Name: modeling human cerebellar development in vitro in 2d structure
Uploaded: 2022-09-16T14:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Modeling Human Cerebellar Development In Vitro in 2D Structure at JoVE.com

Nous remercions Jenny Gringer Richards pour son travail approfondi dans la validation de nos sujets témoins, à partir desquels nous avons généré les CSPi de contrôle. Ce travail a été soutenu par NIH T32 MH019113 (à D.A.M. et K.A.K.), le Nellie Ball Trust (à T.H.W. et A.J.W.), NIH R01 MH111578 (à V.A.M. et J.A.W.), NIH KL2 TR002536 (à A.J.W.) et le Roy J. Carver Charitable Trust (à V.A.M., J.A.W. et A.J.W.). Les figurines ont été créées avec BioRender.com.

La recherche sur des sujets humains a été approuvée sous le numéro d’approbation 201805995 du comité d’examen institutionnel de l’Université de l’Iowa et le numéro d’approbation 2017-02 du comité des cellules souches pluripotentes humaines de l’Université de l’Iowa. Des biopsies cutanées ont été obtenues des sujets après avoir obtenu un consentement éclairé écrit. Les fibroblastes ont été cultivés dans du DMEM avec 15% de sérum bovin fœtal (FBS) et 1% de solution d’acides aminés MEM ...

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La capacité de modéliser le développement cérébelleux humain in vitro est importante pour la modélisation de la maladie ainsi que pour approfondir la compréhension du développement normal du cerveau. Des protocoles moins compliqués et moins rentables créent plus d’opportunités pour la génération de données reproductibles et une large mise en œuvre dans plusieurs laboratoires scientifiques. Un protocole de différenciation cérébelleuse est décrit ici en utilisant une méthode modifiée de gén...

