Name: contact hypersensitivity as a murine model of allergic contact dermatitis
Uploaded: 2022-09-26T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Contact Hypersensitivity as a Murine Model of Allergic Contact Dermatitis at JoVE.com

이 연구는 서브벤션 SUBZ에 의해 뒷받침되었다. 폴란드 브로츠와프에있는 의과 대학의 A020.22.060 및 과학 고등 교육부 N N401 545940에서 MS 및 IP2012 0443 72에 대한 보조금으로 MMS에.

이 기사에 제시된 모든 실험은 크라쿠프의 동물 실험에 관한 제 1 차 지역 윤리위원회의 지침에 따라 수행되었습니다. 설명 된 모든 절차는 특히 케타민 / 자일라진을 마취제로 사용하고, 귀의 양쪽을 사용하여 물질 / 합텐을 적용하고, 귀를 자르고, 안구 제거로 혈액을 수집하는 것과 관련하여 현지 권장 사항에 따라 수행되었습니다. BALB/c (일배체형 H-2d), CBA/J (H-2k) 및 C57BL/6 (H-2...

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CHS는 합텐을 통해 유도되며, 이는 피부의 자체 단백질 항원에 결합하여 신 항원을 생성합니다. CHS는 순환 항원 특이적 CHS-이펙터 T 세포의 국소 혈관외 모집에 의해 매개되며, 이는 도전된 조직에서 팽윤을 초래하고, 동일한 합텐6에 이차 피부의 노출 후 24 h를 피크로 한다. 조직의 팽윤은 주로 백혈구 및 백혈구 의존성 피브린 침착(24)의 침윤에 의해 야기?...

An erratum was issued for:&#160;<a href="https://www.jove.com/t/64329">Contact Hypersensitivity as a Murine Model of Allergic Contact Dermatitis</a>. The Protocol&#160;and Representative Results sections were updated.
Step 3.2.1 of the Protocol has been updated from:
On day &#34;4&#34;, prepare 0.4% hapten: TNCB in an acetone-ethanol mixture (ratio 1:1). Prepare the solution just before use in a glass vial and protect it from light by covering the vial with aluminum foil.
to:
On day &#34;4&#34;, prepare 0.4% hapten: TNCB in an acetone: olive oil&#160;mixture (ratio 1:1). Prepare the solution just before use in a glass vial and protect it from light by covering the vial with aluminum foil.
Figure 1 of the Representative Results has been updated from:
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/64329/64329fig01.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: Induction of CHS. Sensitization, challenge, and ear measurement. Abbreviations: CHS = contact hypersensitivity reaction; TNCB = 2,4,6-trinitrochlorobenzene. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/64329/64329fig01large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
to:
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/64329/64329fig1v2.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: Induction of CHS. Sensitization, challenge, and ear measurement. Abbreviations: CHS = contact hypersensitivity reaction; TNCB = 2,4,6-trinitrochlorobenzene. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/64329/64329fig1v2large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
Figure 2 of the Representative Results has been updated from:
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/64329/64329fig02.jpg" /> 
Figure 2: Adoptive transfer of the CHS-effector cells. Abbreviations: ALNs =axillary and inguinal lymph nodes; CHS = contact hypersensitivity reaction; i.v. = intravenously; SPLs = spleens; TNCB = 2,4,6-trinitrochlorobenzene. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/64329/64329fig02large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
to:
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/64329/64329fig2v2.jpg" /> 
Figure 2: Adoptive transfer of the CHS-effector cells. Abbreviations: ALNs =axillary and inguinal lymph nodes; CHS = contact hypersensitivity reaction; i.v. = intravenously; SPLs = spleens; TNCB = 2,4,6-trinitrochlorobenzene. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/64329/64329fig2v2large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>

An erratum was issued for:&#160;<a href="https://www.jove.com/t/64329">Contact Hypersensitivity as a Murine Model of Allergic Contact Dermatitis</a>. The Protocol&#160;and Representative Results sections were updated.

Erratum: Contact Hypersensitivity as a Murine Model of Allergic Contact Dermatitis

