrierefunksjonen under fysiologiske eller patofysiologiske forhold.

Etter protokollen ble den ensidige SMG festet til en skreddersydd holder, og kjertelen ble holdt så langt unna musekroppen som mulig for å forhindre at pusten forårsaket bevegelsesartefakter. Den raske strømmen av de røde blodcellene (svarte prikker) i blodkar ble observert under mikroskopet. Etter å ha funnet vevfeltet under en okulær linse, må man bytte for å manipulere mikroskopprogramvaren. I kontrollgruppen eksisterte begge sporstoffene i blodkarene til musen SMG. Spesielt på grunn av sin lille molekylvekt...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vivo Vascular Permeability Detection in Mouse Submandibular Gland at JoVE.com

In Vivo Vascular Permeability Detection in Mouse Submandibular Gland

I denne protokollen ble endotelbarrierefunksjonen til submandibulær kjertel (SMG) evaluert ved å injisere forskjellige molekylvektede fluorescerende sporstoffer i vinkelårene til testdyrmodeller in vivo under et to-foton laserskanningsmikroskop.

In Vivo Vaskulær permeabilitetsdeteksjon i mus submandibulær kjertel

Saliva plays an important role in oral and overall health. The intact endothelial barrier function of blood vessels enables saliva secretion, whereas the ...

Den nåværende protokollen beskriver et in vivo paracellulært permeabilitetsdeteksjonsmål for å evaluere funksjonen til tette endotelkryss i musens submandibulære kjertler. To fotonlaserskanningsmikroskopi har likevel ikke bare fordelen av konvensjonell konfokalmikroskopi, men kan også brukes til å oppdage dypere vev og bilde tydeligere. Dette eksperimentet gir et godt metodemål for å vurdere vaskulær permeabilitet av forskjellige vev, spesielt overflatevev og organer av dyr.Begynn med å velge passende sporstoffer som fluorescein, isotiocyanat, merket dextran og Rhodamine B, merket dextran med forskjellige eksitasjonsutslippsspektra, for å minimere forstyrrelsen mellom fluorescenssignaler for permeabilitetsanalysen. Fortynn sporene til steril fosfatbufret saltvann til 100 milligram per milliliter lagre og lagre aliquots beskyttet mot lys ved minus 20 grader Celsius. Etter å ha bedøvet den 8 til 10 uker gamle mannlige villtypemusen, hold forsiktig musens hode og nakke for å få den ene siden av øyebollet til å stikke litt ut.Sett inn en insulinsprøyte som inneholder 100 mikroliter fluorescerende sporstoffoppløsningsblanding langs øyekroken i rett vinkel mot øyet. Etter injeksjonen, plasser musen raskt på pappen i en liggende stilling med lemmer og hode teipet. For submandibulær kjertel eller SMG-isolasjon, under et stereoskopisk mikroskop, kutt epidermis i nakken med generell vevsaks for å eksponere begge sider av SMG-ene.Deretter bruker du en stump vevsseparasjonsnål for å forsiktig skille kapselen fra kjerteloverflaten uten å skade kjertelvevet, blodkarene og kjertelstrukturen. Koble den tilpassede holderen til undertrykksenheten og kontroller om den negative trykkeffekten er riktig oppnådd på forhånd. Plasser forsiktig den eksponerte SMG på den tilpassede holderen og sug opp vevet ved undertrykkssug, så langt unna musekroppen som mulig, for å redusere bevegelsesartefakter forårsaket av respirasjon og andre forhold.Start bildebehandling kort tid etter at stedet for kjertelen er valgt. Få sekvensielle bilder langs Z-aksen trappet to mikron bortsett fra kjertelens overflate opp til 70 til 140 mikron inn i vevet for å generere en tredimensjonal konstruksjon. Deretter får du time lapse-avbildning av karene for å måle vaskulær permeabilitet i SMG.I dialogboksen Explorer klikker du på Legg til ny mappe"og endre filnavnet. Gå deretter tilbake til anskaffelseskolonnen. I XY er formatet 512 x 512, og hastigheten er 400 hertz.Slå Toveis X"på, sett zoomfaktoren til 0,75 og 1,5 for zoom. Velg deretter XYT under Anskaffelsesmodus"for å få time lapse-bildebehandling. Sett varigheten til 20 sekunder, 30 minutter eller lenger i henhold til det eksperimentelle behovet.Etter å ha satt betingelsene, klikk på Live "for å observere vaskulær avbildning av to kanaler og overlappende kanaler i fotoformingsrammen og velg interesseområdene. Klikk på Start "for å begynne å avbildning. In vivo vaskulær permeabilitetsanalyse, og tredimensjonale bilder av blodkar hos mus.Submandibulære kjertler er vist her. I kontrollgruppen eksisterte begge sporstoffene i blodkarene til SMG. På grunn av sin lille molekylvekt var FD4 i stand til å lekke ut av blodkarene til basale sider av acini og kanaler, og dermed tydelig skildre formen på acini og kanaler.RD70 ble distribuert i store blodkar og mikrokar. I kanalligasjonsgruppen ble både FD4 og RD70 ekstravasert til basalsidene av acini, noe som indikerte at kanalligering kunne forstyrre endotelbarrierefunksjonen og øke permeabiliteten til store molekyler. Videre bekreftet de semi-kvantitative FD4- og RD70-fluorescensintensitetsresultatene disse observasjonene.De tredimensjonale bildene viste mye mer skjult fluorescens av FD4 og RD70 rundt blodkar i ligasjonsgruppen sammenlignet med kontrollgruppen. Forsiktig SMG-isolering og riktig plassering og mikroskop er viktige forutsetninger for vellykket deteksjon. Etter prosedyrene kan blodstrømningshastigheten beregnes ved å gifte seg med bevegelsen av røde blodlegemer, og infiltrasjonen av fluorescensmerkede blodceller kan jages.

