Name: modeling human cerebellar development in vitro in 2d structure
Uploaded: 2022-09-16T14:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Modeling Human Cerebellar Development In Vitro in 2D Structure at JoVE.com

우리는 Jenny Gringer Richards가 통제 대상을 검증하는 데 철저한 노력을 기울인 것에 대해 감사 드리며, 그로부터 통제 iPSC를 생성했습니다. 이 작업은 NIH T32 MH019113 (D.A.M. 및 K.A.K.), Nellie Ball Trust (T.H.W. 및 AJW), NIH R01 MH111578 (V.A.M. 및 J.A.W.), NIH KL2 TR002536 (A.J.W.), 및 Roy J. Carver Charitable Trust (V.A.M., J.A.W. 및 AJW). 수치는 BioRender.com 로 만들어졌습니다.

인간 피험자 연구는 아이오와 대학교 기관 검토위원회 승인 번호 201805995 및 아이오와 대학교 인간 다 능성 줄기 세포위원회 승인 번호 2017-02에 따라 승인되었습니다. 피부 생검은 서면 사전 동의를 얻은 후 피험자로부터 얻었습니다. 섬유아세포를 37°C 및 5%CO2에서 15% 소 태아 혈청(FBS) 및 1% MEM-비필수 아미노산 용액으로 DMEM에서 배양하였다. 섬유아세포는 전기천공을 위해 뉴클레오펙터를 ...

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시험관 내에서 인간 소뇌 발달을 모델링하는 능력은 질병 모델링뿐만 아니라 정상적인 뇌 발달에 대한 이해를 높이는 데 중요합니다. 덜 복잡하고 비용 효율적인 프로토콜은 복제 가능한 데이터 생성 및 여러 과학 실험실에서 광범위한 구현을 위한 더 많은 기회를 만듭니다. 소뇌 분화 프로토콜은 Muguruma et al.에 의해보고 된 성장 인자를 사용하여 효소 또는 해리 제를 필요로하지 않는 EB를 ...