알러지성 접촉성 피부염(ACD)은 합텐(haptens)이라고 불리는 저분자량 화학물질에 노출되어 발생하는 IV형 과민반응으로 인한 선진국에서 흔히 나타나는 피부 염증성 질환이다. 인간에서 접촉 감작을 일으키는 물질에는 화장품에 존재하는 중금속 이온 (크롬, 니켈, 철, 코발트), 테레빈 유, 향료, 염료 및 방부제 (예 : 파라페닐렌디아민), 일부 약물 (예 : 네오 마이신, 벤조카인), β-락탐 항생제 (즉, 페니실린), 식물에 의해 생성 된 화학 물질 (펜타 데카카테콜, 옻 아이비에 존재하는 물질) 및 사진 산업에서 사용되는 하이드로 퀴논 1,2 . ACD 병인학은 산업에서만 100,000 개 이상의 화학 물질이 사용되고 매년 2,000 개의 새로운 화학 물질이 합성되므로 매우 높습니다. 현재까지 접촉 합텐 / 알레르겐 일 수있는 3,700 개 이상의 분자가 확인되었습니다3. 접촉 과민 반응 (CHS)은 마우스, 기니아 피그 및 래트에서 연구 할 수있는 ACD의 실험 모델이며 유기 용매 4,5,6에 용해 된 반응성 화학 합텐의 국소 피부 적용에 의해 유도 될 수 있습니다. 이 연구는 다양한 테스트로 측정하고 정량화 할 수있는 마우스의 CHS 반응을 연구하는 데 도움이되는 객관적인 실험실 방법을 설명하는 것을 목표로합니다.
CHS는 감작(유도) 및 이펙터(챌린지) 단계로 구성됩니다. 동물 모델에서 합텐은 먼저 신체의 단백질에 공유적으로 결합하여 신 항원을 만듭니다. 감작 단계 동안, 활성화된 각질세포는 전염증성 사이토카인-종양 괴사 인자 α(TNF-α) 및 인터루킨 1β(IL-1β)7을 생성함으로써 피부 수지상 세포(sDCs)의 이동 및 성숙을 촉진한다. 표피 랑게르한스 세포 (LCs)는 CHS 유도 및 이펙터 단계8 동안 항원을 존재한다. 감작 동안 합텐에 노출된 LCs는 조절 및 이펙터 세포 둘 다의 유도를 촉진한다(9). 여러 연구로부터의 증가하는 증거는 CHS 반응이 CD4+ MHC 클래스 II 제한 Th1 세포 중 어느 하나에 의해 매개될 수 있고, 특징적인 염증 침윤물을 채용하기 위해 인터페론 γ(IFN-γ)을 국부적으로 방출할 수 있고, IFN-γ을 방출할 수 있지만 대부분 각질세포에 대한 세포독성 손상을 매개할 수 있는 CD8+ MHC 클래스 I-제한 Tc1 림프구, 그리고 현재 또한 인터루킨 17(IL-17)-생산 Th17 세포(10), 11.
다양한 종 12,13,14 및 합텐을 채용하는 몇몇 상이한 CHS 모델이 개발되었다 (상이한 합텐, 용매 및 적용 시간의 상세한 비교는 표 1에 요약된다). 자주 사용되는 실험실 종 인 마우스는 CHS를 연구 할 때 몇 가지 이점을 제공합니다. 다른 종에 비해 마우스들 사이에서 더 많은 균주, 녹아웃 (KO) 및 트랜스제닉 동물이 있으며, 이는 이들을 매우 매력적인 동물로 만든다15. 또한, CHS 모델은 많은 동물을 필요로하며, 마우스는 여기에서 더 경제적입니다. 동물 모델은 모든 측면에서 ACD를 모방하지 않으며; 특히, 그들은 인간에게 흔하지 않은 딱딱함과 절망을 보여줍니다16,17. 만성 질환의 특징은 주로 기술된 모델이 장기간 동안 합텐의 적용을 가정하지 않기 때문에 재현하기가 어렵다. 그러나, ACD의 많은 중요한 측면들이 재현된다는 것이 여기에서 확인되었다. 또한 인간과 마찬가지로 이러한 특징은 국소 알레르기 반응과 관련이 있음이 밝혀졌습니다. 이 프로토콜에 설명 된 합텐, 용매 및 그 적용의 선택은 결과가 수많은 시험관 내 테스트에 의해 확인되었으며 현재 버전이 확립 될 때까지 수년 동안 실험실에서 테스트되고 수정되었다는 사실에 의해 결정되었습니다. 뮤린 모델은 ACD의 발달에 관여하는 세포 서브셋 또는 사이토카인의 분석을 허용하며 새로운 치료법의 전임상 평가에 필수적이다.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>70% ethanol</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>65350-M</td>
			<td>for surface disinfection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well flat-bottom plates, polypropylene</td>
			<td>Greiner Bio-One GmbH, Kremsmunster, Austria</td>
			<td>655101</td>
			<td>for MPO and Evans blue measurement - plates should be made of polypropylene, that has a lower binding capacity so proteins or DNA will not bind</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetone (ACS reagent, &#8805;99.5%)</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>179124</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aluminum foil</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>Z185140</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Analytical balance</td>
			<td>Sartorius Weighing Technology GmbH, Goettingen, Germany</td>
			<td>PRACTUM224-1s, 29105177</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Automated tissue processor</td>
			<td>MediMeas Instruments, Sarsehri, Haryana, India</td>
			<td>MTP-E-212</td>
			<td>automatically prepare tissue samples by fixing, dehydrating, clearing, and infiltrating them with paraffin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD Vacutainer SST II Advance (tube with gel for obtaining serum)</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson (BD), Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA</td>
			<td>BD 366882</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bicinchoninic acid kit for protein determination</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>BCA1-1KT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biotin Rat Anti-Mouse IgG1</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson (BD Biosciences), Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA</td>
			<td>553441</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA (bovine serum albumine)</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>A9418</td>
			<td>protein assays &#38; analysis, 2 mg/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell strainer, pore size 70 &#956;m</td>
			<td>BIOLOGIX, China</td>
			<td>15-1070</td>
			<td>suitable for 50 mL tubes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coverslip</td>
			<td>VWR, Radnor, Pennsylvania, United States</td>
			<td>631-1583</td>
			<td>24 mm, but it possible to use different size</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable pipettes capacity: 5 mL, 10 mL, 25 mL</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>Z740301, Z740302, Z740303</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPBS (Dulbecco&#8242;s phosphate buffered saline)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific,&#160; Waltham, Massachusetts, USA</td>
			<td>14190144</td>
			<td>no calcium, no magnesium, mammalian cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPX Mountant for histology</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>6522</td>
			<td>mounting media for H-E, might be used some other e.g, Canada balsam</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont 5 tweezers - straight</td>
			<td>Animalab, Poznan, Poland</td>
			<td>11251-10FST</td>
			<td>surgical instruments for procedures on mice (should be steriled)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont 7 tweezers - bent</td>
			<td>Animalab, Poznan, Poland</td>
			<td>11272-50FST</td>
			<td>surgical instruments for procedures on mice (should be steriled)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eosin Y solution, alcoholic</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>HT110116</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eppendorf Safe-Lock Tubes 1.5 mL</td>
			<td>Eppenforf, Germany</td>
			<td>3,01,20,086</td>
			<td>polypropylene</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eppendorf Safe-Lock Tubes, 2.0 mL</td>
			<td>Eppenforf, Germany</td>
			<td>3,01,20,094</td>
			<td>polypropylene, round bottom (the homogenization beads can easily move)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol 100% (absolute alkohol)</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>1.07017</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol 96%</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>1.59010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Evans blue</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>E2129</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS (fetal bovine serum)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA</td>
			<td>A3160802</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formalin solution, neutral buffered, 10%</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>HT501128</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formamide 99.5% (GC)</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>F7503</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Freezer -20 &#176;C</td>
			<td>Bosch, Germany</td>
			<td>GSN54AW30</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fridge +4 &#176;C / freezer -20 &#176;C</td>
			<td>Bosch, Germany</td>
			<td>KGV36V10</td>
			<td>mammalian Cell Culture, qualified, Brazil, 10 x 50 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass microskope slides, SuperFrost Plus</td>
			<td>VWR, Radnor, Pennsylvania, United States</td>
			<td>631-0108, 631-0446, 631-0447, 631-0448, 631-0449</td>
			<td>Slides that eliminates the need to apply adhesive materials or protein coatings, to preventing any tissue sections loss during staining.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Graph Pad Prism</td>
			<td>GraphPad Software Inc.</td>
			<td>v. 9.4.0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Grey soap</td>
			<td>Pollena Ostrzesz&#243;w, Producent Chemii Gospodarczej Sp. Z.o.o. , Sp. K., Poland</td>
			<td>Bialy jelen soap bar</td>
			<td>grey Soap Bar Natural Hypoallergenic. Generally available product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) 1 mol/l (1 M)</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>1.60313</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Harris hematoxylin solution</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>HHS16</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hemocytometer</td>
			<td>VWR, Avantor, U.S.A</td>
			<td>612-5719</td>
			<td>manual counting chamber is recommend, which is more accurate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>H5882</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Homogenizer</td>
			<td>QIAGEN Hilden, Germany</td>
			<td>Tissue Lyser LT, SN 23.1001/05234</td>