in-vivo-vascular-permeability-detection-in-mouse-submandibular-gland

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

In Vivo Vascular Permeability Detection in Mouse Submandibular Gland

Single-cell Suction Recordings from Mouse Cone Photoreceptors

Rod and cone photoreceptors in the retina are responsible for light detection. In darkness, cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels in the outer segment are open and allow cations to flow steadily inwards across the membrane, depolarizing the cell. Light exposure triggers the closure of the CNG channels, blocks the inward cation current flow, and thus results in cell hyperpolarization. Based on the polarity of photoreceptors, a suction recording method was developed in 1970s that, unlike the classic patch-clamp technique, does not require penetrating the plasma membrane 1. Drawing the outer segment into a tightly-fitting glass pipette filled with extracellular solution allows recording the current changes in individual cells upon test-flash exposure. However, this well-established "outer-segment-in (OS-in)" suction recording is not suitable for mouse cone recordings, because of the low percentage of cones in the mouse retina (3%) and the difficulties in identifying the cone outer segments. Recently, an inner-segment-in (IS-in) recording configuration was developed to draw the inner segment/nuclear region of the photoreceptor into the recording pipette 2,3. In this video, we will show how to record from individual mouse cone photoresponses using single-cell suction electrode.

We will show how to record flash responses from single mouse cones using a suction electrode.

Rod and cone photoreceptors in the retina are responsible for light detection. In darkness, cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels in the outer segment ...

In vivo Imaging and Therapeutic Treatments in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer

Human cancer and response to therapy is better represented in orthotopic animal models. This paper describes the development of an orthotopic mouse model of ovarian cancer, treatment of cancer via oral delivery of drugs, and monitoring of tumor cell behavior in response to drug treatment in real time using in vivo imaging system. In this orthotopic model, ovarian tumor cells expressing luciferase are applied topically by injecting them directly into the mouse bursa where each ovary is enclosed. Upon injection of D-luciferin, a substrate of firefly luciferase, luciferase-expressing cells generate bioluminescence signals. This signal is detected by the in vivo imaging system and allows for a non-invasive means of monitoring tumor growth, distribution, and regression in individual animals. Drug administration via oral gavage allows for a maximum dosing volume of 10 mL/kg body weight to be delivered directly to the stomach and closely resembles delivery of drugs in clinical treatments. Therefore, techniques described here, development of an orthotopic mouse model of ovarian cancer, oral delivery of drugs, and in vivo imaging, are useful for better understanding of human ovarian cancer and treatment and will improve targeting this disease.