Comprendre le développement cérébelleux humain et les fenêtres temporelles critiques de ce processus est important non seulement pour décoder les causes possibles des troubles neurodéveloppementaux, mais aussi pour identifier de nouvelles cibles pour une intervention thérapeutique. La modélisation du développement cérébelleux humain in vitro a été difficile, mais au fil du temps, de nombreux protocoles différenciant les cellules souches embryonnaires humaines (CSEh) ou les CSPi avec le destin de la lignée cérébelleuse ont émergé 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 . De plus, il est important de développer des protocoles qui génèrent des résultats reproductibles, qui sont relativement simples (pour réduire les erreurs) et qui ne sont pas lourds en coûts monétaires.
Les premiers protocoles de différenciation cérébelleuse ont été générés à partir de cultures 2D de corps embryoïdes plaqués (EB), induisant le devenir cérébelleux avec divers facteurs de croissance similaires au développement in vivo, y compris WNT, BMP et FGF 1,9. Des protocoles publiés plus récents ont induit une différenciation principalement dans la culture organoïde 3D avec FGF2 et insuline, suivie de FGF19 et SDF1 pour les structures rhombiques ressemblant à des lèvres3,4, ou ont utilisé une combinaison de FGF2, FGF4 et FGF85. Les deux méthodes d’induction organoïde cérébelleuse ont abouti à des organoïdes cérébelleux 3D similaires, car les deux protocoles ont rapporté une expression similaire du marqueur cérébelleux à des moments identiques. Holmes et Heine ont étendu leur protocole 3D5 pour montrer que les cellules cérébelleuses 2D peuvent être générées à partir d’hESCs et d’iPSCs, qui commencent sous forme d’agrégats 3D. En outre, Silva et al.7 ont démontré que les cellules représentant des neurones cérébelleux matures en 2D peuvent être générées avec une approche similaire à celle de Holmes et Heine, en utilisant un point temporel différent pour passer de la 3D à la 2D et prolonger le temps de croissance et de maturation.
Le protocole actuel induit le devenir cérébelleux dans les CSPi sans alimentation en générant des corps embryoïdes flottants à l’aide d’insuline et de FGF2, puis en plaquant les EB sur des plats enrobés de PLOL / laminine au jour 14 pour une croissance et une différenciation 2D. Au jour 35, les cellules ayant une identité cérébelleuse sont obtenues. La capacité de récapituler les premières étapes du développement cérébelleux, en particulier dans un environnement 2D, permet aux chercheurs de répondre à des questions spécifiques nécessitant des expériences avec une structure monocouche. Ce protocole se prête également à d’autres modifications telles que des surfaces micropatternées, des tests de croissance axonale et le tri cellulaire pour enrichir les populations cellulaires souhaitées.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>10 mL Serological pipette</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>13-678-26D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1-thio-glycerol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M6145</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 mL Serological pipette</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>13-678-26B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>250 mL Filter Unit, 0.2 &#181;m aPES, 50 mm Dia</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>FB12566502</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>35 mm Easy Grip Tissue Cluture Dish</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>353001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4D Nucleofector core unit</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>276885</td>
			<td>Nucleofector</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 mL Serological pipette</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>13-678-25D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>60 mm Easy Grip Tissue Culture Dish</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>353004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-well ultra-low attachment plates</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3471</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>9&#34; Disposable Pasteur Pipets</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>13-678-20D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Apo-transferrin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T1147</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine serum albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A9418</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture grade water</td>
			<td>Cytiva</td>
			<td>SH30529.02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chemically defined lipid concentrate</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11905031</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chroman 1</td>
			<td>Cayman</td>
			<td>34681</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Class II, Type A2, Biological safety Cabinet</td>
			<td>NuAire, Inc.</td>
			<td>NU-540-600</td>
			<td>Hood, UV light</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Costar 24-well plate, TC treated</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3526</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Costar 6-well plate, TC treated</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3516</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAPI solution</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>62248</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11965092</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM/F12</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11320033</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMSO (Dimethly sulfoxide)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D2438</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPBS+/+</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>14040133</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Emricasan</td>
			<td>Cayman</td>
			<td>22204</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Epi5 episomal iPSC reprogramming kit</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A15960</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Essential 8-Flex</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>A2858501</td>
			<td>PSC medium with heat-stable FGF2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EVOS XL Core Imaging system</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>AMEX1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum - Premium Select</td>
			<td>Atlanta Biologicals</td>
			<td>S11150</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FGF2</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>100-18B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GlutaMAX supplement</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>35050061</td>
			<td>L-alanine-L-glutamine supplement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ham&#39;s F12 Nutrient Mix</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11765054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HERAcell VIOS 160i CO2 incubator</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>50144906</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human Anti-EN2, mouse</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td>sc-293311</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human anti-Ki67/MKI67, rabbit</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>MAB7617</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human anti-PTF1a, rabbit</td>
			<td>Novus Biologicals</td>
			<td>NBP2-98726</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human anti-TUBB3, mouse</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>801213</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IMDM</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>12440053</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>12585</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laminin Mouse Protein</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>23017015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Matrigel Matrix</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>354234</td>
			<td>Basement membrane matrix</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM-NEAA</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11140050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mini Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Labnet International</td>
			<td>C1310</td>
			<td>Benchtop mini centrifuge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Monarch RNA Cleanup Kit (50 &#181;g)</td>
			<td>New England BioLabs</td>
			<td>T2040</td>
			<td>Silica spin columns</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Monarch Total RNA Miniprep Kit</td>
			<td>New England BioLabs</td>
			<td>T2010</td>
			<td>Silica spin columns</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N-2 supplement</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>17502-048</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neurobasal medium</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>21103049</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS, pH 7.4</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10010023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PFA 16%</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>15710</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyamine supplement</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P8483</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly-L-Ornithine (PLO)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>3655</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>746436</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SB431542</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>54317</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>See through self-sealable pouches</td>
			<td>Steriking</td>
			<td>SS-T2 (90x250)</td>
			<td>Autoclave pouches</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium citrate dihydrate&#160;</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S279-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe filters, sterile, PES 0.22 &#181;m, 30 mm Dia</td>
			<td>Research Products International</td>
			<td>256131</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trans-ISRIB</td>
			<td>Cayman</td>
			<td>16258</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TRIzol Reagent</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15596018</td>
			<td>Phenol and guanidine isothiocyanate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TrypLE Express Enzyme (1x)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>12604039</td>
			<td>Cell dissociation reagent&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vapor pressure osmometer</td>
			<td>Wescor, Inc.</td>
			<td>Model 5520</td>
			<td>Osmometer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Y-27632</td>
			<td>Biogems</td>
			<td>1293823</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