			<td>homogenizer with stainless steel beads (diameter 5 mm) for 2 mL centrifuge tubes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Horseradish peroxidase streptavidin (HRP streptavidin)</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories, Inc., Burlingame, CA, USA</td>
			<td>SA-5004-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrogen peroxide solution (H202)</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>H1009</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Incubator Heracell 150i</td>
			<td>Thermo Electron LED Gmbh, Germany</td>
			<td>41071068</td>
			<td>37 oC in the atmosphere of 5 % CO2, and 65 0C for deparaffinization the sections for histology</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketamine 100 mg/mL, solution for injection</td>
			<td>Biowet Pulawy Sp. z o.o., Pulawy, Poland</td>
			<td>cat.# not avaliable</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KH2PO4 (potassium dihydrogen phosphate) 99.995% anhydrous basis</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>1.05108</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laboratory Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Heraeus Megafuge 1.0R, Thermo Scientific, Germany</td>
			<td>B00013899</td>
			<td>speed to 300 x g, with cooling to 4 0C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laboratory Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Heraeus Fresco 21, Thermo Scientific, Germany</td>
			<td>75002425</td>
			<td>speed to 3,000 x g, with cooling to 4 0C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mask (FFP2)</td>
			<td>VWR, Radnor, Pennsylvania, United States</td>
			<td>111-0917</td>
			<td>for working with ortho-dianisine dihydrochloride</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mice</td>
			<td>Breeding unit of the Chair of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland</td>
			<td>CBA/J, C57BL/6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micrometer</td>
			<td>Mitutoyo, Tokyo, Japan</td>
			<td>193-111</td>
			<td>digit Outside Micrometer, Ratchet Stop, 0-25mm Range, 0.001mm Graduation, +/-0.002mm Accuracy, https://shop.mitutoyo.pl/web/mitutoyo/pl_PL/all/all/Mikrometr%20analogowy%20/PR/193-111/index.xhtml&#160;&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>microplate, 96 well, microlon, high binding (for ELISA test)</td>
			<td>Greiner Bio-One GmbH, Kremsmunster, Austria</td>
			<td>655061</td>
			<td>with maxi-sorp binding surfaces for reliable and reproducible results in colormetric assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope with objectives</td>
			<td>Leica Microsystems CMS GmbH, Germany</td>
			<td>DM1000, 294011-082007</td>
			<td>histology presented in the paper was performed under ThermoFisher Scientific EVOS M5000 Imaging System, with objectives: FL 20X LWDPH, 0.40NA/3.1WD and FL 40X LWDPH 0.65NA/1.79WD</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Myeloperoxidase from human leukocytes (MPO standard)</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>M6908</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Na2HPO4 x 7 H2O (sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate)</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>S9390</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Olive-oil</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>75343</td>
			<td>pure, natural</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OptEIA Mouse IFN-&#947; ELISA Set</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson (BD Biosciences), Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA</td>
			<td>555138</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ortho-dianisine dihydrochloride</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>D3252</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraffin wax</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>76242</td>
			<td>beads, waxy solid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS (phosphate buffered saline)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific,&#160; Waltham, Massachusetts, USA</td>
			<td>20012027</td>
			<td>pH 7.2, mammalian cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ph meter</td>
			<td>Elmetron, Poland</td>
			<td>CP-401</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipettes, variable volume with tips</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>EP3123000900-1EA</td>
			<td>3-pack, Option 1, 0.5-10 uL/10-100 uL/100-1000 uL, includes epT.I.P.S.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Razor blade</td>
			<td>VWR, Radnor, Pennsylvania, United States</td>
			<td>PERS94-0462</td>
			<td>scraper and cutter blades, single edge, aluminium spine, 100 blades per box, individually wrapped</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rotary microtome</td>
			<td>MRC Laboratory-Instruments, Essex, CM20 2HU UK</td>
			<td>HIS-202A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scissors - straight, sharp / sharp</td>
			<td>Animalab, Poznan, Poland</td>
			<td>14060-10FST</td>
			<td>Surgical instruments for procedures on mice (should be steriled)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Screw cap (open top)</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>27056</td>
			<td>black polypropylene hole cap, for use with 22&#160;mL vial with 20-400 thread</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td>BioTek Instruments, U.S.A</td>
			<td>201446</td>
			<td>universal microplate spectrophotometer: &#955; range: 200 - 999 nm, absorbance measurement range: 0.000 - 4.000 Abs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Staining dish 20 slides with rack</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>S6141</td>
			<td>e.g. 20 slide staining dishes complete with covers, slide rack and handle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile Disposable Biopsy Punch 6mm</td>
			<td>Integra LifeSciences, Princeton, NJ, USA</td>
			<td>33-36</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical scissors</td>
			<td>Animalab, Poznan, Poland</td>
			<td>52138-46</td>
			<td>surgical instruments for procedures on mice (should be steriled)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue processing cassettes</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>Z672122</td>
			<td>tissue processing/ embedding cassettes with lid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TMB Substrate Reagent Set</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson (BD Biosciences), Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA</td>
			<td>555214</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TNCB (2,4,6-trinitrochlorobenzene)</td>
			<td>Tokyo Chemical Industry CO., LTD, Japan</td>
			<td>C0307</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TNP-BSA (bovine serum albumin conjugated with 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)</td>
			<td>Biosearch Technologies LGC, Petaluma, CA, USA</td>
			<td>T-5050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T-PER (tissue protein extration reagent)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA</td>
			<td>78510</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tubes 15 mL sterile</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>CLS430055 (Corning)</td>
			<td>polypropylene, conical bottom</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tubes 50 mL, sterile</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>CLS430290 (Corning)</td>
			<td>polypropylene, conical bottom</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween 20</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>P1379</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vials, screw top, clear glass (vial only) 22 mL</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>27173</td>
			<td>for the preparation of hapten, screwed on so that it does not evaporate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water bath</td>
			<td>AJL Electronic, Poland</td>
			<td>LW102</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wax (paraffin) dispenser</td>
			<td>VWR, Radnor, Pennsylvania, United States</td>
			<td>114-8737</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylazine (xylapan 20 mg/mL) solution for injection</td>
			<td>Vetoquinol Biowet Sp. z o.o., Gorzow Wielkopolski, Poland</td>
			<td>cat.# not avaliable</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylene (histological grade)</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>534056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