In vivo Imaging and Therapeutic Treatments in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer

Orthotopic animal models of ovarian cancer replicate better human disease and therefore enhance our understanding of cancer progression and tumor response to therapy. A mouse model receives an intrabursal injection of luciferase-expressing ovarian tumor cells. Treatment is administered via oral gavage. Tumor growth is monitored by in vivo imaging system.

Human cancer and response to therapy is better represented in orthotopic animal models.  This paper describes the development of an orthotopic mouse model ...

Isolation of Mouse Salivary Gland Stem Cells

Mature salivary glands of both human and mouse origin comprise a minimum of five cell types, each of which facilitates the production and excretion of saliva into the oral cavity. Serous and mucous acinar cells are the protein and mucous producing factories of the gland respectively, and represent the origin of saliva production. Once synthesised, the various enzymatic and other proteinaceous components of saliva are secreted through a series of ductal cells bearing epithelial-type morphology, until the eventual expulsion of the saliva through one major duct into the cavity of the mouth. The composition of saliva is also modified by the ductal cells during this process.
In the manifestation of diseases such as Sj&ouml;gren's syndrome, and in some clinical situations such as radiotherapy treatment for head and neck cancers, saliva production by the glands is dramatically reduced 1,2. The resulting xerostomia, a subjective feeling of dry mouth, affects not only the ability of the patient to swallow and speak, but also encourages the development of dental caries and can be socially debilitating for the sufferer.
The restoration of saliva production in the above-mentioned clinical conditions therefore represents an unmet clinical need, and as such several studies have demonstrated the regenerative capacity of the salivary glands 3-5. Further to the isolation of stem cell-like populations of cells from various tissues within the mouse and human bodies 6-8, we have shown using the described method that stem cells isolated from mouse salivary glands can be used to rescue saliva production in irradiated salivary glands 9,10. This discovery paves the way for the development of stem cell-based therapies for the treatment of xerostomic conditions in humans, and also for the exploration of the salivary gland as a microenvironment containing cells with multipotent self-renewing capabilities.

An optimized protocol for the isolation of stem cells from the mouse salivary gland is described. The method employs enzymatic and mechanical digestion, and permits isolation of salispheres containing cells with characteristics of stem cells.

Mature salivary glands of both human and mouse origin comprise a minimum of five cell types, each of which facilitates the production and excretion of ...

