Name: primary culture of porcine retinal pigment epithelial cells
Uploaded: 2022-09-23T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Primary Culture of Porcine Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells at JoVE.com

Gli autori vorrebbero mostrare la loro gratitudine e rispetto a tutti gli animali che contribuiscono con le loro cellule in questo studio. Questo studio è stato sostenuto in parte da sovvenzioni del National Key R&D Program of China (2019YFA0111200, Yi Liao & Yuan Gao e Grant nos. 2018YFA0107301, Wei Li). Gli autori ringraziano Jingru Huang e Xiang You del Central Lab, School of Medicine, Xiamen University per il supporto tecnico nell'imaging confocale.

L'uso di animali da esperimento è conforme ai regolamenti dell'Associazione per la ricerca in visione e oftalmologia (ARVO) ed è stato approvato dal Comitato etico di gestione animale sperimentale dell'Università di Xiamen.
1. Preparazione di dispositivi chirurgici sperimentali, enzima di digestione tissutale e tampone di coltura cellulare
<ol><li>Preparare i dispositivi chirurgici sperimentali, pulendo e autoclavando due paia di forbici chirurgiche oftalmiche e pinze il ...

<ol>
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S., Rodriguez-Boulan, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinal+pigment+epithelium+polarity+in+health+and+blinding+diseases.">Retinal pigment epithelium polarity in health and blinding diseases.</a> Current Opinion in Cell Biology. 62, 37-45 (2020).</li><li>Lakkaraju, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+cell+biology+of+the+retinal+pigment+epithelium.">The cell biology of the retinal pigment epithelium.</a> Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 78, 100846 (2020).</li><li>Somasundaran, S., Constable, I. J., Mellough, C. B., Carvalho, L. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinal+pigment+epithelium+and+age-related+macular+degeneration:+A+review+of+major+disease+mechanisms.">Retinal pigment epithelium and age-related macular degeneration: A review of major disease mechanisms.</a> Clinical &amp; Experimental Ophthalmology. 48 (8), 1043-1056 (2020).</li><li>Ducloyer, J. B., Le Meur, G., Cronin, T., Adjali, O., Weber, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+therapy+for+retinitis+pigmentosa.">Gene therapy for retinitis pigmentosa.</a> Medecine Sciences. 36 (6-7), 607-615 (2020).</li><li>den Hollander, A. I., Roepman, R., Koenekoop, R. K., Cremers, F. 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T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Melanin+pigment+in+the+pigmented+epithelium+of+the+retina+of+the+embryo+chick+eye+studied+in+vivo+and+in+vino.">Melanin pigment in the pigmented epithelium of the retina of the embryo chick eye studied in vivo and in vino.</a> The Anatomical Record. 18, 260-261 (1920).</li><li>Schnichels, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retina+in+a+dish:+Cell+cultures,+retinal+explants+and+animal+models+for+common+diseases+of+the+retina.">Retina in a dish: Cell cultures, retinal explants and animal models for common diseases of the retina.</a> Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 81, 100880 (2021).</li><li>D'Antonio-Chronowska, A., D'Antonio, M., Frazer, K. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+differentiation+of+human+iPSC-derived+retinal+pigment+epithelium+cells+(iPSC-RPE).">In vitro differentiation of human iPSC-derived retinal pigment epithelium cells (iPSC-RPE).</a> Bio-Protocol. 9 (24), 3469 (2019).</li><li>Hazim, R. A., Volland, S., Yen, A., Burgess, B. L., Williams, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+differentiation+of+the+human+RPE+cell+line,+ARPE-19,+induced+by+nicotinamide.">Rapid differentiation of the human RPE cell line, ARPE-19, induced by nicotinamide.</a> Experimental Eye Research. 179, 18-24 (2019).</li><li>Dunn, K. C., Aotaki-Keen, A. E., Putkey, F. R., Hjelmeland, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ARPE-19,+a+human+retinal+pigment+epithelial+cell+line+with+differentiated+properties.">ARPE-19, a human retinal pigment epithelial cell line with differentiated properties.</a> Experimental Eye Research. 62 (2), 155-169 (1996).</li><li>. Scientific, T Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.thermofisher.cn/document-connect/document">https://www.thermofisher.cn/document-connect/document</a> (2022)</li><li>. Toyota Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.toyoboglobal.com/seihin/xr/likescience/support/manual/FSQ-201.pdf">https://www.toyoboglobal.com/seihin/xr/likescience/support/manual/FSQ-201.pdf</a> (2022)</li><li>. Abcam Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.abcam.cn/protocols/immunocytochemistry-immunofluorescence-protocol">https://www.abcam.cn/protocols/immunocytochemistry-immunofluorescence-protocol</a> (2022)</li><li>. Zeiss Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.zeiss.com/microscopy/en/products/software/zeiss-zen-lite.html#manuals">https://www.zeiss.com/microscopy/en/products/software/zeiss-zen-lite.html#manuals</a> (2022)</li><li>. Cell Signal Technology Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.cellsignal.cn/learn-and-support/protocols/protocol-western">https://www.cellsignal.cn/learn-and-support/protocols/protocol-western</a> (2022)</li><li>Wang, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reversed+senescence+of+retinal+pigment+epithelial+cell+by+coculture+with+embryonic+stem+cell+via+the+TGFbeta+and+PI3K+pathways.">Reversed senescence of retinal pigment epithelial cell by coculture with embryonic stem cell via the TGFbeta and PI3K pathways.</a> Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology. 8, 588050 (2020).</li><li>Pfeffer, B. A., Philp, N. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+culture+of+retinal+pigment+epithelium:+Special+Issue.">Cell culture of retinal pigment epithelium: Special Issue.</a> Experimental Eye Research. 126, 1-4 (2014).</li><li>Lehmann, G. L., Benedicto, I., Philp, N. J., Rodriguez-Boulan, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasma+membrane+protein+polarity+and+trafficking+in+RPE+cells:+past,+present+and+future.">Plasma membrane protein polarity and trafficking in RPE cells: past, present and future.</a> Experimental Eye Research. 126, 5-15 (2014).</li><li>Anderson, J. M., Van Itallie, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physiology+and+function+of+the+tight+junction.">Physiology and function of the tight junction.</a> Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. 1 (2), 002584 (2009).</li><li>Nita, M., Strzalka-Mrozik, B., Grzybowski, A., Mazurek, U., Romaniuk, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Age-related+macular+degeneration+and+changes+in+the+extracellular+matrix.">Age-related macular degeneration and changes in the extracellular matrix.</a> Medical Science Monitor. 20, 1003-1016 (2014).</li><li>Fernandez-Godino, R., Garland, D. L., Pierce, E. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation,+culture+and+characterization+of+primary+mouse+RPE+cells.">Isolation, culture and characterization of primary mouse RPE cells.</a> Nature Protocols. 11 (7), 1206-1218 (2016).</li><li>Langenfeld, A., Julien, S., Schraermeyer, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+improved+method+for+the+isolation+and+culture+of+retinal+pigment+epithelial+cells+from+adult+rats.">An improved method for the isolation and culture of retinal pigment epithelial cells from adult rats.</a> Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology. 253 (9), 1493-1502 (2015).</li><li>Sonoda, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+protocol+for+the+culture+and+differentiation+of+highly+polarized+human+retinal+pigment+epithelial+cells.">A protocol for the culture and differentiation of highly polarized human retinal pigment epithelial cells.</a> Nature Protocols. 4 (5), 662-673 (2009).</li></ol>

