Name: preparation, characteristics, toxicity, and efficacy evaluation of the nasal self-assembled nanoemulsion tumor vaccine in vitro and in vivo
Uploaded: 2022-09-28T13:40:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation, Characteristics, Toxicity, and Efficacy Evaluation of the Nasal Self-Assembled Nanoemulsion Tumor Vaccine In Vitro and In Vivo at JoVE.com

This study was supported by No. 31670938, 32070924, 32000651 of the National Natural Science Foundation Program of China, No. 2014jcyjA0107 and No. 2019jcyjA-msxmx0159 of the Natural Science Foundation Project Program of Chongqing, No. 2020XBK24 and No. 2020XBK26 of the Army Medical University Special projects, and No. 202090031021 and No. 202090031035 of National Innovation and Entrepreneurship Program for college students.

The animal experiments were conducted in accordance with the Laboratory Animal&#8212;Guideline for ethical review of animal welfare (GB/T 35892-2018) and were approved by the Laboratory Animal Welfare and Ethics Committee of the Third Military Medical University.&#160;The mice were euthanized by an intraperitoneal injection of 100 mg/kg of 1% sodium pentobarbital.
1. Preparation of the I-OVA NE
<ol>
	<li>Admix 1 mg of monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) with 100 &#181;L of DMSO, v...