Evaluation of Mammary Gland Development and Function in Mouse Models

The human mammary gland is composed of 15-20 lobes that secrete milk into a branching duct system opening at the nipple. Those lobes are themselves composed of a number of terminal duct lobular units made of secretory alveoli and converging ducts1. In mice, a similar architecture is observed at pregnancy in which ducts and alveoli are interspersed within the connective tissue stroma. The mouse mammary gland epithelium is a tree like system of ducts composed of two layers of cells, an inner layer of luminal cells surrounded by an outer layer of myoepithelial cells denoted by the confines of a basement membrane2. At birth, only a rudimental ductal tree is present, composed of a primary duct and 15-20 branches. Branch elongation and amplification start at the beginning of puberty, around 4 weeks old, under the influence of hormones3,4,5. At 10 weeks, most of the stroma is invaded by a complex system of ducts that will undergo cycles of branching and regression in each estrous cycle until pregnancy2. At the onset of pregnancy, a second phase of development begins, with the proliferation and differentiation of the epithelium to form grape-shaped milk secretory structures called alveoli6,7. Following parturition and throughout lactation, milk is produced by luminal secretory cells and stored within the lumen of alveoli. Oxytocin release, stimulated by a neural reflex induced by suckling of pups, induces synchronized contractions of the myoepithelial cells around the alveoli and along the ducts, allowing milk to be transported through the ducts to the nipple where it becomes available to the pups 8. Mammary gland development, differentiation and function are tightly orchestrated and require, not only interactions between the stroma and the epithelium, but also between myoepithelial and luminal cells within the epithelium9,10,11. Thereby, mutations in many genes implicated in these interactions may impair either ductal elongation during puberty or alveoli formation during early pregnancy, differentiation during late pregnancy and secretory activation leading to lactation12,13. In this article, we describe how to dissect mouse mammary glands and assess their development using whole mounts. We also demonstrate how to evaluate myoepithelial contractions and milk ejection using an ex-vivo oxytocin-based functional assay. The effect of a gene mutation on mammary gland development and function can thus be determined in situ by performing these two techniques in mutant and wild-type control mice.

This method describes how to dissect and assess mammary gland development and function from mice. Excised mammary glands are assessed for the degree of development using whole mount while milk ejection is evaluated using an oxytocin-based myoepithelial cell contraction assay.

The human mammary gland is composed of 15-20 lobes that secrete milk into a branching duct system opening at the nipple. Those lobes are themselves ...

Multi-parameter Measurement of the Permeability Transition Pore Opening in Isolated Mouse Heart Mitochondria

The mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mtPTP) is a non specific channel that forms in the inner mitochondrial membrane to transport solutes with a molecular mass smaller than 1.5 kDa. Although the definitive molecular identity of the pore is still under debate, proteins such as cyclophilin D, VDAC and ANT contribute to mtPTP formation. While the involvement of mtPTP opening in cell death is well established1, accumulating evidence indicates that the mtPTP serves a physiologic role during mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis2, bioenergetics and redox signaling 3.
mtPTP opening is triggered by matrix Ca2+ but its activity can be modulated by several other factors such as oxidative stress, adenine nucleotide depletion, high concentrations of Pi, mitochondrial membrane depolarization or uncoupling, and long chain fatty acids4. In vitro, mtPTP opening can be achieved by increasing Ca2+ concentration inside the mitochondrial matrix through exogenous additions of Ca2+ (calcium retention capacity). When Ca2+ levels inside mitochondria reach a certain threshold, the mtPTP opens and facilitates Ca2+ release, dissipation of the proton motive force, membrane potential collapse and an increase in mitochondrial matrix volume (swelling) that ultimately leads to the rupture of the outer mitochondrial membrane and irreversible loss of organelle function.
Here we describe a fluorometric assay that allows for a comprehensive characterization of mtPTP opening in isolated mouse heart mitochondria. The assay involves the simultaneous measurement of 3 mitochondrial parameters that are altered when mtPTP opening occurs: mitochondrial Ca2+ handling (uptake and release, as measured by Ca2+ concentration in the assay medium), mitochondrial membrane potential, and mitochondrial volume. The dyes employed for Ca2+ measurement in the assay medium and mitochondrial membrane potential are Fura FF, a membrane impermeant, ratiometric indicator which undergoes a shift in the excitation wavelength in the presence of Ca2+, and JC-1, a cationic, ratiometric indicator which forms green monomers or red aggregates at low and high membrane potential, respectively. Changes in mitochondrial volume are measured by recording light scattering by the mitochondrial suspension. Since high-quality, functional mitochondria are required for the mtPTP opening assay, we also describe the steps necessary to obtain intact, highly coupled and functional isolated heart mitochondria.

A spectrofluorometric protocol for the measurement of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening in isolated mouse heart mitochondria is presented here. The assay involves the simultaneous measurement of mitochondria Ca2+ handling, mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial volume. The procedure for obtaining high-quality and functional heart mitochondria is also described.