contact hypersensitivity as a murine model of allergic contact dermatitis

접촉 과민증 (CHS)은 마우스에서 연구 할 수있는 알레르기 성 접촉 피부염 (ACD)의 실험 모델입니다. 이 연구는 다양한 테스트로 측정하고 정량화 할 수있는 마우스의 CHS 반응을 연구하는 데 도움이되는 객관적인 실험실 방법을 제시하는 것을 목표로합니다. CHS를 유도하기 위해, "0"일째에, 마우스는 아세톤-에탄올 혼합물 중의 합텐 2,4,6-트리니트로클로로벤젠(TNCB)으로 복 도장에 의해 이전에 면도된 반점에 감작시킨 반면, 음성 대조군 마우스는 비히클 단독-아세톤-에탄올 혼합물로 가짜 감작되었다. "4"일째에, 기준선 귀 두께를 CHS(챌린지)의 도출 전에 시험군 및 대조군 둘 다에서 희석된 TNCB로 양쪽 귀를 페인팅함으로써 마이크로미터로 측정하였다. 24시간 후, 귀 팽윤을 마이크로미터로 측정하였다. CHS는 염증이 있는 조직에서 팽윤을 일으키는 T 세포 매개 면역 반응의 예이며, 동일한 합텐으로 피부 챌린지 후 24시간 후에 최고조에 달한다. 귀 부종의 증가는 증강 된 귀 무게, 골수퍼옥시다제 (MPO) 활성, 귀 추출물의 전염증성 사이토카인 농도, 조직 학적 검사에서 부종 진피의 두꺼움 증가 및 귀 혈관 투과성과 관련이 있습니다. 또한 대조군 마우스와 비교했을 때 시험군의 혈청에서 TNP 특이적 IgG1 항체의 농도가 증가하였다. 추가적으로, CHS는 이전에 TNCB로 감작된 공여자로부터 수득된 CHS-이펙터 세포와 함께 성공적으로 전달될 수 있다. CHS-이펙터 세포를 순진한 수용자 마우스에 정맥내 투여하였고, 이는 후속적으로 동일한 희석된 합텐으로 도전되었다. 귀 부종은 24시간 후에 마이크로미터로 측정하였다.

CHS 유도를 위해, 동물을 150 μL의 5% TNCB 또는 비히클 단독의 가짜 감작으로 피부 페인팅(복부)을 통해 감작시켰다. "4"일째에, 양쪽 귀의 귀 부종 반응은 이전에 TNCB로 감작된 마우스(시험 그룹) 및 대조군 마우스(가짜 감작)에서 0.4% TNCB의 10 μL와 접촉페인팅(challenge)에 의해 유도되었다. 제시된 데이터는 TNCB로 감작되고 도전 4일 후에 샴페인팅된 마우스가 유사하게 도전된 샴-감작된 것들과 비?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Contact Hypersensitivity as a Murine Model of Allergic Contact Dermatitis at JoVE.com

Contact Hypersensitivity as a Murine Model of Allergic Contact Dermatitis

접촉 과민증 (CHS)은 알레르기 성 접촉 피부염 (ACD)의 뮤린 실험 모델입니다. CHS는 가슴과 복부의 면도 된 피부를 페인팅하여 반응성 합텐으로 감작을 기반으로하며, 희석 된 합텐으로 후속 귀 피부 챌린지를 통해 다양한 방법으로 평가되는 붓기 반응을 일으 킵니다.

알레르기 성 접촉 피부염의 뮤린 모델로서의 접촉 과민증

Contact hypersensitivity (CHS) is an experimental model of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) that can be studied in mice. This study aims to present an ...