modeling human cerebellar development in vitro in 2d structure

Le développement précis et opportun du cervelet est crucial non seulement pour une coordination motrice et un équilibre précis, mais aussi pour la cognition. En outre, la perturbation du développement cérébelleux a été impliquée dans de nombreux troubles neurodéveloppementaux, notamment l’autisme, le trouble déficitaire de l’attention avec hyperactivité (TDAH) et la schizophrénie. Les études sur le développement cérébelleux chez l’homme n’étaient auparavant possibles que par des études post-mortem ou la neuroimagerie, mais ces méthodes ne sont pas suffisantes pour comprendre les changements moléculaires et cellulaires qui se produisent in vivo au cours du développement précoce, qui est à l’origine de nombreux troubles neurodéveloppementaux. L’émergence de techniques pour générer des cellules souches pluripotentes induites par l’homme (CSPi) à partir de cellules somatiques et la capacité de redifférencier davantage les CSPi en neurones ont ouvert la voie à la modélisation in vitro du développement précoce du cerveau. La présente étude fournit des étapes simplifiées vers la génération de cellules cérébelleuses pour des applications nécessitant une structure monocouche en 2 dimensions (2D). Les cellules cérébelleuses représentant les premiers stades de développement sont dérivées de CSPi humaines via les étapes suivantes: premièrement, les corps embryoïdes sont fabriqués en culture 3 dimensions (3D), puis ils sont traités avec FGF2 et insuline pour promouvoir la spécification du devenir cérébelleux, et enfin, ils sont différenciés en phase terminale en tant que monocouche sur des substrats recouverts de poly-l-ornithine (PLO) / laminine. À 35 jours de différenciation, les cultures de cellules cérébelleuses dérivées de l’iPSC expriment des marqueurs cérébelleux, notamment ATOH1, PTF1α, PAX6 et KIRREL2, ce qui suggère que ce protocole génère des précurseurs neuronaux cérébelleux glutamatergiques et GABAergiques, ainsi que des progéniteurs cellulaires de Purkinje. De plus, les cellules différenciées présentent une morphologie neuronale distincte et sont positives pour les marqueurs d’immunofluorescence de l’identité neuronale tels que TUBB3. Ces cellules expriment des molécules de guidage axonal, y compris la sémaphorine-4C, la plexine-B2 et la neuropiline-1, et pourraient servir de modèle pour étudier les mécanismes moléculaires de la croissance des neurites et de la connectivité synaptique. Cette méthode génère des neurones cérébelleux humains utiles pour des applications en aval, y compris l’expression génique, les études physiologiques et morphologiques nécessitant des formats monocouches 2D.

Vue d’ensemble de la différenciation cérébelleuse 3D à 2D Les cellules cérébelleuses sont générées à partir des CSPi. La figure 1A montre le flux de travail global et l’ajout de composants majeurs pour la différenciation. Le jour 0, les EB sont fabriqués en soulevant doucement les colonies d’iPSC (Figure 1B) à l’aide d’une pipette en verre tiré dans CDM contenant SB431542 et Y-27632 et placés dans des plaques de fixat...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Modeling Human Cerebellar Development In Vitro in 2D Structure at JoVE.com

Modeling Human Cerebellar Development In Vitro in 2D Structure

Le présent protocole explique la génération d’une monocouche 2D de cellules cérébelleuses à partir de cellules souches pluripotentes induites pour étudier les premiers stades du développement cérébelleux.

Modélisation du développement cérébelleux humain in vitro en structure 2D

The precise and timely development of the cerebellum is crucial not only for accurate motor coordination and balance but also for cognition. In addition, ...