인간의 소뇌 발달과이 과정의 중요한 시간 창을 이해하는 것은 신경 발달 장애의 가능한 원인을 해독 할뿐만 아니라 치료 적 개입을위한 새로운 표적을 식별하는 데에도 중요합니다. 시험관 내에서 인간 소뇌 발달을 모델링하는 것은 어려운 일이었지만 시간이 지남에 따라 소뇌 혈통 운명을 가진 인간 배아 줄기 세포(hESC) 또는 iPSC를 분화하는 많은 프로토콜이 등장했습니다.1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 . 또한 재현 가능한 결과를 생성하고 비교적 간단하며(오류를 줄이기 위해) 금전적 비용이 많이 들지 않는 프로토콜을 개발하는 것이 중요합니다.
소뇌 분화를 위한 첫 번째 프로토콜은 도금된 배아체(EB)의 2D 배양에서 생성되어 WNT, BMP 및 FGF 1,9를 포함하여 생체 내 발달과 유사한 다양한 성장 인자로 소뇌 운명을 유도했습니다. 보다 최근에 발표된 프로토콜은 주로 FGF2 및 인슐린을 사용한 3D 오가노이드 배양에서 분화를 유도하고, 이어서 마름모꼴 립형 구조3,4에 대해 FGF19 및 SDF1을 유도하거나, FGF2, FGF4 및 FGF85의 조합을사용했습니다. 두 소뇌 오가노이드 유도 방법 모두 동일한 시점에서 유사한 소뇌 마커 발현을 보고했기 때문에 유사한 3D 소뇌 오가노이드를 생성했습니다. Holmes와 Heine은 3D 프로토콜5를 확장하여 2D 소뇌 세포가 3D 응집체로 시작하는 hESC 및 iPSC에서 생성될 수 있음을 보여주었습니다. 또한 Silva et al.7은 3D에서 2D로 전환하고 성장 및 성숙 시간을 연장하는 다른 시점을 사용하여 Holmes와 Heine과 유사한 접근 방식으로 2D에서 성숙한 소뇌 뉴런을 나타내는 세포를 생성 할 수 있음을 입증했습니다.
현재 프로토콜은 인슐린과 FGF2를 사용하여 자유 부동 배아체(EB)를 생성한 다음 2D 성장 및 분화를 위해 14일째에 PLO/라미닌 코팅 접시에 EB를 플레이팅하여 피더가 없는 iPSC에서 소뇌 운명을 유도합니다. 35 일째에 소뇌 정체성을 가진 세포가 얻어진다. 특히 2D 환경에서 소뇌 발달의 초기 단계를 요약하는 기능을 통해 연구원은 단층 구조 실험이 필요한 특정 질문에 답할 수 있습니다. 이 프로토콜은 또한 원하는 세포 집단을 풍부하게하기 위해 마이크로 패턴 표면, 축삭 성장 분석 및 세포 분류와 같은 추가 수정이 가능합니다.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>10 mL Serological pipette</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>13-678-26D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1-thio-glycerol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M6145</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 mL Serological pipette</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>13-678-26B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>250 mL Filter Unit, 0.2 &#181;m aPES, 50 mm Dia</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>FB12566502</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>35 mm Easy Grip Tissue Cluture Dish</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>353001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4D Nucleofector core unit</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>276885</td>
			<td>Nucleofector</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 mL Serological pipette</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>13-678-25D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>60 mm Easy Grip Tissue Culture Dish</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>353004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-well ultra-low attachment plates</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3471</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>9&#34; Disposable Pasteur Pipets</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>13-678-20D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Apo-transferrin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T1147</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine serum albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A9418</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture grade water</td>
			<td>Cytiva</td>
			<td>SH30529.02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chemically defined lipid concentrate</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11905031</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chroman 1</td>
			<td>Cayman</td>
			<td>34681</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Class II, Type A2, Biological safety Cabinet</td>
			<td>NuAire, Inc.</td>
			<td>NU-540-600</td>
			<td>Hood, UV light</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Costar 24-well plate, TC treated</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3526</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Costar 6-well plate, TC treated</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3516</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAPI solution</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>62248</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11965092</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM/F12</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11320033</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMSO (Dimethly sulfoxide)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D2438</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPBS+/+</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>14040133</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Emricasan</td>
			<td>Cayman</td>
			<td>22204</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Epi5 episomal iPSC reprogramming kit</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A15960</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Essential 8-Flex</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>A2858501</td>
			<td>PSC medium with heat-stable FGF2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EVOS XL Core Imaging system</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>AMEX1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum - Premium Select</td>
			<td>Atlanta Biologicals</td>
			<td>S11150</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FGF2</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>100-18B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GlutaMAX supplement</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>35050061</td>
			<td>L-alanine-L-glutamine supplement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ham&#39;s F12 Nutrient Mix</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11765054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HERAcell VIOS 160i CO2 incubator</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>50144906</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human Anti-EN2, mouse</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td>sc-293311</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human anti-Ki67/MKI67, rabbit</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>MAB7617</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human anti-PTF1a, rabbit</td>
			<td>Novus Biologicals</td>
			<td>NBP2-98726</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human anti-TUBB3, mouse</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>801213</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IMDM</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>12440053</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>12585</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laminin Mouse Protein</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>23017015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Matrigel Matrix</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>354234</td>
			<td>Basement membrane matrix</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM-NEAA</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11140050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mini Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Labnet International</td>
			<td>C1310</td>
			<td>Benchtop mini centrifuge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Monarch RNA Cleanup Kit (50 &#181;g)</td>
			<td>New England BioLabs</td>
			<td>T2040</td>
			<td>Silica spin columns</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Monarch Total RNA Miniprep Kit</td>
			<td>New England BioLabs</td>
			<td>T2010</td>
			<td>Silica spin columns</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N-2 supplement</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>17502-048</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neurobasal medium</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>21103049</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS, pH 7.4</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10010023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PFA 16%</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>15710</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyamine supplement</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P8483</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly-L-Ornithine (PLO)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>3655</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>746436</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SB431542</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>54317</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>See through self-sealable pouches</td>
			<td>Steriking</td>
			<td>SS-T2 (90x250)</td>
			<td>Autoclave pouches</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium citrate dihydrate&#160;</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S279-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe filters, sterile, PES 0.22 &#181;m, 30 mm Dia</td>
			<td>Research Products International</td>
			<td>256131</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trans-ISRIB</td>
			<td>Cayman</td>
			<td>16258</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TRIzol Reagent</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15596018</td>
			<td>Phenol and guanidine isothiocyanate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TrypLE Express Enzyme (1x)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>12604039</td>
			<td>Cell dissociation reagent&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vapor pressure osmometer</td>
			<td>Wescor, Inc.</td>
			<td>Model 5520</td>
			<td>Osmometer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Y-27632</td>
			<td>Biogems</td>
			<td>1293823</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