<ol>
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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+situ+vaccine,+immunological+memory+and+cancer+cure.">In situ vaccine, immunological memory and cancer cure.</a> Human Vaccines &amp; Immunotherapeutics. 12 (1), 117-119 (2016).</li><li>Abd-Aziz, N., Poh, C. L., Ding, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+peptide-based+vaccines+for+cancer.">Development of peptide-based vaccines for cancer.</a> Journal of Oncology. 2022, 9749363 (2022).</li><li>Mochizuki, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunization+with+antigenic+peptides+complexed+with+beta-glucan+induces+potent+cytotoxic+T-lymphocyte+activity+in+combination+with+CpG-ODNs.">Immunization with antigenic peptides complexed with beta-glucan induces potent cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity in combination with CpG-ODNs.</a> Journal of Controlled Release. 220, 495-502 (2015).</li><li>Kalita, P., Tripathi, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methodological+advances+in+the+design+of+peptide-based+vaccines.">Methodological advances in the design of peptide-based vaccines.</a> Drug Discovery Today. 27 (5), 1367-1380 (2022).</li><li>Yang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+self-assembled+epitope+peptide+nanoemulsion+vaccine+targeting+nasal+mucosal+epithelial+cell+for+reinvigorating+CD8(+)+T+cell+immune+activity+and+inhibiting+tumor+progression.">A novel self-assembled epitope peptide nanoemulsion vaccine targeting nasal mucosal epithelial cell for reinvigorating CD8(+) T cell immune activity and inhibiting tumor progression.</a> International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 183, 1891-1902 (2021).</li><li>Ren, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=OVA-specific+CD8++T+cells+do+not+express+granzyme+B+during+anterior+chamber+associated+immune+deviation.">OVA-specific CD8+ T cells do not express granzyme B during anterior chamber associated immune deviation.</a> Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology. 244 (10), 1315-1321 (2006).</li><li>Suzuki, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparation+of+hyaluronic+acid-coated+polymeric+micelles+for+nasal+vaccine+delivery.">Preparation of hyaluronic acid-coated polymeric micelles for nasal vaccine delivery.</a> Biomaterials Science. 10 (8), 1920-1928 (2022).</li><li>Georas, S. 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Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+nasal+omicron+vaccine+booster+elicits+potent+neutralizing+antibody+response+against+emerging+SARS-CoV-2+variants.">A nasal omicron vaccine booster elicits potent neutralizing antibody response against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.</a> Emerging Microbes &amp; Infections. 11 (1), 964-967 (2022).</li><li>Chai, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+functional+recovery+of+rat+transected+spinal+cord+by+peptide-grafted+PNIPAM+based+hydrogel.">Improved functional recovery of rat transected spinal cord by peptide-grafted PNIPAM based hydrogel.</a> Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. 210, 112220 (2022).</li><li>Paiva Dos Santos, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Production,+purification+and+characterization+of+an+elastin-like+polypeptide+containing+the+Ile-Lys-Val-Ala-Val+(IKVAV)+peptide+for+tissue+engineering+applications.">Production, purification and characterization of an elastin-like polypeptide containing the Ile-Lys-Val-Ala-Val (IKVAV) peptide for tissue engineering applications.</a> Journal of Biotechnology. 298, 35-44 (2019).</li><li>Okur, A. C., Erkoc, P., Kizilel, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeting+cancer+cells+via+tumor-homing+peptide+CREKA+functional+PEG+nanoparticles.">Targeting cancer cells via tumor-homing peptide CREKA functional PEG nanoparticles.</a> Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. 147, 191-200 (2016).</li><li>Makidon, P. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pre-clinical+evaluation+of+a+novel+nanoemulsion-based+hepatitis+B+mucosal+vaccine.">Pre-clinical evaluation of a novel nanoemulsion-based hepatitis B mucosal vaccine.</a> PLoS One. 3 (8), 2954 (2008).</li><li>Lin, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oil-in-ionic+liquid+nanoemulsion-based+intranasal+delivery+system+for+influenza+split-virus+vaccine.">Oil-in-ionic liquid nanoemulsion-based intranasal delivery system for influenza split-virus vaccine.</a> Journal of Controlled Release. 346, 380-391 (2022).</li><li>O'Konek, J. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intranasal+nanoemulsion+vaccine+confers+long-lasting+immunomodulation+and+sustained+unresponsiveness+in+a+murine+model+of+milk+allergy.">Intranasal nanoemulsion vaccine confers long-lasting immunomodulation and sustained unresponsiveness in a murine model of milk allergy.</a> Allergy. 75 (4), 872-881 (2020).