Cette méthode peut aider à étudier le développement cérébelleux précoce de l’homme et comment il pourrait être modifié dans les troubles neuropsychiatriques. Le principal avantage de cette méthode est de générer des cellules cérébelleuses humaines précoces dans une structure de couche 2D sans effectuer d’étapes compliquées. C’est également rentable.La fabrication de pipettes à traction peut être délicate au début, mais avec de la pratique et du temps, il devient plus facile de tirer les pipettes d’une manière qui sera plus facile à travailler. Commencez la préparation expérimentale en tirant une pipette Pasteur de 22,9 centimètres à environ deux centimètres sous le cou, au-dessus du brûleur Bunsen pour créer deux pipettes en verre. Le côté le plus mince sera environ quatre centimètres plus court que l’autre.Pliez les pointes du côté tiré sur la flamme pour créer un R lisse, puis placez les pipettes tirées dans des manchons d’autoclave et stérilisez-les dans un autoclave. Au jour zéro, ajoutez un millilitre de milieu de différenciation cérébelleuse complété par 10 micromolaires Y-27632 et SB-431542 à chaque puits d’une plaque de fixation ultra-basse à six puits, ou ULA, et placez-le dans l’incubateur jusqu’à ce que les colonies levées soient prêtes à être ajoutées aux puits. Nettoyez les cellules différenciées à l’aide d’une pipette en verre tiré.Aspirer le milieu et ajouter un millimètre de solution de passage iPSC pour chaque boîte de 35 millimètres. Après trois minutes d’incubation à 37 degrés Celsius, aspirer le milieu et ajouter deux millimètres de milieu de différenciation cérébelleuse complété par 10 micromolaires Y-27632 et SB-431542 Sous un grossissement 4x d’un microscope inversé à lumière transmise, soulever les colonies à l’aide du bord courbé de la pipette en verre tiré. Une fois chaque colonie soulevée, transférez doucement toutes les colonies dans un puits de la plaque ULA à six puits à l’aide d’une pipette sérologique de 10 millilitres.Répétez ce processus pour chaque plaque iPSC et incuber les cellules à 37 degrés Celsius avec 5% de dioxyde de carbone. Le deuxième jour, ajoutez FGF2 à chaque puits pour ajuster une concentration finale de 50 nanogrammes par millilitre. Le septième jour, changez un tiers du milieu en aspirant un millilitre de milieu usé et en le remplaçant par un millilitre de milieu de différenciation cérébelleuse frais.Incuber les corps embryoïdes pendant sept jours. Le jour 14, faites tourbillonner l’assiette pour rassembler tous les corps embryoïdes au centre de l’assiette. Ensuite, inclinez la plaque et aspirez tout le milieu usé à l’aide d’une pipette de 1000 microlitres à partir du bord.Au fur et à mesure que la quantité moyenne diminue, posez lentement la plaque à plat et continuez à aspirer, en laissant suffisamment de milieu pour éviter d’aspirer les corps embryoïdes. Ensuite, ajoutez trois millilitres de milieu de différenciation cérébelleuse frais complété par 10 micromolaires Y-27632. Ensuite, transférez les corps embryoïdes à l’aide d’une pipette sérologique de 10 millilitres dans un plat enrobé de poly-L-ornithine laminine.Le jour 15, aspirez le milieu et remplacez-le par un milieu de différenciation cérébelleuse frais. Le jour zéro, les colonies d’iPSC ont été nettoyées et soulevées dans un milieu de différenciation cérébelleuse contenant SB-431542 et Y-27632 et ont été placées dans des plaques de fixation ultra-basses pour générer des corps embryoïdes. L’ajout de FGF2 le deuxième jour et un changement de milieu de 1/3 le septième jour ont entraîné un élargissement des corps embryoïdes le 14ème jour.Les cellules ont commencé à migrer vers l’extérieur des corps embryoïdes le long de la surface recouverte le 15ème jour. Le changement complet du milieu à milieu de maturation cérébelleuse à partir du 21ème jour a abouti à une monocouche de cellules avec une morphologie et une complexité de type neuronal au 35ème jour. L’analyse de l’expression génique au jour 35 a révélé que les cellules expriment des marqueurs progéniteurs cérébelleux précoces tels que les progéniteurs glutamatergiques, ATOH1, GABAergic progenitors, PTF1 alpha et les marqueurs cellulaires progéniteurs de Purkinje KIRREL2 et SKOR2.De plus, l’expression du marqueur labial rhombique OTX2 et principalement du SIX3 spécifique du neurone antérieur ont également été observées. Le marquage immunofluorescent des cellules récoltées le 35e jour a montré une coloration positive pour les marqueurs du cervelet EN2 et PTF1 alpha, le marqueur neuronal bêta tubuline III et le marqueur de prolifération KI67. La coloration nucléaire avec du 4'6-diamidino-2-phénylindole, ou DAPI, a montré des noyaux cellulaires.Pour une différenciation réussie, il est crucial de commencer par des colonies d’iPSC saines et indifférenciées et d’utiliser des réactifs aussi fraîchement reconstitués que possible.

modeling-human-cerebellar-development-in-vitro-in-2d-structure

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Modeling Human Cerebellar Development In Vitro in 2D Structure