modeling human cerebellar development in vitro in 2d structure

소뇌의 정확하고시기 적절한 발달은 정확한 운동 조정과 균형뿐만 아니라인지에도 중요합니다. 또한 소뇌 발달의 혼란은 자폐증, 주의력 결핍 과잉 행동 장애 (ADHD) 및 정신 분열증을 포함한 많은 신경 발달 장애와 관련이 있습니다. 인간의 소뇌 발달에 대한 조사는 이전에 사후 연구 또는 신경 영상을 통해서만 가능했지만 이러한 방법은 많은 신경 발달 장애가 발생하는 초기 발달 동안 생체 내에서 발생하는 분자 및 세포 변화를 이해하기에 충분하지 않습니다. 체세포에서 인간 유도 만능 줄기 세포 (iPSC)를 생성하는 기술의 출현과 iPSC를 뉴런으로 재 분화시키는 능력은 초기 뇌 발달의 시험관 내 모델링을위한 길을 열었습니다. 본 연구는 2차원(2D) 단층 구조가 필요한 응용 분야를 위해 소뇌 세포를 생성하기 위한 단순화된 단계를 제공합니다. 초기 발달 단계를 나타내는 소뇌 세포는 다음 단계를 통해 인간 iPSC에서 파생됩니다 : 먼저 배아체를 3 차원 (3D) 배양으로 만든 다음 FGF2 및 인슐린으로 처리하여 소뇌 운명 사양을 촉진하고 마지막으로 폴리 -l- 오르니 틴 (PLO) / 라미닌 코팅 기판에서 단층으로 말단으로 분화됩니다. 분화 35일째에 iPSC 유래 소뇌 세포 배양은 ATOH1, PTF1α, PAX6 및 KIRREL2를 포함한 소뇌 마커를 발현하며, 이는 이 프로토콜이 글루타메이트성 및 GABAergic 소뇌 뉴런 전구체와 푸르킨제 세포 전구체를 생성함을 시사합니다. 또한, 분화 된 세포는 뚜렷한 뉴런 형태를 나타내며 TUBB3와 같은 뉴런 정체성의 면역 형광 마커에 양성입니다. 이 세포는 세마포린 -4C, 플렉신 -B2 및 뉴로 필린 -1을 포함한 축삭 유도 분자를 발현하며 신경 돌기 성장 및 시냅스 연결성의 분자 메커니즘을 조사하기위한 모델이 될 수 있습니다. 이 방법은 2D 단층 형식이 필요한 유전자 발현, 생리학 및 형태학적 연구를 포함한 다운스트림 응용 분야에 유용한 인간 소뇌 뉴런을 생성합니다.

3D에서 2D로의 소뇌 분화 개요 소뇌 세포는 iPSC에서 시작하여 생성됩니다. 그림 1A 는 전체 워크플로와 차별화를 위한 주요 구성 요소의 추가를 보여줍니다. 0일째에 EB는 SB431542 및 Y-27632가 포함된 CDM의 당겨진 유리 피펫을 사용하여 iPSC 콜로니(그림 1B)를 부드럽게 들어 올리고 초저 부착 플레이트에 배치하여 만듭니다. FGF2는 2일째에 추가?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Modeling Human Cerebellar Development In Vitro in 2D Structure at JoVE.com

Modeling Human Cerebellar Development In Vitro in 2D Structure

본 프로토콜은 소뇌 발달의 초기 단계를 조사하기 위해 유도 만능 줄기 세포로부터 소뇌 세포의 2D 단층 생성을 설명합니다.

2D 구조에서 체 외에서 인간 소뇌 발달 모델링

The precise and timely development of the cerebellum is crucial not only for accurate motor coordination and balance but also for cognition. In addition, ...