</li><li>Ahmed, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+nanoemulsion+vaccine+induces+mucosal+Interleukin-17+responses+and+confers+protection+upon+Mycobacterium+tuberculosis+challenge+in+mice.">A novel nanoemulsion vaccine induces mucosal Interleukin-17 responses and confers protection upon Mycobacterium tuberculosis challenge in mice.</a> Vaccine. 35 (37), 4983-4989 (2017).</li><li>Sun, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+of+systemic+and+mucosal+immunity+against+methicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus+infection+by+a+novel+nanoemulsion+adjuvant+vaccine.">Induction of systemic and mucosal immunity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection by a novel nanoemulsion adjuvant vaccine.</a> International Journal of Nanomedicine. 10, 7275-7290 (2015).</li><li>Chen, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumor-associated-macrophage-membrane-coated+nanoparticles+for+improved+photodynamic+immunotherapy.">Tumor-associated-macrophage-membrane-coated nanoparticles for improved photodynamic immunotherapy.</a> Nano Letters. 21 (13), 5522-5531 (2021).</li><li>Prasanna, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Current+status+of+nanoscale+drug+delivery+and+the+future+of+nano-vaccine+development+for+leishmaniasis+-+A+review.">Current status of nanoscale drug delivery and the future of nano-vaccine development for leishmaniasis - A review.</a> Biomedicine &amp; Pharmacotherapy. 141, 111920 (2021).</li><li>George, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surface+defects+on+plate-shaped+silver+nanoparticles+contribute+to+its+hazard+potential+in+a+fish+gill+cell+line+and+zebrafish+embryos.">Surface defects on plate-shaped silver nanoparticles contribute to its hazard potential in a fish gill cell line and zebrafish embryos.</a> ACS Nano. 6 (5), 3745-3759 (2012).</li><li>Jafari Eskandari, M., Gostariani, R., Asadi Asadabad, M., Singh, D., Condurache-Bota, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transmission+Electron+Microscopy+of+Nanomaterials.">Transmission Electron Microscopy of Nanomaterials.</a> Electron Crystallography. , (2020).</li><li>Kontomaris, S. V., Stylianou, A., Malamou, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Atomic+force+microscopy+nanoindentation+method+on+collagen+fibrils.">Atomic force microscopy nanoindentation method on collagen fibrils.</a> Materials. 15 (7), 2477 (2022).</li><li>Zielinska, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polymeric+nanoparticles:+Production,+characterization,+toxicology+and+ecotoxicology.">Polymeric nanoparticles: Production, characterization, toxicology and ecotoxicology.</a> Molecules. 25 (16), 3731 (2020).</li><li>Doncom, K. E. B., Blackman, L. D., Wright, D. B., Gibson, M. I., O'Reilly, R. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dispersity+effects+in+polymer+self-assemblies:+A+matter+of+hierarchical+control.">Dispersity effects in polymer self-assemblies: A matter of hierarchical control.</a> Chemical Society Reviews. 46 (14), 4119-4134 (2017).</li><li>Pei, M., Li, H., Zhu, Y., Lu, J., Zhang, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+evidence+of+oncofetal+antigen+and+TLR-9+agonist+co-delivery+by+alginate+nanovaccines+for+liver+cancer+immunotherapy.">In vitro evidence of oncofetal antigen and TLR-9 agonist co-delivery by alginate nanovaccines for liver cancer immunotherapy.</a> Biomaterials Science. 10 (11), 2865-2876 (2022).</li><li>Zhang, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Titanium+dioxide+nanoparticles+induced+reactive+oxygen+species+(ROS)+related+changes+of+metabolomics+signatures+in+human+normal+bronchial+epithelial+(BEAS-2B)+cells.">Titanium dioxide nanoparticles induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) related changes of metabolomics signatures in human normal bronchial epithelial (BEAS-2B) cells.</a> Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 444, 116020 (2022).</li><li>Kumar, V., Sharma, N., Maitra, S. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+and+in+vivo+toxicity+assessment+of+nanoparticles.">In vitro and in vivo toxicity assessment of nanoparticles.</a> International Nano Letters. 7 (4), 243-256 (2017).</li><li>Tong, Y. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+immunopotentiator,+ophiopogonin+D,+encapsulated+in+a+nanoemulsion+as+a+robust+adjuvant+to+improve+vaccine+efficacy.">An immunopotentiator, ophiopogonin D, encapsulated in a nanoemulsion as a robust adjuvant to improve vaccine efficacy.</a> Acta Biomaterialia. 77, 255-267 (2018).</li><li>Elliott, A. 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Nanovaccines functionalized with immunocyte membranes have great advantages in disease-targeted therapy, and the side effects are minimized by properties such as unique tumor tropism, the identification of specific targets, prolonged circulation, enhanced intercellular interactions, and low systemic toxicity. They can also be easily integrated with other treatment modules to treat cancers cooperatively16,20. Desirable attributes can be obtained by controllingphys...