여기에 제시된 객관적인 실험실 방법은 인간의 알레르기 성 접촉 피부염을 모방 한 생쥐의 접촉 과민 반응을 연구하는 데 도움이 될 수 있습니다. 접촉 과민 반응은 귀 부종뿐만 아니라이 반응과 관련된 세포 메커니즘을 연구 할 수있는 다양한 실험실 검사에 의해 측정 될 수 있습니다. 보다 접촉성 과민성 모델은 다양한 환경 요인과 새로운 물질을 테스트하여 테스트 된 요인이 새로운 치료법을 구현하는 데 사용할 수있는 T 세포 의존성 면역 반응을 조절하는지 여부를 보여줄 수 있습니다.면도날로 마우스 피부를 면도하고 발에 라벨을 붙이는 것으로 시작하십시오. 접촉 과민증 (CHS)이 유도되기 6 시간 전에 회색 비누를 물로 바르고 마우스의 가슴과 복부에 2cm 정사각형 영역을 면도하십시오. 같은 날, 이전에 면도한 부위에 갓 준비한 5%합텐 150마이크로리터를 적용하여 생쥐를 민감하게 만듭니다.제어 마우스에서는 차량만 적용합니다. 동물을 새장에 다시 넣기 전에 합텐 지점을 30초 동안 건조시킵니다. 4일째에는 실험군을 알지 못하는 관찰자에 의해 0시간에 마이크로미터를 사용하여 마취된 마우스의 귀 두께를 측정합니다.그런 다음 시험군과 대조군의 귀 양쪽에 갓 준비한 04%합텐 10마이크로리터를 바르고 30초 동안 건조시킵니다. 5일째, 이전 0.4% 합텐 적용 후 24시간 후에 24시간 측정을 위해 귀 두께 측정을 반복합니다. 귀 두께 측정 후 24 시간이 지난 후 마우스가 여전히 깊은 마취 상태에있을 때 가위를 사용하여 가능한 한 두개골에 가깝게 귀를 잘라냅니다.귀의 말단부에서 생검 펀치를 사용하여 직경 6mm의 펀치를 만듭니다. 분석 저울에서 각 귀 생검의 무게를 측정하고 밀리그램으로 표현합니다. myeloperoxidase 또는 MPO 분석을 위해 귀 생검을 스테인리스 스틸 비드가 있는 2밀리리터 미세 원심분리기 튜브에 넣고 준비된 완충액 500마이크로리터를 추가합니다.균질화기에서 10분 동안 생검을 균질화한 다음 샘플을 섭씨 4도에서 15분 동안 냉각한 후 10분 동안 다시 균질화합니다. 생검이 균질화되면 비드를 꺼냅니다. 균질액을 섭씨 영하 20도에서 30분 동안 동결합니다.샘플을 해동 및 소용돌이치고 균질화 및 동결 절차를 세 번 반복합니다. 완료되면 균질액을 섭씨 4도에서 30분 동안 3, 000G에서 원심분리합니다. MPO 활성을 측정하기 위해 피펫으로 상청액을 수확하고 단백질 1밀리그램당 단위로 발현합니다.혈관 투과성 테스트를 수행하려면 0 일째에 마우스를 민감하게하고 4 일째에는 앞서 언급 한 절차를 사용하여 귀에 합텐을 적용하여 직접 도전하십시오. 23시간 후, 마취된 마우스에 Dulbecco의 인산염 완충 식염수(DPBS)에 1%Evans blue 염료를 체중 g당 8.3마이크로리터를 정맥 주사합니다. 1시간 후, 마우스를 다시 마취시켜 앞서 설명한 바와 같이 귀 생검을 수집한다.조직에서 염료를 추출하려면 섭씨 37도에서 5 % 이산화탄소 대기에서 18 시간 동안 1 밀리리터의 포름 아미드가 들어있는 튜브에서 생검을 배양합니다. 귀 생검을 수집 한 후, 마우스가 여전히 깊은 마취 상태에있을 때 핀셋으로 안구를 제거하십시오. 마우스에 부드러운 압력을 가하고 혈청 수집을 위해 안와후동에서 튜브로 혈액을 수집합니다.튜브를 6번 뒤집고 혈액이 응고될 때까지 30분 동안 기다립니다. 그 후, 튜브를 1, 300 내지 2, 000 G에서 실온에서 10분 동안 원심분리한다. 앞서 언급한 절차를 사용하여 0일에 TNCB 합텐으로 기증자 마우스를 감작시킵니다. 4일째에는 피부를 소독한 후 겸자를 사용하여 마취된 마우스에서 겨드랑이 및 사타구니 림프절 또는 ALN을 분리한 다음 비장을 분리합니다.두 현미경 슬라이드의 젖빛 끝 사이에 조직을 으깨고 기공 크기가 70마이크로미터인 세포 여과기를 통해 세포 현탁액을 통과시킵니다. 그런 다음 1% 소 태아 혈청이 보충된 DPBS로 세포를 세척하고 섭씨 4도에서 10분 동안 300G에서 원심분리합니다. 상청액을 경사 조절하고 나머지 세포 펠릿을 1 내지 5 밀리리터의 DPBS에 재현탁시킨다.마취된 마우스에 CHS-이펙터 세포 혼합물을 정맥 주사하기 전에 200마이크로리터의 DBPS에서 최대 7.0배 10에서 7번째 세포에 ALN과 비장의 1:1 혼합물을 준비합니다. 0시와 챌린지 24시간 후에 귀 두께를 측정합니다. 데이터에 따르면 TNCB에 감작되고 4일 후 귀에 도전한 마우스는 가짜 감작 및 유사하게 도전한 대조군 마우스에 비해 귀 부종이 크게 증가한 것으로 나타났습니다.시험군에서 귀 부종의 증가는 귀 무게, MPO 활성, 귀 추출물의 인터페론 감마 농도, 조직학적 검사에서 부종성 진피의 변화 및 귀 혈관 투과성의 증가를 초래하였으며, 대조군 동물과 비교하였을 때 시험마우스의 혈청에서 TNP 특이적 IgG1 항체가 상승하였다. 이전에 TNCB로 감작된 기증자로부터 CHS-이펙터 세포를 받은 동물은 세포를 받지 않은 동물에 비해 귀 부종이 유의하게 증가한 것으로 나타났습니다. 가장 중요한 순간은 접촉 과민증을 유발하는 것입니다.합텐 용액은 휘발성이 매우 강하고 빛에 민감하므로 동물의 피부에 신속하게 적용해야합니다. 단리된 이펙터 세포에 대해 추가의 시험을 수행할 수 있다. 예를 들어, 세포 배양은 항원의 존재 하에서 증식하는 능력을 평가하기 위해 확립될 수 있다.

contact-hypersensitivity-as-murine-model-allergic-contact

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Recognition of Epidermal Transglutaminase by IgA and Tissue Transglutaminase 2 Antibodies in a Rare Case of Rhesus Dermatitis

Tissue transglutaminase 2 (tTG2) is an intestinal digestive enzyme which deamidates already partially digested dietary gluten e.g. gliadin peptides. In genetically predisposed individuals, tTG2 triggers autoimmune responses that are characterized by the production of tTG2 antibodies and their direct deposition into small intestinal wall 1,2. The presence of such antibodies constitutes one of the major hallmarks of the celiac disease (CD). Epidermal transglutaminase (eTG) is another member of the transglutaminase family that can also function as an autoantigen in a small minority of CD patients. In these relatively rare cases, eTG triggers an autoimmune reaction (a skin rash) clinically known as dermatitis herpetiformis (DH). Although the exact mechanism of CD and DH pathogenesis is not well understood, it is known that tTG2 and eTG share antigenic epitopes that can be recognized by serum antibodies from both CD and DH patients 3,4.
In this study, the confocal microscopy examination of biopsy samples from skin lesions of two rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) with dermatitis (Table 1, Fig. 1 and 2) was used to study the affected tissues. In one animal (EM96) a spectral overlap of IgA and tTG2 antibodies (Fig. 3) was demonstrated. The presence of double-positive tTG2+IgA+ cells was focused in the deep epidermis, around the dermal papillae. This is consistent with lesions described in DH patients 3. When EM96 was placed on a gluten-free diet, the dermatitis, as well as tTG2+IgA+ deposits disappeared and were no longer detectable (Figs. 1-3). Dermatitis reappeared however, based on re-introduction of dietary gluten in EM96 (not shown). In other macaques including animal with unrelated dermatitis, the tTG2+IgA+ deposits were not detected. Gluten-free diet-dependent remission of dermatitis in EM96 together with presence of tTG2+IgA+ cells in its skin suggest an autoimmune, DH-like mechanism for the development of this condition. This is the first report of DH-like dermatitis in any non-human primate.