이 방법은 초기 인간 소뇌 발달과 신경 정신 장애에서 어떻게 변경 될 수 있는지 연구하는 데 도움이 될 수 있습니다. 이 방법의 주요 장점은 복잡한 단계를 수행하지 않고 2D 층 구조로 발달 초기 인간 소뇌 세포를 생성한다는 것입니다. 또한 비용 효율적입니다.당김 피펫을 만드는 것은 처음에는 까다로울 수 있지만 연습과 시간을 통해 작업하기 쉬운 방식으로 피펫을 당기는 것이 더 쉬워집니다. 분젠 버너 위의 목 아래 약 22.9cm 파스퇴르 피펫을 당겨 실험 준비를 시작하여 두 개의 유리 피펫을 만듭니다. 더 얇은 쪽은 다른 쪽보다 약 4cm 짧습니다.당겨진 쪽의 끝을 화염에 구부려 부드러운 R을 만든 다음 당겨진 피펫을 오토 클레이브 슬리브에 넣고 오토 클레이브에서 멸균하십시오. 0일째에 10마이크로몰 Y-27632 및 SB-431542가 보충된 소뇌 분화 배지 1밀리리터를 6웰 초저 부착물 또는 ULA, 플레이트의 각 웰에 추가하고 들어 올린 콜로니를 웰에 추가할 준비가 될 때까지 인큐베이터에 넣습니다. 뽑은 유리 피펫을 사용하여 분화된 세포를 세척합니다.배지를 흡인하고 각 35mm 접시에 1mm의 iPSC 패시징 솔루션을 추가합니다. 섭씨 37도에서 3 분간 배양 한 후 배지를 흡인하고 10 마이크로 몰 Y-27632 및 SB-431542가 보충 된 소뇌 분화 배지 2mm를 추가합니다 투과광 도립 현미경의 4 배 배율에서 당겨진 유리 피펫의 구부러진 가장자리를 사용하여 콜로니를 들어 올립니다. 모든 콜로니가 들어 올려지면 10 밀리리터 혈청 학적 피펫을 사용하여 모든 콜로니를 6 웰 ULA 플레이트의 한 웰로 부드럽게 옮깁니다.각 iPSC 플레이트에 대해 이 과정을 반복하고 세포를 섭씨 37도에서 5% 이산화탄소와 함께 배양합니다. 둘째 날에 FGF2를 각 웰에 추가하여 밀리리터당 50나노그램의 최종 농도를 조정합니다. 일곱째 날에는 1 밀리리터의 사용 된 배지를 흡인하고 1 밀리리터의 신선한 소뇌 분화 배지로 교체하여 배지의 1/3을 변경하십시오.배아체를 7 일 동안 배양하십시오. 14일째에 플레이트를 소용돌이치게 하여 플레이트 중앙에 있는 모든 배아체를 모은다. 그런 다음 플레이트를 기울이고 가장자리에서 1000 마이크로 리터 피펫을 사용하여 모든 사용 된 매체를 흡인합니다.중간 양이 감소함에 따라 천천히 판을 평평하게 놓고 계속 흡인하여 배아체가 빠져 나오지 않도록 충분한 배지를 남겨 둡니다. 다음으로, 10 마이크로 몰 Y-27632가 보충 된 신선한 소뇌 분화 배지 3 밀리리터를 첨가하십시오. 그런 다음 10 밀리리터의 혈청 학적 피펫을 사용하여 배아 체를 Poly-L- 오르니 틴 라미닌 코팅 접시로 옮깁니다.15 일째에 배지를 흡인하고 새로운 소뇌 분화 배지로 교체하십시오. 0일째에 iPSC 콜로니를 세척하고 SB-431542 및 Y-27632를 포함하는 소뇌 분화 배지로 들어 올리고 배아체를 생성하기 위한 초저 부착 플레이트에 넣었습니다. 2일째에 FGF2를 첨가하고 7일째에 배지를 1/3로 변경한 결과, 14일째에 배아체가 확대되었습니다.세포는 15일째에 코팅된 표면을 따라 배아체로부터 바깥쪽으로 이동하기 시작했다. 21일째부터 배지가 소뇌 성숙 배지로 완전히 변화한 결과 35일째까지 뉴런과 유사한 형태와 복잡성을 가진 세포의 단층이 생성되었습니다. 35일째의 유전자 발현 분석은 세포가 글루타메이트성 전구 마커, ATOH1, GABA 전구 전구 세포, PTF1 알파 및 푸르킨제 전구 세포 마커 KIRREL2 및 SKOR2와 같은 초기 소뇌 전구 마커를 발현한다는 것을 밝혀냈다.또한, 마름모꼴 립 마커인 OTX2와 대부분 전방 뉴런 특이적 SIX3의 발현도 관찰되었다. 35일째에 수확한 세포의 면역형광 표지는 소뇌 마커 EN2 및 PTF1 알파, 뉴런 마커 베타 튜불린 III 및 증식 마커 KI67에 대해 양성 염색을 나타내었다. 4'6-디아미디노-2-페닐인돌 또는 DAPI를 사용한 핵 염색은 세포핵을 보여주었습니다.성공적인 차별화를 위해서는 건강하고 미분화된 iPSC 콜로니로 시작하여 가능한 한 신선하게 재구성된 시약을 사용하는 것이 중요합니다.