As one of the most critical public health innovations, vaccines play a key role in fighting the global burden of human disease1. For example, at present, more than 120 candidate vaccines for COVID-19 diseases are being tested, some of which have been approved in many countries2. Recent reports state that cancer vaccines have effectively improved the progress of clinical cancer treatments because they direct the immune system of cancer patients to recognize antigens as foreign to the body3. Moreover, multiple T cell epitopes located inside or outside tumor cells can be used to design peptide vaccines, which have shown advantages in the treatment of metastatic cancers because of the lack of the significant toxicity associated with radiotherapy and chemotherapy4,5. Since the mid-1990s, preclinical and clinical trials for tumor treatment have been conducted mainly using antigen peptide vaccines, but few vaccines exhibit an adequate therapeutic effect on cancer patients6. Furthermore, cancer vaccines with peptide epitopes have poor immunogenicity and insufficient delivery efficiency, which may be due to the rapid degradation of extracellular peptides that diffuse rapidly from the site of administration, which leads to insufficient antigen uptake by immune cells7. Therefore, it is necessary to overcome these obstacles with vaccine delivery technology.
OVA257-264, the MHC class I-binding 257-264 epitope expressed as a fusion protein, is a frequently used model epitope8. In addition, OVA257-264 is crucial to the adaptive immune response against tumors, which depends on the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response. It is mediated by antigen-specific CD8+ T cells in the tumor, which are induced by the OVA257-264 peptide. It is characterized by insufficient granzyme B, which is released by cytotoxic T cells, leading to the apoptosis of target cells8. However, free OVA257-264 peptide administration may induce little CTL activity because the uptake of these antigens occurs in nonspecific cells rather than antigen-presenting cells (APCs). The deficiency of appropriate immune stimulation results in CTL activity5. Therefore, the induction of efficacious CTL activity demands considerable advancement.
Owing to the barrier provided by epithelial cells and the continuous secretion of mucus, vaccine antigens are rapidly removed from the nasal mucous9,10. Developing an efficient vaccine vector that can pass through the mucosal tissue is crucial because the antigen-presenting cells are situated under the mucosal epithelium9. Intranasal injection of vaccines theoretically induces mucosal immunity to fight mucosal infection11. In addition, nasal delivery is an effective and safe administration method for vaccines due to its convenience, the avoidance of intestinal administration, and improved patient compliancy7. Therefore, nasal delivery is a good means of administration for the novel peptide epitope nanovaccine.
Several synthetic biomaterials have been devised to combine epitopes of cell-tissue and cell-cell interactions. Certain bioactive proteins, such as Ile-Lys-Val-Ala-Val (IKVAV), have been introduced as part of the structure of the hydrogel to confer bioactivity12. This peptide likely contributes to cell attachment, migration, and outgrowth13 and binds integrins &#945;3&#946;1 and &#945;6&#946;1 to interact with different cancer cell types. IKVAV is a cell adhesion peptide derived from the laminin basement membrane protein &#945;1 chain that was originally used to model the neural microenvironment and cause the neuronal differentiation14. Therefore, finding an efficient delivery vehicle for this novel vaccine is important for disease control.
Recently reported emulsion systems, such as W805EC and MF59, have also been compounded for the nasal cavity delivery of inactivated influenza vaccine or recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen and illustrated to trigger both mucosal and systemic immunity15. Nanoemulsions (NEs) have the advantages of easy administration and convenient co-formation with effective adjuvants compared with particulate mucosal delivery systems16. Nanoemulsion vaccines have been reported to alter the allergic phenotype in a sustained manner different from traditional desensitization, which results in long-term suppressive effects17. Others reported that nanoemulsions combined with Mtb-specific immunodominant antigens could induce potent mucosal cell responses and confer significant protection18. Therefore, a novel intranasal self-assembled nanovaccine with the synthetic peptide IKVAV-OVA257-264 (I-OVA, the peptide consisting of IKVAV bound to OVA257-264) was designed. It is important to assess this novel nanovaccine systematically.
The purpose of this protocol is to systematically evaluate the physicochemical characteristics, toxicity, and stability of the nanovaccine, detect whether antigen uptake and protective and therapeutic effects are enhanced using technical means, and elaborate on the main experimental contents. In this study, we established a series of protocols to study the physicochemical characteristics and stability, determine the magnitude of toxicity of the I-OVA NE to BEAS-2B cells by CCK-8, and observe the antigen-presenting ability of BEAS-2B cells to the vaccine using confocal microscopy, evaluate the release profiles of this novel nanovaccine in vivo and in vitro, and detect the protective and therapeutic effect of this vaccine by using an E.G7-OVA tumor-bearing mouse model.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well plates</td>
			<td>Corning Incorporated, USA</td>
			<td>CLS3922</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bio-Rad 6.0 microplate reader</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad Laboratories Incorporated Limited Co., CA, USA</td>
			<td>&#160;Bio-Rad 6.0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CCK-8 kits</td>
			<td>Dojindo, Japan</td>
			<td>CK04</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge 5810 R</td>
			<td>Eppendorf, Germany&#160;</td>
			<td>5811000398</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAPI</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA</td>
			<td>D9542</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>fetal bovine serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Hyclone (Life Technology, USA)</td>
			<td>SH30088.03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FITC-labeled I-OVA</td>
			<td>Shanghai Botai 
			Biotechnology Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HF 90/240 Incubator</td>
			<td>Heal Force, Switzerland</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HPLC&#160;</td>
			<td>Shanghai Botai Biotechology Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>E2695</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inverted Microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon,Japan</td>
			<td>DSZ5000X</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IPC-208</td>
			<td>Chong Qing University, China</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IVIS system&#160;</td>
			<td>Caliper Life Science Limited Company</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>JEM-1230 TEM</td>
			<td>JEOL Limited Company of Japan</td>
			<td>1230 TEM</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Malvern NANO ZS</td>
			<td>Malvern Instruments Ltd., UK</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MPLA</td>
			<td>&#160;Invivogen 
			Lit. Co.</td>
			<td>tlrl-mpla</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neomycin Sulfate Ointment</td>
			<td>Shanghai CP General Pharmaceutical Co. , Ltd.</td>
			<td>H31022262</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OVA257&#8211;264</td>
			<td>Shanghai Botai 
			Biotechnology Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI 1640 medium</td>
			<td>Hyclone (Life Technology, USA)</td>
			<td>SH30809.01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Synthetic peptide (I-OVA) conjugation of IKVAV-PA</td>
			<td>Shanghai Botai 
			Biotechnology Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zeiss LSM800 laser scanning confocal fluorescence microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss, Germany</td>
			<td>Zeiss LSM800</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