Recognition of Epidermal Transglutaminase by IgA and Tissue Transglutaminase 2 Antibodies in a Rare Case of Rhesus Dermatitis

Dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) is a chronic inflammatory condition characterized by an autoimmune reaction between IgA and epidermal transglutaminase (eTG). DH develops in a very small portion of gluten-sensitive and/or celiac patients. The results of this study indicate that DH can also develop in a rhesus monkey host with symptoms of idiopatic dermatitis.

의 드문 경우에 이가와 조직 Transglutaminase이 항체에 의해 표피 Transglutaminase의 인식 붉은 털원숭이 피부염

Tissue transglutaminase 2 (tTG2) is an intestinal digestive enzyme which deamidates already partially digested dietary gluten e.g. gliadin peptides. In ...

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면역학 및 감염병학

Introducing Shear Stress in the Study of Bacterial Adhesion

During bacterial infections a sequence of interactions occur between the pathogen and its host. Bacterial adhesion to the host cell surface is often the initial and determining step of the pathogenesis. Although experimentally adhesion is mostly studied in static conditions adhesion actually takes place in the presence of flowing liquid. First encounters between bacteria and their host often occur at the mucosal level, mouth, lung, gut, eye, etc. where mucus flows along the surface of epithelial cells. Later in infection, pathogens occasionally access the blood circulation causing life-threatening illnesses such as septicemia, sepsis and meningitis. A defining feature of these infections is the ability of these pathogens to interact with endothelial cells in presence of circulating blood. The presence of flowing liquid, mucus or blood for instance, determines adhesion because it generates a mechanical force on the pathogen. To characterize the effect of flowing liquid one usually refers to the notion of shear stress, which is the tangential force exerted per unit area by a fluid moving near a stationary wall, expressed in dynes/cm2. Intensities of shear stress vary widely according to the different vessels type, size, organ, location etc. (0-100 dynes/cm2). Circulation in capillaries can reach very low shear stress values and even temporarily stop during periods ranging between a few seconds to several minutes 1. On the other end of the spectrum shear stress in arterioles can reach 100 dynes/cm2 2. The impact of shear stress on different biological processes has been clearly demonstrated as for instance during the interaction of leukocytes with the endothelium 3. To take into account this mechanical parameter in the process of bacterial adhesion we took advantage of an experimental procedure based on the use of a disposable flow chamber 4. Host cells are grown in the flow chamber and fluorescent bacteria are introduced in the flow controlled by a syringe pump. We initially focused our investigations on the bacterial pathogen Neisseria meningitidis, a Gram-negative bacterium responsible for septicemia and meningitis. The procedure described here allowed us to study the impact of shear stress on the ability of the bacteria to: adhere to cells 1, to proliferate on the cell surface 5and to detach to colonize new sites 6 (Figure 1). Complementary technical information can be found in reference 7. Shear stress values presented here were chosen based on our previous experience1 and to represent values found in the literature. The protocol should be applicable to a wide range of pathogens with specific adjustments depending on the objectives of the study.

During the infection process, a key step is the adhesion of pathogens with host cells. In most instances this adhesion step occurs in the presence of mechanical stress generated by flowing liquid. We describe a technique that introduces shear stress as an important parameter in the study of bacterial adhesion.

세균성 접착 연구에 전단 응력을 소개합니다

During bacterial infections a sequence of interactions occur between the pathogen and its host. Bacterial adhesion to the host cell surface is often the ...

Basophil Activation Test for Investigation of IgE-Mediated Mechanisms in Drug Hypersensitivity

Hypersensitivity reactions against non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like propyphenazone (PP) and diclofenac (DF) can manifest as Type I-like allergic reactions 1. In clinical practice, diagnosis of drug hypersensitivity is mainly performed by patient history, as skin testing is not reliable and oral provocation testing bears life-threatening risks for the patient 2. Hence, evidence for an underlying IgE-mediated pathomechanism is hard to obtain. 
Here, we present an in vitro method based on the use of human basophils derived from drug-hypersensitive patients that mimics the allergic effector reaction in vivo. As basophils of drug-allergic patients carry IgE molecules specific for the culprit drug, they become activated upon IgE receptor crosslinking and release allergic effector molecules. The activation of basophils can be monitored by the determination of the upregulation of CD63 surface expression using flow cytometry 3. 
In the case of low molecular weight drugs, conjugates are designed to enable IgE receptor crosslinking on basophils. As depicted in Figure 1, two representatives of NSAIDs, PP and DF, are covalently bound to human serum albumin (HSA) via a carboxyl group reacting with the primary amino group of lysine residues. DF carries an intrinsic carboxyl group and, thus, can be used directly 4, whereas a carboxyl group-containing derivative of PP had to be organochemically synthesized prior to the study 1.
The coupling degree of the low molecular weight compounds on the protein carrier molecule and their spatial distribution is important to guarantee crosslinking of two IgE receptor molecules. The here described protocol applies high performance-size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) equipped with a sequential refractive index (RI) and ultra violet (UV) detection system for determination of the coupling degree.
As the described methodology may be applied for other drugs, the basophil activation test (BAT) bears the potential to be used for the determination of IgE-mediated mechanisms in drug hypersensitivity. Here, we determine PP hypersensitivity as IgE-mediated and DF hypersensitivity as non-IgE-mediated by BAT.

Basophil activation test is a potent tool for the detection of IgE-dependent allergies in vitro. Here, an optimized protocol for basophil activation test is used to investigate drug hypersensitivity. A method for the efficient production of covalent drug-protein conjugates and their physicochemical characterization is described.

약물 과민성의 IGE - 중재 메커니즘을 조사 Basophil 인증 시험

Hypersensitivity reactions against non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like propyphenazone (PP) and diclofenac (DF) can manifest as Type I-like ...