Qui, è stato descritto un protocollo dettagliato e ottimizzato per l'isolamento, la coltura e la caratterizzazione di cellule RPE da bulbi oculari suini, che genera un buon modello per la caratterizzazione in vitro delle cellule RPE e studi sui disturbi correlati a RPE. I metodi per l'isolamento dell'RPE dagli occhi umani, di topo e di ratto sono stati descritti in precedenza23,24,25. Tuttavia, è difficile ottenere bu...

L'epitelio pigmentato retinico (RPE) si trova tra i fotorecettori e i coriocapillari nello strato esterno della retina1 con molteplici funzioni, tra cui la formazione della barriera emato-retinica, il trasporto e lo scambio di nutrienti e metaboliti della retina, il riciclaggio della vitamina A per mantenere un normale ciclo visivo e la fagocitosi e la clearance dei segmenti esterni dei fotorecettori (POS)2,3 . Poiché i POS richiedono un costante auto-rinnovamento per generare la visione, le cellule RPE devono continuamente inghiottire i POS distaccati per mantenere l'omeostasi retinica4. Pertanto, la disfunzione RPE provoca molte malattie dell'occhio accecante, come la degenerazione maculare legata all'età (AMD)4, la retinite pigmentosa (RP)5, l'amaurosi congenita di Leber6, la retinopatia diabetica7, ecc. Fino ad ora, l'esatta patogenesi della maggior parte di queste malattie rimane elusiva. Di conseguenza, la coltura cellulare RPE viene stabilita per studiare la biologia cellulare RPE, i cambiamenti patologici e i meccanismi sottostanti.
Come modello più semplice per studiare la biologia cellulare, la coltura delle cellule RPE è stata avviata già nel 19208. Sebbene ARPE-19 sia ampiamente utilizzato come cellule RPE, la perdita di pigmentazione, la morfologia del ciottolo e, soprattutto, le funzioni di barriera in questa linea cellulare sollevano molte preoccupazioni9. In confronto, la coltura di cellule RPE umane primarie offre uno scenario più realistico per studi fisiologici e patologici9. Tuttavia, la disponibilità relativamente limitata ne limita l'uso e le questioni etiche esistono sempre. Inoltre, diversi gruppi hanno utilizzato modelli murini per la coltura di celle RPE. Tuttavia, la dimensione dell'occhio del topo è piccola e una singola coltura di solito richiede molti topi, il che non è conveniente9. Recentemente, gli scienziati hanno sviluppato nuovi metodi per utilizzare cellule staminali embrionali umane o cellule staminali pluripotenti indotte per derivare cellule RPE. Sebbene questa tecnica abbia un particolare potenziale per il trattamento dei disturbi ereditari di RPE, richiede molto tempo e di solito richiede diversi mesi per generare cellule RPE mature10. Per superare questi problemi, qui introduciamo un protocollo facile da seguire per isolare e coltivare regolarmente cellule RPE ad alta purezza in laboratorio. In condizioni di coltura adeguate, queste cellule possono mostrare funzioni RPE tipiche e mostrare morfologie RPE tipiche. Pertanto, questo metodo di coltura può fornire un buon modello per comprendere la fisiologia RPE, studiare la citotossicità, indagare sui meccanismi patologici delle malattie oculari correlate e condurre screening farmacologici.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>ARPE-19 cells</td>
			<td>CCTCC</td>
			<td>GDC0323</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine serum albumin</td>
			<td>Yeasen</td>
			<td>36101ES60</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Confocal microscopy</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>LSM 880 with Airyscan</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ChemiDoc Touch</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1708370</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell scraper</td>
			<td>Sangon</td>
			<td>F619301</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 cm culture dish</td>
			<td>NEST</td>
			<td>121621EH01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>12-well culture plate</td>
			<td>NEST</td>
			<td>29821075P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM F12 Medium</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>C11330500BT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM basic Medium</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>C11995500BT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EVOM2</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>EVOM2</td>
			<td>For TER measurement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td>ExCell Bio</td>
			<td>FSP500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) Highly Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor 488</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>A-11034</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor 594</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A-11012</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti Mouse IgG (H/L):HRP</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>0300-0108P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti Rabbit IgG (H/L):HRP</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>5196-2504</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>hydrocortisone</td>
			<td>MCE</td>
			<td>HY-N0583/CS-2226</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hoechst 33342 solution (20 mM)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>62249</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LightCycler 96 Instrument</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>5815916001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Liothyronine</td>
			<td>MCE</td>
			<td>HY-A0070A/CS-4141</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>laminin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>L2020-1MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM(1X)+GlutaMAX Medium</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10566-016</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM NEAA(100X)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11140-050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Millex-GP syringe filter unit</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>SLGPR33RB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N1</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>SLCF4683</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NcmECL Ultra</td>
			<td>New Cell&#38;Molecular Biotech</td>
			<td>P10300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Non-fat Powdered Milk</td>
			<td>Solarbio</td>
			<td>D8340</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nicotinamide</td>
			<td>SparkJade</td>
			<td>SJ-MV0061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Na+-K+ ATPase antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab76020</td>
			<td>Recognize both human and porcine proteins</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PAGE Gel Fast Preparation Kit(10%)</td>
			<td>Epizyme</td>
			<td>PG112</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>primary Human RPE cells&#160;</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Generous gift from Shoubi Wang lab&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pierce BCA Protein Assay Kit&#160;</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>23225</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prism</td>
			<td>GraphPad by Dotmatics</td>
			<td>version 8.0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protease Inhibitor Cocktails</td>
			<td>APExBIO</td>
			<td>K1024</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PRE65 antibody</td>
			<td>Proteintech</td>
			<td>17939-1-AP</td>
			<td>Recognize both human and porcine proteins</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PEDF antibody</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td>sc-390172</td>
			<td>Recognize both human and porcine proteins</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100 x penicillin/streptomycin&#160;</td>
			<td>Biological Industries</td>
			<td>03-031-1BCS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate buffered saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>RARBIO</td>
			<td>RA-9005</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ReverTra Ace qPCR RT Master Mix</td>
			<td>Toyobo</td>
			<td>FSQ-201</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RIPA buffer</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>89900</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 mL sterile centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>NEST</td>
			<td>601052</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 mL sterile centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>NEST</td>
			<td>602052</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.25% Trypsin-EDTA</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>25200-056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Taurine</td>
			<td>Damas-beta</td>
			<td>107-35-7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trizol</td>
			<td>Thermo-Fisher&#160;</td>
			<td>15596026</td>
			<td>RNA extraction solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TB Green Fast qPCR Mix</td>
			<td>Takara</td>
			<td>RR430A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>12-well transwell inserts</td>
			<td>Labselect</td>
			<td>14212</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VEGF antibody</td>
			<td>Proteintech</td>
			<td>19003-1-AP</td>
			<td>Recognize both human and porcine proteins</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VEGF ELISA kit</td>
			<td>Novusbio</td>
			<td>VAL106</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ZO-1 antibody</td>
			<td>ABclonal</td>
			<td>A0659</td>
			<td>Recognize both human and porcine proteins</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