Operant Sensation Seeking in the Mouse

Operant methods are powerful behavioral tools for the study of motivated behavior. These 'self-administration' methods have been used extensively in drug addiction research due to their high construct validity. Operant studies provide researchers a tool for preclinical investigation of several aspects of the addiction process. For example, mechanisms of acute reinforcement (both drug and non-drug) can be tested using pharmacological or genetic tools to determine the ability of a molecular target to influence self-administration behavior1-6. Additionally, drug or food seeking behaviors can be studied in the absence of the primary reinforcer, and the ability of pharmacological compounds to disrupt this process is a preclinical model for discovery of molecular targets and compounds that may be useful for the treatment of addiction3,7-9. One problem with performing intravenous drug self-administration studies in the mouse is the technical difficulty of maintaining catheter patency. Attrition rates in these experiments are high and can reach 40% or higher10-15. Another general problem with drug self-administration is discerning which pharmacologically-induced effects of the reinforcer produce specific behaviors. For example, measurement of the reinforcing and neurological effects of psychostimulants can be confounded by their psychomotor effects. Operant methods using food reinforcement can avoid these pitfalls, although their utility in studying drug addiction is limited by the fact that some manipulations that alter drug self-administration have a minimal impact on food self-administration. For example, mesolimbic dopamine lesion or knockout of the D1 dopamine receptor reduce cocaine self-administration without having a significant impact on food self-administration 12,16. 
Sensory stimuli have been described for their ability to support operant responding as primary reinforcers (i.e. not conditioned reinforcers)17-22. Auditory and visual stimuli are self-administered by several species18,21,23, although surprisingly little is known about the neural mechanisms underlying this reinforcement. The operant sensation seeking (OSS) model is a robust model for obtaining sensory self-administration in the mouse, allowing the study of neural mechanisms important in sensory reinforcement24. An additional advantage of OSS is the ability to screen mutant mice for differences in operant behavior that may be relevant to addiction. We have reported that dopamine D1 receptor knockout mice, previously shown to be deficient in psychostimulant self-administration, also fail to acquire OSS24. This is a unique finding in that these mice are capable of learning an operant task when food is used as a reinforcer. While operant studies using food reinforcement can be useful in the study of general motivated behavior and the mechanisms underlying food reinforcement, as mentioned above, these studies are limited in their application to studying molecular mechanisms of drug addiction. Thus, there may be similar neural substrates mediating sensory and psychostimulant reinforcement that are distinct from food reinforcement, which would make OSS a particularly attractive model for the study of drug addiction processes. The degree of overlap between other molecular targets of OSS and drug reinforcers is unclear, but is a topic that we are currently pursuing. While some aspects of addiction such as resistance to extinction may be observed with OSS, we have found that escalation 25 is not observed in this model24. Interestingly, escalation of intake and some other aspects of addiction are observed with self-administration of sucrose26. Thus, when non-drug operant procedures are desired to study addiction-related processes, food or sensory reinforcers can be chosen to best fit the particular question being asked. 
In conclusion, both food self-administration and OSS in the mouse have the advantage of not requiring an intravenous catheter, which allows a higher throughput means to study the effects of pharmacological or genetic manipulation of neural targets involved in motivation. While operant testing using food as a reinforcer is particularly useful in the study of the regulation of food intake, OSS is particularly apt for studying reinforcement mechanisms of sensory stimuli and may have broad applicability to novelty seeking and addiction.

In this protocol we describe a method of operant learning using sensory stimuli as a reinforcer in the mouse. It requires no prior training or food restriction, and it allows the study of motivated behavior without the use of a pharmacological or natural reinforcer such as food.

Sensation opérant dans la recherche de souris

Operant methods are powerful behavioral tools for the study of motivated behavior.  These 'self-administration' methods have been used extensively in drug ...

Recherche

Neurosciences

Time-lapse Live Imaging of Clonally Related Neural Progenitor Cells in the Developing Zebrafish Forebrain

Precise patterns of division, migration and differentiation of neural progenitor cells are crucial for proper brain development and function1,2. To understand the behavior of neural progenitor cells in the complex in vivo environment, time-lapse live imaging of neural progenitor cells in an intact brain is critically required. In this video, we exploit the unique features of zebrafish embryos to visualize the development of forebrain neural progenitor cells in vivo. We use electroporation to genetically and sparsely label individual neural progenitor cells. Briefly, DNA constructs coding for fluorescent markers were injected into the forebrain ventricle of 22 hours post fertilization (hpf) zebrafish embryos and electric pulses were delivered immediately. Six hours later, the electroporated zebrafish embryos were mounted with low melting point agarose in glass bottom culture dishes. Fluorescently labeled neural progenitor cells were then imaged for 36hours with fixed intervals under a confocal microscope using water dipping objective lens. The present method provides a way to gain insights into the in vivo development of forebrain neural progenitor cells and can be applied to other parts of the central nervous system of the zebrafish embryo.

The present video demonstrates a method which takes advantage of the combination of electroporation and confocal microscopy to perform live imaging on individual neural progenitor cells in the developing zebrafish forebrain. In vivo analysis of the development of forebrain neural progenitor cells at a clonal level can be achieved in this way.

Imagerie time-lapse en direct de relation clonale cellules progénitrices neurales dans le cerveau antérieur développement Zebrafish

Precise patterns of division, migration and differentiation of neural progenitor cells are crucial for proper brain development and function1,2. To ...