Induction of Graft-versus-host Disease and In Vivo T Cell Monitoring Using an MHC-matched Murine Model

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is the limiting barrier to the broad use of bone marrow transplant as a curative therapy for a variety of hematological deficiencies. GVHD is caused by mature alloreactive T cells present in the bone marrow graft that are infused into the recipient and cause damage to host organs. However, in mice, T cells must be added to the bone marrow inoculum to cause GVHD. Although extensive work has been done to characterize T cell responses post transplant, bioluminescent imaging technology is a non-invasive method to monitor T cell trafficking patterns in vivo. 
Following lethal irradiation, recipient mice are transplanted with bone marrow cells and splenocytes from donor mice. T cell subsets from L2G85.B6 (transgenic mice that constitutively express luciferase) are included in the transplant. By only transplanting certain T cell subsets, one is able to track specific T cell subsets in vivo, and based on their location, develop hypotheses regarding the role of specific T cell subsets in promoting GVHD at various time points. At predetermined intervals post transplant, recipient mice are imaged using a Xenogen IVIS CCD camera. Light intensity can be quantified using Living Image software to generate a pseudo-color image based on photon intensity (red = high intensity, violet = low intensity). 
Between 4-7 days post transplant, recipient mice begin to show clinical signs of GVHD. Cooke et al.1 developed a scoring system to quantitate disease progression based on the recipient mice fur texture, skin integrity, activity, weight loss, and posture. Mice are scored daily, and euthanized when they become moribund. Recipient mice generally become moribund 20-30 days post transplant. 
Murine models are valuable tools for studying the immunology of GVHD. Selectively transplanting particular T cell subsets allows for careful identification of the roles each subset plays. Non-invasively tracking T cell responses in vivo adds another layer of value to murine GVHD models.

Induction of Graft-versus-host Disease and In Vivo T Cell Monitoring Using an MHC-matched Murine Model

Murine bone marrow transplantation is a widely used technique to study immunological mechanisms governing graft-versus-host disease in humans. The ability to monitor T cell trafficking patterns in vivo allows for detailed analysis of the development and perpetuation of T cell responses during graft-versus-host disease.

이식 - 대 - 호스트 질병의 유도 및<em&gt; 생체 내</emMHC 검색 손쥐 모델을 사용&gt; T 셀 모니터링

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is the limiting barrier to the broad use of bone marrow transplant as a curative therapy for a variety of hematological ...

Measurement of Tactile Allodynia in a Murine Model of Bacterial Prostatitis

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) are pathogens that play an important role in urinary tract infections and bacterial prostatitis1. We have recently shown that UPEC have an important role in the initiation of chronic pelvic pain2, a feature of Chronic prostatitis/Chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS)3,4. Infection of the prostate by clinically relevant UPEC can initiate and establish chronic pain through mechanisms that may involve tissue damage and the initiation of mechanisms of autoimmunity5.
A challenge to understanding the pathogenesis of UPEC in the prostate is the relative inaccessibility of the prostate gland to manipulation. We utilized a previously described intraurethral infection method6 to deliver a clinical strain of UPEC into male mice thereby establishing an ascending infection of the prostate. Here, we describe our protocols for standardizing the bacterial inoculum7 as well as the procedure for catheterizing anesthetized male mice for instillation of bacteria.
CP/CPPS is primarily characterized by the presence of tactile allodynia4. Behavior testing was based on the concept of cutaneous hyperalgesia resulting from referred visceral pain8-10. An irritable focus in visceral tissues reduces cutaneous pain thresholds allowing for an exaggerated response to normally non-painful stimuli (allodynia). Application of normal force to the skin result in abnormal responses that tend to increase with the intensity of the underlying visceral pain. We describe methodology in NOD/ShiLtJ mice that utilize von Frey fibers to quantify tactile allodynia over time in response to a single infection with UPEC bacteria.

Infection of the prostate may be a contributing factor in mediating pelvic pain in chronic prostatitis. We describe the procedure for preparation of standardized bacterial inoculum, instillation of bacteria into the urethra of male mice and methodology for measuring tactile allodynia in mice over time.

세균 Prostatitis의 손쥐 모델에 촉각 Allodynia 측정

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) are pathogens that play an important role in urinary tract infections and bacterial prostatitis1. We have recently ...

Use of Galleria mellonella as a Model Organism to Study Legionella pneumophila Infection

Legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of a severe pneumonia named Legionnaires&#39; disease, is an important human pathogen that infects and replicates within alveolar macrophages. Its virulence depends on the Dot/Icm type IV secretion system (T4SS), which is essential to establish a replication permissive vacuole known as the Legionella containing vacuole (LCV). L. pneumophila infection can be modeled in mice however most mouse strains are not permissive, leading to the search for novel infection models. We have recently shown that the larvae of the wax moth Galleria mellonella are suitable for investigation of L. pneumophila infection. G. mellonella is increasingly used as an infection model for human pathogens and a good correlation exists between virulence of several bacterial species in the insect and in mammalian models. A key component of the larvae&#39;s immune defenses are hemocytes, professional phagocytes, which take up and destroy invaders. L. pneumophila is able to infect, form a LCV and replicate within these cells. Here we demonstrate protocols for analyzing L. pneumophila virulence in the G. mellonella model, including how to grow infectious L. pneumophila, pretreat the larvae with inhibitors, infect the larvae and how to extract infected cells for quantification and immunofluorescence microscopy. We also describe how to quantify bacterial replication and fitness in competition assays. These approaches allow for the rapid screening of mutants to determine factors important in L. pneumophila virulence, describing a new tool to aid our understanding of this complex pathogen.

Use of Galleria mellonella as a Model Organism to Study Legionella pneumophila Infection

The larva of the wax moth Galleria mellonella was recently established as an in vivo model to study Legionella pneumophila infection. Here, we demonstrate fundamental techniques to characterize the pathogenesis of Legionella in the larvae, including inoculation, measurement of bacterial virulence and replication as well as extraction and analysis of infected hemocytes.

사용<em&gt; 갤러리아 mellonella</em&gt; 모델 생물로 공부하기<em&gt; 레지오넬라 뉴모 필라</em&gt; 감염

Legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of a severe pneumonia named Legionnaires&#39; disease, is an important human pathogen that infects and ...