primary culture of porcine retinal pigment epithelial cells

L'epitelio pigmentato retinico (RPE) è un monostrato di cellule epiteliali pigmentate polarizzate, situato tra la coroide e la neuroretina nella retina. Molteplici funzioni, tra cui la fagocitosi, il trasporto di nutrienti / metaboliti, il metabolismo della vitamina A, ecc., Sono condotte dall'RPE su base giornaliera. Le cellule RPE sono cellule epiteliali differenziate terminalmente con poca o nessuna capacità rigenerativa. La perdita di cellule RPE provoca molteplici malattie degli occhi che portano a disabilità visive, come la degenerazione maculare legata all'età. Pertanto, la creazione di un modello di coltura in vitro di cellule RPE primarie, che assomiglia più da vicino all'RPE in vivo rispetto alle linee cellulari, è fondamentale per gli studi caratteristici e meccanicistici delle cellule RPE. Considerando il fatto che la fonte dei bulbi oculari umani è limitata, creiamo un protocollo per la coltura di cellule RPE primarie suine. Utilizzando questo protocollo, le cellule RPE possono essere facilmente dissociate dai bulbi oculari suini adulti. Successivamente, queste cellule dissociate si attaccano a piatti/inserti di coltura, proliferano per formare un monostrato confluente e ristabiliscono rapidamente le caratteristiche chiave del tessuto epiteliale in vivo entro 2 settimane. Con la qRT-PCR, è dimostrato che le cellule RPE primarie suine esprimono più geni firma a livelli comparabili con il tessuto RPE nativo, mentre le espressioni della maggior parte di questi geni sono perse / altamente ridotte nelle cellule umane simili a RPE, ARPE-19. Inoltre, la colorazione con immunofluorescenza mostra la distribuzione delle proteine della giunzione stretta, della polarità tissutale e del citoscheletro, nonché la presenza di RPE65, un'isomerasi fondamentale per il metabolismo della vitamina A, nelle cellule primarie in coltura. Nel complesso, abbiamo sviluppato un approccio facile da seguire alla coltura di cellule RPE primarie suine con elevata purezza e caratteristiche RPE native, che potrebbe servire come un buon modello per comprendere la fisiologia dell'RPE, studiare la tossicità cellulare e facilitare gli screening farmacologici.

Le cellule RPE primarie suine (pRPE) sono state coltivate in terreni DMEM / Basic con il 10% di FBS e la morfologia cellulare al microscopio ottico è stata fotografata a 2 giorni (Figura 2A), 6 giorni (Figura 2B) e 10 giorni (Figura 2C) dopo la semina. Dopo 1 settimana, è stato osservato un monostrato confluente di cellule pRPE pigmentate con morfologie di ciottoli.
Per caratterizzare meglio le cellule ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Primary Culture of Porcine Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells at JoVE.com

Primary Culture of Porcine Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells

Qui viene presentato un metodo facile da seguire per la coltura in vitro di cellule epiteliali primarie del pigmento retinico suino.

Coltura primaria di cellule epiteliali pigmentate retiniche suine

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a monolayer of polarized pigmented epithelial cells, located between the choroid and neuroretina in the retina. ...