Modeling Neural Immune Signaling of Episodic and Chronic Migraine Using Spreading Depression In Vitro

Migraine and its transformation to chronic migraine are healthcare burdens in need of improved treatment options. We seek to define how neural immune signaling modulates the susceptibility to migraine, modeled in vitro using spreading depression (SD), as a means to develop novel therapeutic targets for episodic and chronic migraine. SD is the likely cause of migraine aura and migraine pain. It is a paroxysmal loss of neuronal function triggered by initially increased neuronal activity, which slowly propagates within susceptible brain regions. Normal brain function is exquisitely sensitive to, and relies on, coincident low-level immune signaling. Thus, neural immune signaling likely affects electrical activity of SD, and therefore migraine. Pain perception studies of SD in whole animals are fraught with difficulties, but whole animals are well suited to examine systems biology aspects of migraine since SD activates trigeminal nociceptive pathways. However, whole animal studies alone cannot be used to decipher the cellular and neural circuit mechanisms of SD. Instead, in vitro preparations where environmental conditions can be controlled are necessary. Here, it is important to recognize limitations of acute slices and distinct advantages of hippocampal slice cultures. Acute brain slices cannot reveal subtle changes in immune signaling since preparing the slices alone triggers: pro-inflammatory changes that last days, epileptiform behavior due to high levels of oxygen tension needed to vitalize the slices, and irreversible cell injury at anoxic slice centers. 
In contrast, we examine immune signaling in mature hippocampal slice cultures since the cultures closely parallel their in vivo counterpart with mature trisynaptic function; show quiescent astrocytes, microglia, and cytokine levels; and SD is easily induced in an unanesthetized preparation. Furthermore, the slices are long-lived and SD can be induced on consecutive days without injury, making this preparation the sole means to-date capable of modeling the neuroimmune consequences of chronic SD, and thus perhaps chronic migraine. We use electrophysiological techniques and non-invasive imaging to measure neuronal cell and circuit functions coincident with SD. Neural immune gene expression variables are measured with qPCR screening, qPCR arrays, and, importantly, use of cDNA preamplification for detection of ultra-low level targets such as interferon-gamma using whole, regional, or specific cell enhanced (via laser dissection microscopy) sampling. Cytokine cascade signaling is further assessed with multiplexed phosphoprotein related targets with gene expression and phosphoprotein changes confirmed via cell-specific immunostaining. Pharmacological and siRNA strategies are used to mimic and modulate SD immune signaling.

Modeling Neural Immune Signaling of Episodic and Chronic Migraine Using Spreading Depression In Vitro

Migraine and its transformation to chronic migraine are immense healthcare burdens in need of improved treatment options. We seek to define how neural immune signaling modulates the susceptibility to migraine, modeled in vitro using spreading depression in hippocampal slice cultures, as a means to develop novel therapeutic targets.

Modélisation Neural signalisation immunitaire de migraine épisodique et chronique utilisant Dépression épandage In Vitro</em

Migraine and its transformation to chronic migraine are healthcare burdens in need of improved treatment options.  We seek to define how neural immune ...

Genetic Manipulation of Cerebellar Granule Neurons In Vitro and In Vivo to Study Neuronal Morphology and Migration

Developmental events in the brain including neuronal morphogenesis and migration are highly orchestrated processes. In vitro and in vivo analyses allow for an in-depth characterization to identify pathways involved in these events. Cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) that are derived from the developing cerebellum are an ideal model system that allows for morphological analyses. Here, we describe a method of how to genetically manipulate CGNs and how to study axono- and dendritogenesis of individual neurons. With this method the effects of RNA interference, overexpression or small molecules can be compared to control neurons. In addition, the rodent cerebellar cortex is an easily accessible in vivo system owing to its predominant postnatal development. We also present an in vivo electroporation technique to genetically manipulate the developing cerebella and describe subsequent cerebellar analyses to assess neuronal morphology and migration.

Genetic Manipulation of Cerebellar Granule Neurons In Vitro and In Vivo to Study Neuronal Morphology and Migration

Neuronal morphogenesis and migration are crucial events underlying proper brain development. Here, we describe methods to genetically manipulate cultured cerebellar granule neurons and the developing cerebellum for the assessment of morphology and migratory characteristics of neurons.

Manipulation génétique des neurones du cervelet granules<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Et<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; À étudier neuronale Morphologie et migration

Developmental events in the brain including neuronal morphogenesis and migration are highly orchestrated processes. In vitro and in vivo analyses allow ...

Laser Nanosurgery of Cerebellar Axons In Vivo

Only a few neuronal populations in the central nervous system (CNS) of adult mammals show local regrowth upon dissection of their axon. In order to understand the mechanism that promotes neuronal regeneration, an in-depth analysis of the neuronal types that can remodel after injury is needed. Several studies showed that damaged climbing fibers are capable of regrowing also in adult animals1,2. The investigation of the time-lapse dynamics of degeneration and regeneration of these axons within their complex environment can be performed by time-lapse two-photon fluorescence (TPF) imaging in vivo3,4. This technique is here combined with laser surgery, which proved to be a highly selective tool to disrupt fluorescent structures in the intact mouse cortex5-9.
This protocol describes how to perform TPF time-lapse imaging and laser nanosurgery of single axonal branches in the cerebellum in vivo. Olivocerebellar neurons are labeled by anterograde tracing with a dextran-conjugated dye and then monitored by TPF imaging through a cranial window. The terminal portion of their axons are then dissected by irradiation with a Ti:Sapphire laser at high power. The degeneration and potential regrowth of the damaged neuron are monitored by TPF in vivo imaging during the days following the injury.