preparation, characteristics, toxicity, and efficacy evaluation of the nasal self-assembled nanoemulsion tumor vaccine in vitro and in vivo

Epitope peptides have attracted widespread attention in the field of tumor vaccines because of their safety, high specificity, and convenient production; in particular, some MHC I-restricted epitopes can induce effective cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity to clear tumor cells. Additionally, nasal administration is an effective and safe delivery technique for tumor vaccines due to its convenience and improved patient compliance. However, epitope peptides are unsuitable for nasal delivery because of their poor immunogenicity and lack of delivery efficiency. Nanoemulsions (NEs) are thermodynamically stable systems that can be loaded with antigens and delivered directly to the nasal mucosal surface. Ile-Lys-Val-Ala-Val (IKVAV) is the core pentapeptide of laminin, an integrin-binding peptide expressed by human respiratory epithelial cells. In this study, an intranasal self-assembled epitope peptide NE tumor vaccine containing the synthetic peptide IKVAV-OVA257-264 (I-OVA) was prepared by a low-energy emulsification method. The combination of IKVAV and OVA257-264 can enhance antigen uptake by nasal mucosal epithelial cells. Here, we establish a protocol to study the physicochemical characteristics by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS); stability in the presence of mucin protein; toxicity by examining the cell viability of BEAS-2B cells and the nasal and lung tissues of C57BL/6 mice; cellular uptake by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM); release profiles by imaging small animals in vivo; and the protective and therapeutic effect of the vaccine by using an E.G7 tumor-bearing model. We anticipate that the protocol will provide technical and theoretical clues for the future development of novel T cell epitope peptide mucosal vaccines.

According to the protocol, we completed the preparation and in vitro and in vivo experimental evaluation of the nasal tumor nanovaccine delivery. TEM, AFM, and DLS are effective means for the assessment of the basic characteristics of the surface zeta potential and the particle size of the nanovaccine (Figure 1). BEAS-2B epithelial cells are a useful screening model for the in vitro toxicity testing of nasal vaccines (Figure 2A). The m...

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Preparation, Characteristics, Toxicity, and Efficacy Evaluation of the Nasal Self-Assembled Nanoemulsion Tumor Vaccine In Vitro and In Vivo

Here, we present detailed methods for the preparation and evaluation of the nasal self-assembled nanoemulsion tumor vaccine in vitro and in vivo.

Preparation, Characteristics, Toxicity, and Efficacy Evaluation of the Nasal Self-Assembled Nanoemulsion Tumor Vaccine In Vitro and In Vivo

Epitope peptides have attracted widespread attention in the field of tumor vaccines because of their safety, high specificity, and convenient production; ...