I disturbi correlati all'RPE rimangono una parte importante della miscelazione delle malattie, ma senza resti efficaci nella coltura virtuale di cellule RPE primarie che servano da buon modello per studi fisiologici e patologici sui disturbi correlati all'RPE. In questo protocollo, forniamo un protocollo facile da seguire per la coltura di IPC primari, che potrebbe rapidamente ripristinare e mantenere le caratteristiche RP successive, crediamo che utilizzando questo metodo le persone potrebbero generare rapidamente cellule RP da studi di macistate e screening di farmaci protettivi che potrebbero facilitare lo sviluppo di nuovi trattamenti per i disturbi RPE. Una dimostrazione del valore passo dopo passo renderà questo metodo molto più facile da replicare in diversi laboratori che vogliono studiare le cellule RP.Per iniziare a scongelare l'enzima di digestione tissutale malaquad e sterilizzare 1X PBS. Integrato con 2% di penicillina e 2% di streptomicina filtrando la soluzione attraverso un'unità filtrante a siringa da 0,22 micrometri. Lavare i pozzetti della piastra di coltura e gli inserti transwell con 1X PBS.Rimuovere il PBS dai pozzetti e dai transwell con una pipetta e aggiungere un millilitro di PBS 1X fresco alla camera inferiore e 600 microlitri di soluzione di Laminin da 10 microgrammi per millilitro alla camera superiore. Incubare le piastre e gli inserti transwell in questo incubatore di elicicoltura durante la notte a 37 gradi Celsius e 5% di anidride carbonica. Successivamente, rimuovere la soluzione laminata dalla camera superiore e lavare con un millilitro di PBS freddo 1X due volte prima di posizionare la cella Pulire la cappa di flusso in laminato con etanolo al 75% e luce UV.Preparare tre provette da centrifuga sterili da 50 millilitri contenenti circa 25 millilitri di etanolo al 75%, tre provette da centrifuga sterili da 50 millilitri contenenti circa 25 millilitri di 1X PBS e tre piastre di coltura cellulare sterile da 10 centimetri contenenti circa 15 millilitri di 1X PBS. Immergere quattro bulbi oculari suini in circa 15 millilitri di etanolo al 75% in una capsula di Petri di 10 centimetri e utilizzare un paio di forbici e pinze per tagliare tutti i tessuti connettivi e i muscoli residui. Per decontaminare i bulbi oculari, immergere e lavare quattro bulbi oculari in tre provette centrifughe sterili da 50 millilitri riempite con etanolo al 75% in sequenza.Quindi lavare i bulbi oculari in tre provette centrifughe sterili da 50 millilitri riempite con 1X PBS in sequenza. Capovolgere i tubi ogni minuto per lavare accuratamente i bulbi oculari. Spostare i quattro bulbi oculari in un piatto di coltura cellulare sterile di 10 centimetri contenente 1X PBS.Tagliare nuovamente la superficie esterna di ciascun bulbo oculare, per rimuovere il nervo ottico e piccoli detriti. Usa le forbici per fare un piccolo taglio all'incrocio tra limbus e sclera. E poi rimuovere la cornea, l'iride, il cristallino, il corpo vitreo e la retina neurale.Trasferire il complesso di sclera della coroide RPE in un nuovo piatto di coltura cellulare di 10 centimetri ed effettuare quattro tagli per appiattire la coppa oculare a forma di quadrifoglio. Eseguire viaggi nella digestione della soluzione EDTA posizionando i quattro complessi di sclera coroidea RPE in un nuovo piatto di 10 centimetri e versando 20 millilitri di soluzione EDTA di tripsina fresca per unire i complessi di sclera coroidea RPE. Posizionare il piatto nell'incubatore di coltura cellulare a 37 gradi Celsius per quasi 30 minuti.Dopo 30 minuti, estrarre il piatto dall'incubatore e aggiungere 20 millilitri di terreno di coltura cellulare pre-caldo con il 10% di FBS al piatto. Per neutralizzare i viaggi in soluzione EDTA utilizzare una pipetta di trasferimento da cinque millilitri per dissociare le celle RPE pipettando delicatamente più volte. Raccogliere le sospensioni cellulari in provette da centrifuga da 15 millilitri, quindi pipettare delicatamente altri 10 millilitri di terreno di coltura fresco con FBS per lavare i complessi di sclera RPE Choroids sul piatto.Raccogliere le celle RPE centrifugando i tubi a 300 G per cinque minuti a temperatura ambiente. Aspirare il SuperAgent usando una pipetta e aggiungere altri cinque millilitri di terreno di coltura con FBS per