Laser Nanosurgery of Cerebellar Axons In Vivo

Two-photon imaging, coupled to laser nanodissection, are useful tools to study degenerative and regenerative processes in the central nervous system with subcellular resolution. This protocol shows how to label, image, and dissect single climbing fibers in the cerebellar cortex in vivo.

Laser nanochirurgie de cervelet axones<em&gt; In Vivo</em

Only a few neuronal populations in the central nervous system (CNS) of adult mammals show local regrowth upon dissection of their axon. In order to ...

Modeling Astrocytoma Pathogenesis In Vitro and In Vivo Using Cortical Astrocytes or Neural Stem Cells from Conditional, Genetically Engineered Mice

Current astrocytoma models are limited in their ability to define the roles of oncogenic mutations in specific brain cell types during disease pathogenesis and their utility for preclinical drug development. In order to design a better model system for these applications, phenotypically wild-type cortical astrocytes and neural stem cells (NSC) from conditional, genetically engineered mice (GEM) that harbor various combinations of floxed oncogenic alleles were harvested and grown in culture. Genetic recombination was induced in vitro using adenoviral Cre-mediated recombination, resulting in expression of mutated oncogenes and deletion of tumor suppressor genes. The phenotypic consequences of these mutations were defined by measuring proliferation, transformation, and drug response in vitro. Orthotopic allograft models, whereby transformed cells are stereotactically injected into the brains of immune-competent, syngeneic littermates, were developed to define the role of oncogenic mutations and cell type on tumorigenesis in vivo. Unlike most established human glioblastoma cell line xenografts, injection of transformed GEM-derived cortical astrocytes into the brains of immune-competent littermates produced astrocytomas, including the most aggressive subtype, glioblastoma, that recapitulated the histopathological hallmarks of human astrocytomas, including diffuse invasion of normal brain parenchyma. Bioluminescence imaging of orthotopic allografts from transformed astrocytes engineered to express luciferase was utilized to monitor in vivo tumor growth over time. Thus, astrocytoma models using astrocytes and NSC harvested from GEM with conditional oncogenic alleles provide an integrated system to study the genetics and cell biology of astrocytoma pathogenesis in vitro and in vivo and may be useful in preclinical drug development for these devastating diseases.

Modeling Astrocytoma Pathogenesis In Vitro and In Vivo Using Cortical Astrocytes or Neural Stem Cells from Conditional, Genetically Engineered Mice

Phenotypically wild-type astrocytes and neural stem cells harvested from mice engineered with floxed, conditional oncogenic alleles and transformed via viral Cre-mediated recombination can be used to model astrocytoma pathogenesis in vitro and in vivo by orthotopic injection of transformed cells into brains of syngeneic, immune-competent littermates.

Modélisation astrocytome pathogenèse<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Et<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Utilisation corticale astrocytes ou cellules souches neurales à partir de, souris génétiquement modifiées conditionnelle

Current astrocytoma models are limited in their ability to define the roles of oncogenic mutations in specific brain cell types during disease ...

In Vitro Modeling of Cancerous Neural Invasion: The Dorsal Root Ganglion Model

One way that solid tumors disseminate is through neural invasion. This route is well-known in cancers of the head and neck, prostate, and pancreas. These neurotropic cancer cells have a unique ability to migrate unidirectionally along nerves towards the central nervous system (CNS). The dorsal root ganglia (DRG)/cancer cell model is a three dimensional (3D) in vitro model frequently used for studying the interaction between neural stroma and cancer cells. In this model, mouse or human cancer cell lines are grown in ECM adjacent to preparations of freshly dissociated cultured DRG. In this article, the DRG isolation protocol from mice, and implantation in petri dishes for co-culturing with pancreatic cancer cells are demonstrated. Five days after implantation, the cancer cells made contact with the DRG neurites. Later, these cells formed bridgeheads to facilitate more extensive polarized, neurotropic migration of cancer cells.

In Vitro Modeling of Cancerous Neural Invasion: The Dorsal Root Ganglion Model

This video article shows the use of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG)/cancer cell model in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

In Vitro Modélisation de Cancerous Neural Invasion: Le ganglion de racine dorsale Modèle

One way that solid tumors disseminate is through neural invasion. This route is well-known in cancers of the head and neck, prostate, and pancreas. These ...