Multi-parameter Måling av permeabilitet Transition pore åpningen i Isolert Mouse Hjerte Mitokondrier

The mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mtPTP) is a non specific channel that forms in the inner mitochondrial membrane to transport solutes with ...

Intraductal Injection for Localized Drug Delivery to the Mouse Mammary Gland

Herein we describe a protocol to deliver various reagents to the mouse mammary gland via intraductal injections. Localized drug delivery and knock-down of genes within the mammary epithelium has been difficult to achieve due to the lack of appropriate targeting molecules that are independent of developmental stages such as pregnancy and lactation. Herein, we describe a technique for localized delivery of reagents to the mammary gland at any stage in adulthood via intraductal injection into the nipples of mice. The injections can be performed on live mice, under anesthesia, and allow for a non-invasive and localized drug delivery to the mammary gland. Furthermore, the injections can be repeated over several months without damaging the nipple. Vital dyes such as Evans Blue are very helpful to learn the technique. Upon intraductal injection of the blue dye, the entire ductal tree becomes visible to the eye. Furthermore, fluorescently labeled reagents also allow for visualization and distribution within the mammary gland. This technique is adaptable for a variety of compounds including siRNA, chemotherapeutic agents, and small molecules.

A protocol for the non-invasive intraductal delivery of aqueous reagents to the mouse mammary gland is described. The method takes advantage of localized injection into the nipples of mammary glands targeting mammary ducts specifically. This technique is adaptable for a variety of compounds including siRNA, chemotherapeutic agents and small molecules.

Intraductal Injection for Lokalisert Drug Deli til musemelkekjertlene

Herein we describe a protocol to deliver various reagents to the mouse mammary gland via intraductal injections. Localized drug delivery and knock-down of ...

Measuring the Osmotic Water Permeability Coefficient (Pf) of Spherical Cells: Isolated Plant Protoplasts as an Example

Studying AQP regulation mechanisms is crucial for the understanding of water relations at both the cellular and the whole plant levels. Presented here is a simple and very efficient method for the determination of the osmotic water permeability coefficient (Pf) in plant protoplasts, applicable in principle also to other spherical cells such as frog oocytes. The first step of the assay is the isolation of protoplasts from the plant tissue of interest by enzymatic digestion into a chamber with an appropriate isotonic solution. The second step consists of an osmotic challenge assay: protoplasts immobilized on the bottom of the chamber are submitted to a constant perfusion starting with an isotonic solution and followed by a hypotonic solution. The cell swelling is video recorded. In the third step, the images are processed offline to yield volume changes, and the time course of the volume changes is correlated with the time course of the change in osmolarity of the chamber perfusion medium, using a curve fitting procedure written in Matlab (the &#8216;PfFit&#8217;), to yield Pf.

Measuring the Osmotic Water Permeability Coefficient Pf of Spherical Cells: Isolated Plant Protoplasts as an Example

Measuring the osmotic water permeability coefficient (Pf) of cells can help understand the regulatory mechanisms of aquaporins (AQPs). Pf determination in spherical plant cell protoplasts presented here involves protoplasts isolation and numerical analysis of their initial rate of volume change as a result of an osmotic challenge during constant bath perfusion.

Måling av osmosevann permeabilitetskoeffisient (P<sub&gt; F</sub&gt;) Av sfæriske Cells: Isolerte Plant Protoplaster som et eksempel

Studying AQP regulation mechanisms is crucial for the understanding of water relations at both the cellular and the whole plant levels. Presented here is ...

Measuring the Stiffness of Ex Vivo Mouse Aortas Using Atomic Force Microscopy

Arterial stiffening is a significant risk factor and biomarker for cardiovascular disease and a hallmark of aging. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a versatile analytical tool for characterizing viscoelastic mechanical properties for a variety of materials ranging from hard (plastic, glass, metal, etc.) surfaces to cells on any substrate. It has been widely used to measure the stiffness of cells, but less frequently used to measure the stiffness of aortas. In this paper, we will describe the procedures for using AFM in contact mode to measure the ex vivo elastic modulus of unloaded mouse arteries. We describe our procedure for isolation of mouse aortas, and then provide detailed information for the AFM analysis. This includes step-by-step instructions for alignment of the laser beam, calibration of the spring constant and deflection sensitivity of the AFM probe, and acquisition of force curves. We also provide a detailed protocol for data analysis of the force curves.