risospendere le cellule. Centrifugare a 300 g per altri cinque minuti.Decantare il SuperAgent e risospendere le cellule con 12 millilitri di terreno di coltura. Successivamente seme da 100.000 a 200.000 cellule per pozzetto in 12 piastre di coltura Well o inserti transwell. Cambiare i terreni di coltura ogni due giorni e ridurre la concentrazione sierica all'1% quando le cellule coprono completamente la superficie dei pozzetti per inserto.Cambiare i terreni di coltura ogni due giorni fino a quando le cellule non vengono raccolte. Le immagini rappresentative delle cellule RPE primarie suine il giorno due, il sesto giorno e il giorno 10 sono mostrate qui. L'analisi QRTPCR dei livelli di mRNA dei geni firma nelle cellule RPE primarie suine, nelle cellule RPE umane primarie, nelle cellule ARPE 19 e nel tessuto coroideo RPE suino viene rilevata da questa immagine grafica.Qui GAP DH è stato usato come gene di pulizia per RTPCR. Quattro repliche biologiche sono state utilizzate per le cellule RPE primarie suine e una RPE 19 cellule in cui tre repliche biologiche sono state utilizzate per le cellule RPE umane primarie e il tessuto coroideo RPE suino. I livelli di espressione genica nelle cellule ARPE 19 sono stati impostati come controlli.In questa figura sono mostrate le analisi del sangue occidentale delle proteine RPE 65 nelle cellule ARPE 19 e RPE suine e nelle cellule RPE umane primarie e nei tessuti coroidei RPE suini. Vinculin è stato utilizzato qui come controllo del carico. Questa figura mostra una coltura di due settimane di cellule RPE suine in terreni DMEM Basic con 1% FBS.Le cellule coltivate con o senza Lamin sono state colorate con RPE 65, APTA di sodio e potassio, Z01 e Hex. Le misurazioni TR in fogli cellulari, coltivati con o senza laminina sono rappresentate in questa figura. L'analisi del sangue occidentale del fattore di crescita endoteliale vascolare o VEGF e del fattore derivato dall'epitelio pigmentato o PEDF nelle cellule RPE e ARPE 19 primarie suine sono mostrate in questa figura.Le funzioni settoriali delle cellule RPE e ARPE 19 primarie suine coltivate sono presentate in queste immagini. La maggior parte di questo protocollo è quello di dissolvere le cellule RP dai complessi gliali chide RPE. Si consiglia di utilizzare ogni volta viaggi e soluzioni freschi e il corretto controllo del tempo di digestione, per sciogliere otto cellule RP.

primary-culture-of-porcine-retinal-pigment-epithelial-cells

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Ex Vivo Culture of Primary Human Fallopian Tube Epithelial Cells

Epithelial ovarian cancer is a leading cause of female cancer mortality in the United States. In contrast to other women-specific cancers, like breast and uterine carcinomas, where death rates have fallen in recent years, ovarian cancer cure rates have remained relatively unchanged over the past two decades 1. This is largely due to the lack of appropriate screening tools for detection of early stage disease where surgery and chemotherapy are most effective 2, 3. As a result, most patients present with advanced stage disease and diffuse abdominal involvement. This is further complicated by the fact that ovarian cancer is a heterogeneous disease with multiple histologic subtypes 4, 5. Serous ovarian carcinoma (SOC) is the most common and aggressive subtype and the form most often associated with mutations in the BRCA genes. Current experimental models in this field involve the use of cancer cell lines and mouse models to better understand the initiating genetic events and pathogenesis of disease 6, 7. Recently, the fallopian tube has emerged as a novel site for the origin of SOC, with the fallopian tube (FT) secretory epithelial cell (FTSEC) as the proposed cell of origin 8, 9. There are currently no cell lines or culture systems available to study the FT epithelium or the FTSEC. Here we describe a novel ex vivo culture system where primary human FT epithelial cells are cultured in a manner that preserves their architecture, polarity, immunophenotype, and response to physiologic and genotoxic stressors. This ex vivo model provides a useful tool for the study of SOC, allowing a better understanding of how tumors can arise from this tissue, and the mechanisms involved in tumor initiation and progression.