Organoids as Model for Infectious Diseases: Culture of Human and Murine Stomach Organoids and Microinjection of Helicobacter Pylori

Recently infection biologists have employed stem cell derived cultures to answer the need for new and better models to study host-pathogen interactions. Three cellular sources have been used: Embryonic stem cells (ESC), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) or adult stem cells. Here, culture of mouse and human gastric organoids derived from adult stem cells is described and used for infection with the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Human gastric glands are isolated from resection material, seeded in a basement matrix and embedded in medium containing growth factors epidermal growth factor (EGF), R-spondin, Noggin, Wnt, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 10, gastrin and transforming growth factor (TGF) beta inhibitor. In these conditions, gastric glands grow into 3-dimensional organoids containing 4 lineages of the stomach. The organoids expand indefinitely and can be frozen and thawed similarly as cell lines. For infection studies, bacteria are microinjected into the lumen of the organoids. Infected organoids are processed for imaging. The described methods can be adapted to other organoids and infections with other bacteria, viruses or parasites. This allows the study of infection-induced changes in primary cells.

Stem cell derived cultures harbor tremendous potential to model infectious diseases. Here, the culture of mouse and human gastric organoids derived from adult stem cells is described. The organoids are microinjected with the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori.

감염증에 대한 모델로 Organoids : 헬리코박터 파이로리의 인간의 문화와 쥐 위장 Organoids 및 미세 주입

Recently infection biologists have employed stem cell derived cultures to answer the need for new and better models to study host-pathogen interactions. ...

Zebrafish as a Model to Assess the Teratogenic Potential of Nitrite

High nitrate levels in the environment may&#160;result in congenital defects or miscarriages in humans. Presumably, this is due to the conversion of nitrate to nitrite by gut and salivary bacteria. However, in other mammalian studies, high nitrite levels do not cause birth defects, although they can lead to poor reproductive outcomes. Thus, the teratogenic potential of nitrite is not clear. It would be useful to have a vertebrate model system to easily assess teratogenic effects of nitrite or any other chemical of interest. Here, we demonstrate the utility of zebrafish (Danio rerio) to screen compounds for toxicity and embryonic defects. Zebrafish embryos are fertilized externally and have rapid development, making them a good model for teratogenic studies. We show that increasing the time of exposure to nitrite negatively affects survival. Increasing the concentration of nitrite also adversely affects survival, whereas nitrate does not. For embryos that survive nitrite exposure, various defects can occur, including pericardial and yolk sac&#160;edema, swim bladder noninflation, and craniofacial malformation. Our results indicate that the zebrafish is a convenient system for studying the teratogenic potential of nitrite. This approach can easily be adapted to test other chemicals for their effects on early vertebrate development.

Exposure to teratogens may cause birth defects. Zebrafish are useful for determining the teratogenic potential of chemicals. We demonstrate the utility of zebrafish by exposing embryos to various levels of nitrite and also at different times of exposure. We show that nitrite can be toxic and cause severe developmental defects.

High nitrate levels in the environment may&#160;result in congenital defects or miscarriages in humans. Presumably, this is due to the conversion of ...

A Murine Model of Group B Streptococcus Vaginal Colonization

Streptococcus agalactiae (group B Streptococcus, GBS), is a Gram-positive, asymptomatic colonizer of the human gastrointestinal tract and vaginal tract of 10 - 30% of adults. In immune-compromised individuals, including neonates, pregnant women, and the elderly, GBS may switch to an invasive pathogen causing sepsis, arthritis, pneumonia, and meningitis. Because GBS is a leading bacterial pathogen of neonates, current prophylaxis is comprised of late gestation screening for GBS vaginal colonization and subsequent peripartum antibiotic treatment of GBS-positive mothers. Heavy GBS vaginal burden is a risk factor for both neonatal disease and colonization. Unfortunately, little is known about the host and bacterial factors that promote or permit GBS vaginal colonization. This protocol describes a technique for establishing persistent GBS vaginal colonization using a single &#946;-estradiol pre-treatment and daily sampling to determine bacterial load. It further details methods to administer additional therapies or reagents of interest and to collect vaginal lavage fluid and reproductive tract tissues. This mouse model will further the understanding of the GBS-host interaction within the vaginal environment, which will lead to potential therapeutic targets to control maternal vaginal colonization during pregnancy and to prevent transmission to the vulnerable newborn. It will also be of interest to increase our understanding of general bacterial-host interactions in the female vaginal tract.

A Murine Model of Group B Streptococcus Vaginal Colonization

The purpose of this protocol is to imitate human group B Streptococcus (GBS) vaginal colonization in a murine model. This method may be used to investigate host immune responses and bacterial factors contributing to GBS vaginal persistence, as well as to test therapeutic strategies.

그룹 B의 쥐 모델<em&gt; 연쇄상 구균</em&gt; 질 식민

Streptococcus agalactiae (group B Streptococcus, GBS), is a Gram-positive, asymptomatic colonizer of the human gastrointestinal tract and vaginal tract of ...

Effects of Exposure of Formaldehyde to a Rat Model of Atopic Dermatitis Induced by Neonatal Capsaicin Treatment

Atopic dermatitis is chronically relapsing pruritic eczema and prevails around the world especially in developed countries. Complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors are known to play an important role in the pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis. However, we still lack a detailed picture of the pathogenesis of this disease. Thus, it is of importance to develop appropriate animal models for elucidating the progression of atopic dermatitis. Moreover, investigating the effect of environmental factors such as air pollutants on atopic dermatitis expands understanding of the disease. Here, we describe a method for inducing atopic dermatitis in rats with neonatal capsaicin treatment and a protocol for exposure of a constant concentration of formaldehyde to rats to reveal effects on the development of atopic dermatitis in infantile and adolescent periods. These protocols have been successfully applied to several experiments and can be used for other substances.

We describe here methods for neonatal capsaicin treatment to induce atopic dermatitis in rats and exposure of vaporized formaldehyde to investigate the effects of formaldehyde inhalation on atopic dermatitis.

신생아 Capsaicin 치료에 의해 유도 된 아 토 피 성 피부염의 쥐 모델에 포 름 알 데히드의 노출의 효과

Atopic dermatitis is chronically relapsing pruritic eczema and prevails around the world especially in developed countries. Complex interactions between ...