Measuring the Stiffness of Ex Vivo Mouse Aortas Using Atomic Force Microscopy

We present detailed protocols for isolation of aortas from mouse and measurement of their elastic modulus using atomic force microscopy.

Måle Stivhet<em&gt; Ex Vivo</em&gt; Mus Aorta Bruke Atomic Force Microscopy

Arterial stiffening is a significant risk factor and biomarker for cardiovascular disease and a hallmark of aging. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a ...

In Vivo Detection and Analysis of Rb Protein SUMOylation in Human Cells

The post-translational modifications of proteins are critical for the proper regulation of intracellular signal transduction. Among these modifications, small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) is a ubiquitin-like protein that is covalently attached to the lysine residues of a variety of target proteins to regulate cellular processes, such as gene transcription, DNA repair, protein interaction and degradation, subcellular transport, and signal transduction. The most common approach to detecting protein SUMOylation is based on the expression and purification of recombinant tagged proteins in bacteria, allowing for an in vitro biochemical reaction which is simple and suitable for addressing mechanistic questions. However, due to the complexity of the process of SUMOylation in vivo, it is more challenging to detect and analyze protein SUMOylation in cells, especially when under endogenous conditions. A recent study by the authors of this paper revealed that endogenous retinoblastoma (Rb) protein, a tumor suppressor that is vital to the negative regulation of the cell cycle progression, is specifically SUMOylated at the early G1 phase. This paper describes a protocol for the detection and analysis of Rb SUMOylation under both endogenous and exogenous conditions in human cells. This protocol is appropriate for the phenotypical and functional investigation of the SUMO-modification of Rb, as well as many other SUMO-targeted proteins, in human cells.

In Vivo Detection and Analysis of Rb Protein SUMOylation in Human Cells

Small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) family proteins are conjugated to the lysine residues of target proteins to regulate various cellular processes. This paper describes a protocol for the detection of retinoblastoma (Rb) protein SUMOylation under endogenous and exogenous conditions in human cells.

I Vivo Deteksjon og analyse av Rb Protein SUMOylation i menneskeceller

The post-translational modifications of proteins are critical for the proper regulation of intracellular signal transduction. Among these modifications, ...

In Vitro and In Vivo Approaches to Determine Intestinal Epithelial Cell Permeability

The intestinal barrier defends against pathogenic microorganism and microbial toxin. Its function is regulated by tight junction permeability and epithelial cell integrity, and disruption of the intestinal barrier function contributes to progression of gastrointestinal and systemic disease. Two simple methods are described here to measure the permeability of intestinal epithelium. In vitro, Caco-2BBe cells are plated in tissue culture wells as a monolayer and transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) can be measured by an epithelial (volt/ohm) meter. This method is convincing because of its user-friendly operation and repeatability. In vivo, mice are gavaged with 4 kDa fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran, and the FITC-dextran concentrations are measured in collected serum samples from mice to determine the epithelial permeability. Oral gavage provides an accurate dose, and therefore is the preferred method to measure the intestinal permeability in vivo. Taken together, these two methods can measure the permeability of the intestinal epithelium in vitro and in vivo, and hence be used to study the connection between diseases and barrier function.

In Vitro and In Vivo Approaches to Determine Intestinal Epithelial Cell Permeability

Two methods are presented here to determine intestinal barrier function. An epithelial meter (volt/ohm) is used for measurements of transepithelial electrical resistance of cultured epithelia directly in tissue culture wells. In mice, the FITC-dextran gavage method is used to determine the intestinal permeability in vivo.