Ex Vivo Culture of Primary Human Fallopian Tube Epithelial Cells

The fallopian tube (FT) is emerging as an alternative site of origin for serous ovarian carcinoma (SOC). This protocol describes a novel method for the isolation and ex vivo culture of fallopian tube epithelial cells. This system recapitulates the in vivo epithelium and allows the study of SOC pathogenesis.

Ex Cultura Vivo di cellule primarie umane tube di Falloppio epiteliale

Epithelial ovarian cancer is a leading cause of female cancer mortality in the United States. In contrast to other women-specific cancers, like breast and ...

Ricerca

Biologia

MicroRNA Expression Profiles of Human iPS Cells, Retinal Pigment Epithelium Derived From iPS, and Fetal Retinal Pigment Epithelium

The objective of this report is to describe the protocols for comparing the microRNA (miRNA) profiles of human induced-pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) derived from human iPS cells (iPS-RPE), and fetal RPE. The protocols include collection of RNA for analysis by microarray, and the analysis of microarray data to identify miRNAs that are differentially expressed among three cell types. The methods for culture of iPS cells and fetal RPE are explained. The protocol used for differentiation of RPE from human iPS is also described. The RNA extraction technique we describe was selected to allow maximal recovery of very small RNA for use in a miRNA microarray. Finally, cellular pathway and network analysis of microarray data is explained. These techniques will facilitate the comparison of the miRNA profiles of three different cell types.

The microRNA (miRNA) profiles of human induced-pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) derived from human induced-pluripotent stem (iPS) cells (iPS-RPE), and fetal RPE, were compared.

MicroRNA Expression Profili di cellule iPS umane, dell&#39;epitelio pigmentato retinico derivate da iPS, e fetale dell&#39;epitelio pigmentato retinico

The objective of this report is to describe the protocols for comparing the microRNA (miRNA) profiles of human induced-pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, ...

Subretinal Transplantation of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Derived-retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells into a Large-eyed Model of Geographic Atrophy

Geographic atrophy (GA), the late stage of dry age-related macular degeneration is characterized by loss of the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) layer, which leads to subsequent degeneration of vital retinal structures (e.g., photoreceptors) causing severe vision impairment. Similarly, RPE-loss and decrease in visual acuity is seen in long-term follow up of patients with advanced wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD) receiving intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment. Therefore, on the one hand, it is fundamental to efficiently derive RPE cells from an unlimited source that could serve as replacement therapy. On the other hand, it is important to assess the behavior and integration of the derived cells in a model of the disease entailing surgical and imaging methods as close as possible to those applied in humans. Here, we provide a detailed protocol based on our previous publications that describes the generation of a preclinical model of GA using the albino rabbit eye, for evaluation of the human embryonic stem cell derived retinal pigment epithelial cells (hESC-RPE) in a clinically relevant setting. Differentiated hESC-RPE are transplanted into naive eyes or eyes with NaIO3-induced GA-like retinal degeneration using a 25 G transvitreal pars plana technique. Evaluation of degenerated and transplanted areas is performed by multimodal high-resolution non-invasive real-time imaging.

Retinal pigment epithelial cells could serve as a cell-replacement therapy for the advanced form of dry age-related macular degeneration. This protocol describes the generation of a large-eyed model of geographic atrophy and the subretinal transplantation of human embryonic stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelial cells into this model of disease.

Subretinal trapianto delle cellule epiteliali del pigmento retinico derivato di cellule staminali embrionali umane in un modello di atrofia geografica gran-eyed

Geographic atrophy (GA), the late stage of dry age-related macular degeneration is characterized by loss of the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) layer, ...

Primary Cell Cultures from the Mouse Retinal Pigment Epithelium

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a highly polarized multi-functional epithelium that is located between the neural retina and the choroid of the eye. It is a single sheet of pigmented cells that are hexagonally packed and connected by tight junctions. The main functions of the RPE include absorption of light, phagocytosis of the shed photoreceptor outer segments, spatial buffering of ions, transport of nutrients, ions and water as well as active involvement in the visual cycle. With such important and diverse functions, it is critically important to study the biology of RPE cells. A number of RPE cell lines have been established; however, passaged and immortalized cells are known to quickly lose some of the morphological and physiological characteristics of natural RPE cells. Thus, primary cells are more suitable for studying different aspects of RPE cell biology and function. Mouse primary RPE cell culture is very useful to researchers since mouse models are widely used in biological studies, however collecting RPE cells from mouse is also very challenging due to their small size. Here, we present a protocol for establishing primary mouse RPE cell cultures which includes enucleation and dissection of the eyes and isolation of the RPE sheets to yield the cells for culturing. This method enables efficient cell recovery. The RPE cells obtained from two mice&#160;can reach confluency on one 12 mm polyester membrane insert pre-loaded in culture plate after one week of culture and display some of the original properties of bona fide RPE cells such as hexagonal shape and pigmentation after two weeks of culture.