Modeling Neuronal Death and Degeneration in Mouse Primary Cerebellar Granule Neurons

Cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) are a commonly used neuronal model, forming an abundant homogeneous population in the cerebellum. In light of their post-natal development, abundance, and accessibility, CGNs are an ideal model to study neuronal processes, including neuronal development, neuronal migration, and physiological neuronal activity stimulation. In addition, CGN cultures provide an excellent model for studying different modes of cell death including excitotoxicity and apoptosis. Within a week in culture, CGNs express N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, a specific ionotropic glutamate receptor with many critical functions in neuronal health and disease. The addition of low concentrations of NMDA in conjunction with membrane depolarization to rodent primary CGN cultures has been used to model physiological neuronal activity stimulation while the addition of high concentrations of NMDA can be employed to model excitotoxic neuronal injury. Here, a method of isolation and culturing of CGNs from 6 day old pups as well as genetic manipulation of CGNs by adenoviruses and lentiviruses are described. We also present optimized protocols on how to stimulate NMDA-induced excitotoxicity, low-potassium-induced apoptosis, oxidative stress and DNA damage following transduction of these neurons.

This protocol describes a simple method for isolating and culturing primary mouse cerebral granule neurons (CGNs) from 6-7 day old pups, efficient transduction of CGNs for loss and gain of function studies, and modelling NMDA-induced neuronal excitotoxicity, low-potassium-induced cell death, DNA-damage, and oxidative stress using the same culture model.

Modélisation de la mort neuronale et la dégénérescence de neurones granules primaires de cervelet de souris

Cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) are a commonly used neuronal model, forming an abundant homogeneous population in the cerebellum. In light of their ...

Modeling Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease In Vitro by Transfecting Mouse Primary Motoneurons

Neurodegeneration of spinal motoneurons (MNs) is implicated in a large spectrum of neurological disorders including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, and spinal muscular atrophy, which are all associated with muscular atrophy. Primary cultures of spinal MNs have been used widely to demonstrate the involvement of specific genes in such diseases and characterize the cellular consequences of their mutations. This protocol models a primary MN culture derived from the seminal work of Henderson and colleagues more than twenty years ago. First, we detail a method of dissecting the anterior horns of the spinal cord from a mouse embryo and isolating the MNs from neighboring cells using a density gradient. Then, we present a new way of efficiently transfecting MNs with expression plasmids using magnetofection. Finally, we illustrate how to fix and immunostain primary MNs. Using neurofilament mutations that cause Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2, this protocol demonstrates a qualitative approach to expressing proteins of interest and studying their involvement in MN growth, maintenance, and survival.

Modeling Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease In Vitro by Transfecting Mouse Primary Motoneurons

The goal of this technique is to prepare a highly enriched culture of primary motoneurons (MNs) from murine spinal cord. To evaluate the consequences of mutations causing MN diseases, we describe here the isolation of these isolated MNs and their transfection by magnetofection.

Maladie de Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease In Vitro de modélisation par transfectants souris primaire motoneurones

Neurodegeneration of spinal motoneurons (MNs) is implicated in a large spectrum of neurological disorders including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, ...

Assessment of Long-term Depression Induction in Adult Cerebellar Slices

Synaptic plasticity provides a mechanism for learning and memory. For cerebellar motor learning, long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic transmissions from parallel fibers (PF) to Purkinje cells (PC) is considered the basis for motor learning, and deficiencies of both LTD and motor learning are observed in various gene-manipulated animals. Common motor learning sets, such as adaptation of the optokinetic reflex (OKR), the vestibular-ocular reflex (VOR), and rotarod test were used for evaluation of motor learning ability. However, results obtained from the GluA2-carboxy terminus modified knock-in mice demonstrated normal adaptation of the VOR and the OKR, despite lacking PF-LTD. In that report, induction of LTD was only attempted using one type of stimulation protocol at room temperature. Thus, conditions to induce cerebellar LTD were explored in the same knock-in mutants using various protocols at near physiological temperature. Finally, we found stimulation protocols, by which LTD could be induced in these gene-manipulated mice. In this study, a set of protocols are proposed to evaluate LTD-induction, which will more accurately allow examination of the causal relationship between LTD and motor learning. In conclusion, experimental conditions are crucial when evaluating LTD in gene-manipulated mice.

In some gene-manipulated animals, using a single protocol may fail to induce LTD in cerebellar Purkinje cells, and there may be a discrepancy between LTD and motor learning. Multiple protocols are necessary to assess LTD-induction in gene-manipulated animals. Standard protocols are shown.

Évaluation de l'induction à long terme de dépression dans les tranches de cérévelateur adultes

Synaptic plasticity provides a mechanism for learning and memory. For cerebellar motor learning, long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic transmissions from ...