Novel nanoemulsion vaccine has great advantages in disease tactic therapy. These set effects are minimized by properties such as unique tumor chopism, the identification of specific tactics, and the low systemic toxicity. We anticipate that the protocol will provide technical and theoretical clues for the future development of novel T-cell ectype peptide mucosal vaccines.Begin by mixing one milligram of monophosphorol lipid A with 100 microliters of DMSO. Vortex for five minutes and leave it to dissolve for four hours at room temperature. Quantitatively add TWEEN 80 and I-OVA.Mix the components and add squalene. Next, add 100 microliters of MPLA solution to the prepared mixture. To prepare the nano emulsion vaccine, add the mixed solution to water droplets at approximately 70%of the total volume and stir gently to obtain a transparent and easily flowing mixture.For in vitro assays, start with reviving the BEAS2B epithelial cells. Turn the water bath on and adjust the temperature to 37 degrees Celsius. Thaw the frozen cell vials quickly in a water bath, tempered at 37 degrees Celsius.After thawing, quickly pipette the cells into a 15 milliliter sterile centrifuge tube, and add two milliliters of the complete growth medium. Centrifuge the tube at 129 G for five minutes. Remove the supinatant and resuspend the cells in two milliliters of the complete growth medium.After centrifuging the cells once again, remove the supinatant and add six milliliters of complete growth medium to resuspend the cells. Then transfer the cells to a T25 culture flask and incubate at 37 degrees Celsius in a 5%carbon dioxide incubator. Once the cell density reaches 80%to 90%discard the culture medium and wash the cells twice with two milliliters of PBS.Add one milliliter of 0.25%tripsin to digest the cells for one to two minutes. When rounding of the cells is observed, immediately add four milliliters of the complete growth medium to neutralize the trypsin. Mix and aspirate the samples in a 15 milliliter sterile centrifuge tube.Centrifuge the samples at 129 G for five minutes. Remove the supinatant and resuspend the cells in one milliliter of RPMI 1640 complete medium. Use 20 microliters of the cell suspension for cell counting and dilute the cells to one times 10 to the fifth cells per milliliter.Then plate the BEAS2B cells at a density of one times 10 to the fourth cells per well in 96 well plates in 100 microliters of RPMI 1640 complete medium, and pre incubate the plates for 24 hours as demonstrated previously. At the end of the incubation, discard the supinatant and add 100 microliters of RPMI 1640 to each well of the 96 well plate. Add 100 microliters each of I-OVA nano emulsion, I-OVA mixed with BNE, and I-OVA pre-diluted with a complete growth medium at various final concentrations with BNE as a control and incubate for 24 hours at 37 degrees Celsius.Once the incubation is complete, remove the medium, and transfer the plate to a dark place. Add 90 microliters of complete growth medium and 10 microliters of CCK8 solution to each well of the plate. Incubate the plate for two hours at 37 degrees Celsius and 5%carbon dioxide.Measure the absorbance of each well at 450 nanometers using an enzyme labeled plate reader. Use 10 microliter pipette tips to perform nasal immunization of the mice with I-OVA, I-OVA plus BNE, and I-OVA NE for three days. Use BNE and PBA as the experimental control.Afterward, cut approximately three millimeter thick samples of nasal tissues with scissors and place them in 4%paraformaldehyde. Remove the lung tissues and fix the nasal and whole lung tissues in 4%paraformaldehyde for 24 hours. TEM and AFM are used for the assessment of basic characteristics of the surface zeta potential and the particle size of the nano vaccine.Particle sizes, polydispersity indexes, zeta potentials, and electrophoresis mobility of I-OVA NE in musin stability analyses are shown. The relative viability of BEAS2B cells is more than 80%in cultures exposed to different peptide concentrations of I-OVA, BNE+I-OVA, and I-OVA NE for 24 hours. The I-OVA EN group had no obvious mucosal toxicity, tissue damage, bleeding, or inflammatory cell infiltration.The epithelial BEAS2B cells captured more FITC labeled I-OVA NE than that of its water solution. The sustained release effect of I-OVA NE in vitro was analyzed using the IV-IS system. I-OVA NE vaccine had a sustained release effect compared to the aqueous solution of I-OVA.In the I-OVA NE group, the percent survival time is higher compared to other groups, and the tumor volume was significantly smaller, suggesting that it has a better preventive protection effect than the other groups. In the therapeutic model, the median survival time was significantly different between different groups. The tumor volume of the I-OVA NE group was significantly smaller than that in the I-OVA group.Stirring the mixture evenly is important in this procedure. Otherwise it'll reduce the efficiency of nanovaccines.

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