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a multi-functional epithelium of the eye. Here we present a protocol to establish primary cell cultures derived from the murine RPE.

Colture cellulari primarie dall'epitelio retinico del pigmento del Mouse

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a highly polarized multi-functional epithelium that is located between the neural retina and the choroid of the ...

Isolation, Culture, and Genetic Engineering of Mammalian Primary Pigment Epithelial Cells for Non-Viral Gene Therapy

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most frequent cause of blindness in patients &#62;60 years, affecting ~30 million people worldwide. AMD is a multifactorial disease influenced by environmental and genetic factors, which lead to functional impairment of the retina due to retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell degeneration followed by photoreceptor degradation. An ideal treatment would include the transplantation of healthy RPE cells secreting neuroprotective factors to prevent RPE cell death and photoreceptor degeneration. Due to the functional and genetic similarities and the possibility of a less invasive biopsy, the transplantation of iris pigment epithelial (IPE) cells was proposed as a substitute for the degenerated RPE. Secretion of neuroprotective factors by a low number of subretinally-transplanted cells can be achieved by Sleeping Beauty (SB100X) transposon-mediated transfection with genes coding for the pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) and/or the granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). We established the isolation, culture, and SB100X-mediated transfection of RPE and IPE cells from various species including rodents, pigs, and cattle. Globes are explanted and the cornea and lens are removed to access the iris and the retina. Using a custom-made spatula, IPE cells are removed from the isolated iris. To harvest RPE cells, a trypsin incubation may be required, depending on the species. Then, using RPE-customized spatula, cells are suspended in medium. After seeding, cells are monitored twice per week and, after reaching confluence, transfected by electroporation. Gene integration, expression, protein secretion, and function were confirmed by qPCR, WB, ELISA, immunofluorescence, and functional assays. Depending on the species, 30,000-5 million (RPE) and 10,000-1.5 million (IPE) cells can be isolated per eye. Genetically modified cells show significant PEDF/GM-CSF overexpression with the capacity to reduce oxidative stress and offers a flexible system for ex vivo&#160;analyses and in vivo studies transferable to humans to develop ocular gene therapy approaches.

Here, a protocol to isolate and transfect primary iris and retinal pigment epithelial cells from various mammals (mice, rat, rabbit, pig, and bovine) is presented. The method is ideally suited to study ocular gene therapy approaches in various set-ups for ex vivo&#160;analyses and&#160;in vivo studies transferable to humans.

Isolamento, coltura e ingegneria genetica delle cellule epiteliali pigmentate primarie dei mammiferi per la terapia genica non virale

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most frequent cause of blindness in patients &#62;60 years, affecting ~30 million people worldwide. AMD is a ...

Efficient Dissection and Culture of Primary Mouse Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells

Eye disorders affect millions of people worldwide, but the limited availability of human tissues hinders their study. Mouse models are powerful tools to understand the pathophysiology of ocular diseases because of their similarities with human anatomy and physiology. Alterations in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), including changes in morphology and function, are common features shared by many ocular disorders. However, successful isolation and culture of primary mouse RPE cells is very challenging. This paper is an updated audiovisual version of the protocol previously published by Fernandez-Godino et al. in 2016 to efficiently isolate and culture primary mouse RPE cells. This method is highly reproducible and results in robust cultures of highly polarized and pigmented RPE monolayers that can be maintained for several weeks on Transwells. This model opens new avenues for the study of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying eye diseases. Moreover, it provides a platform to test therapeutic approaches that can be used to treat important eye diseases with unmet medical needs, including inherited retinal disorders and macular degenerations.

This protocol, which was originally reported by Fernandez-Godino et al. in 20161, describes a method to efficiently isolate and culture mouse RPE cells, which form a functional and polarized RPE monolayer within one week on Transwell plates. The procedure takes approximately 3 hours.

Dissezione e coltura efficienti delle cellule epiteliali del pigmento retino del topo primario

Eye disorders affect millions of people worldwide, but the limited availability of human tissues hinders their study. Mouse models are powerful tools to ...

Isolation of Primary Mouse Retinal Pigmented Epithelium Cells

The retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) layer lies immediately behind the photoreceptors and harbors a complex metabolic system that plays several critical roles in maintaining the photoreceptors' function. Thus, the RPE structure and function are essential to sustain normal vision. This manuscript presents an established protocol for primary mouse RPE cell isolation. RPE isolation is a great tool to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying RPE pathology in the different mouse models of ocular disorders. Furthermore, RPE isolation can help in comparing primary mouse RPE cells isolated from wild-type and genetically modified mice, as well as testing drugs that can accelerate the development of therapy for visual disorders. The manuscript presents a step-by-step RPE isolation protocol; the entire procedure, from enucleation to seeding, takes approximately 4 hours. The media shouldn't be changed for 5-7 days after seeding, to allow the growth of the isolated cells without disturbance. This process is followed by the characterization of morphology, pigmentation, and specific markers in the cells via immunofluorescence. Cells can be passaged a maximum of three or four times.

This manuscript describes a simplified protocol for the isolation of retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) cells from mouse eyes in a stepwise manner. The protocol includes the enucleation and dissection of mouse eyes, followed by the isolation, seeding, and culturing of RPE cells.

Isolamento delle cellule primarie dell'epitelio pigmentato retinico del topo

The retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) layer lies immediately behind the photoreceptors and harbors a complex metabolic system that plays several critical ...

Real-Time Analysis of Bioenergetics in Primary Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells Using High-Resolution Respirometry

Metabolic dysfunction of retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE) is a key pathogenic driver of retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). Since RPE are highly metabolically-active cells, alterations in their metabolic status reflect changes in their health and function. High-resolution respirometry allows for real-time kinetic analysis of the two major bioenergetic pathways, glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), through quantification of the extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) and oxygen consumption rate (OCR), respectively. The following is an optimized protocol for conducting high-resolution respirometry on primary human retinal pigment epithelial cells (H-RPE). This protocol provides a detailed description of the steps involved in producing bioenergetic profiles of RPE to define their basal and maximal OXPHOS and glycolytic capacities. Exposing H-RPE to different drug injections targeting the mitochondrial and glycolytic machinery results in defined bioenergetic profiles, from which key metabolic parameters can be calculated. This protocol highlights the enhanced response of BAM15 as an uncoupling agent compared to carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP) to induce the maximal respiration capacity in RPE. This protocol can be utilized to study the bioenergetic status of RPE under different disease conditions and test the efficacy of novel drugs in restoring the basal metabolic status of RPE.

The metabolic status of human retinal pigment epithelial cells (H-RPE) reflects their health and function. Presented here is an optimized protocol for examining the real-time metabolic flux of H-RPE using high-resolution respirometry.

Analisi in tempo reale della bioenergetica in cellule epiteliali pigmentate primarie della retina umana mediante respirometria ad alta risoluzione

Metabolic dysfunction of retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE) is a key pathogenic driver of retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration ...

Isolation of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells from Guinea Pig Eyes

This protocol describes the isolation of cells of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) from the eyes of young pigmented guinea pigs for potential application in molecular biology studies, including gene expression analyses. In the context of eye growth regulation and myopia, the RPE likely plays a role as a cellular relay for growth modulatory signals, as it is located between the retina and the two walls of the eye, such as the choroid and sclera. While protocols for isolating the RPE have been developed for both chicks and mice, these protocols have proven not to be directly translatable to the guinea pig, which has become an important and widely used mammalian myopia model. In this study, molecular biology tools were used to examine the expression of specific genes to confirm that the samples were free of contamination from the adjacent tissues. The value of this protocol has already been demonstrated in an RNA-Seq study of RPE from young pigmented guinea pigs exposed to myopia-inducing optical defocus. Beyond eye growth regulation, this protocol has other potential applications in studies of retinal diseases, including myopic maculopathy, one of the leading causes of blindness in myopes, in which the RPE has been implicated. The main advantage of this technique is that it is relatively simple and&#160;once perfected, yields high-quality RPE samples suitable for molecular biology studies, including RNA analysis.

We describe a simple and efficient method for isolating cells of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells from the eyes of young pigmented guinea pigs. This procedure allows for follow-up molecular biology studies on the isolated RPE, including gene expression analyses.

Isolamento delle cellule epiteliali pigmentate retiniche da occhi di porcellino d'India

This protocol describes the isolation of cells of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) from the eyes of young pigmented guinea pigs for potential ...

Protocollo per l'isolamento delle cellule epiteliali mammarie da tessuti umani

Isolation and Culture of Primary Human Mammary Epithelial Cells

The mammary gland is a fundamental structure of the breast and plays an essential role in reproduction. Human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs), which are the origin cells of breast cancer and other breast-related inflammatory diseases, have garnered considerable attention. However, isolating and culturing primary HMECs in vitro for research purposes has been challenging due to their highly differentiated, keratinized nature and their short lifespan. Therefore, developing a simple and efficient method to isolate and culture HMECs is of great scientific value for the study of breast biology and breast-related diseases. In this study, we successfully isolated primary HMECs from small amounts of mammary tissue by digestion with a mixture of enzymes combined with an initial culture in 5% fetal bovine serum-DMEM containing the Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) inhibitor Y-27632, followed by culture expansion in serum-free keratinocyte medium. This approach selectively promotes the growth of epithelial cells, resulting in an optimized cell yield. The simplicity and convenience of this method make it suitable for both laboratory and clinical research, which should provide valuable insights into these important areas of study.

Autore in primo piano: Integrazione della medicina orientale e occidentale per il trattamento della mastite granulomatosa

The present study reports an easier, time-saving, and economical protocol to efficiently isolate and grow primary human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs) from small amounts of mammary tissue. This protocol is suitable for quickly producing primary HMECs both for laboratory and clinical applications.

Isolamento e coltura di cellule epiteliali mammarie umane primarie

The mammary gland is a fundamental structure of the breast and plays an essential role in reproduction. Human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs), which are ...