modeling-human-cerebellar-development-in-vitro-in-2d-structure

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Neuroscience

Modeling Human Cerebellar Development In Vitro in 2D Structure

Operant Sensation Seeking in the Mouse

Operant methods are powerful behavioral tools for the study of motivated behavior. These 'self-administration' methods have been used extensively in drug addiction research due to their high construct validity. Operant studies provide researchers a tool for preclinical investigation of several aspects of the addiction process. For example, mechanisms of acute reinforcement (both drug and non-drug) can be tested using pharmacological or genetic tools to determine the ability of a molecular target to influence self-administration behavior1-6. Additionally, drug or food seeking behaviors can be studied in the absence of the primary reinforcer, and the ability of pharmacological compounds to disrupt this process is a preclinical model for discovery of molecular targets and compounds that may be useful for the treatment of addiction3,7-9. One problem with performing intravenous drug self-administration studies in the mouse is the technical difficulty of maintaining catheter patency. Attrition rates in these experiments are high and can reach 40% or higher10-15. Another general problem with drug self-administration is discerning which pharmacologically-induced effects of the reinforcer produce specific behaviors. For example, measurement of the reinforcing and neurological effects of psychostimulants can be confounded by their psychomotor effects. Operant methods using food reinforcement can avoid these pitfalls, although their utility in studying drug addiction is limited by the fact that some manipulations that alter drug self-administration have a minimal impact on food self-administration. For example, mesolimbic dopamine lesion or knockout of the D1 dopamine receptor reduce cocaine self-administration without having a significant impact on food self-administration 12,16. 
Sensory stimuli have been described for their ability to support operant responding as primary reinforcers (i.e. not conditioned reinforcers)17-22. Auditory and visual stimuli are self-administered by several species18,21,23, although surprisingly little is known about the neural mechanisms underlying this reinforcement. The operant sensation seeking (OSS) model is a robust model for obtaining sensory self-administration in the mouse, allowing the study of neural mechanisms important in sensory reinforcement24. An additional advantage of OSS is the ability to screen mutant mice for differences in operant behavior that may be relevant to addiction. We have reported that dopamine D1 receptor knockout mice, previously shown to be deficient in psychostimulant self-administration, also fail to acquire OSS24. This is a unique finding in that these mice are capable of learning an operant task when food is used as a reinforcer. While operant studies using food reinforcement can be useful in the study of general motivated behavior and the mechanisms underlying food reinforcement, as mentioned above, these studies are limited in their application to studying molecular mechanisms of drug addiction. Thus, there may be similar neural substrates mediating sensory and psychostimulant reinforcement that are distinct from food reinforcement, which would make OSS a particularly attractive model for the study of drug addiction processes. The degree of overlap between other molecular targets of OSS and drug reinforcers is unclear, but is a topic that we are currently pursuing. While some aspects of addiction such as resistance to extinction may be observed with OSS, we have found that escalation 25 is not observed in this model24. Interestingly, escalation of intake and some other aspects of addiction are observed with self-administration of sucrose26. Thus, when non-drug operant procedures are desired to study addiction-related processes, food or sensory reinforcers can be chosen to best fit the particular question being asked. 
In conclusion, both food self-administration and OSS in the mouse have the advantage of not requiring an intravenous catheter, which allows a higher throughput means to study the effects of pharmacological or genetic manipulation of neural targets involved in motivation. While operant testing using food as a reinforcer is particularly useful in the study of the regulation of food intake, OSS is particularly apt for studying reinforcement mechanisms of sensory stimuli and may have broad applicability to novelty seeking and addiction.

In this protocol we describe a method of operant learning using sensory stimuli as a reinforcer in the mouse. It requires no prior training or food restriction, and it allows the study of motivated behavior without the use of a pharmacological or natural reinforcer such as food.

마우스의 추구 Operant 감각

Operant methods are powerful behavioral tools for the study of motivated behavior.  These 'self-administration' methods have been used extensively in drug ...

연구

신경과학

Time-lapse Live Imaging of Clonally Related Neural Progenitor Cells in the Developing Zebrafish Forebrain

Precise patterns of division, migration and differentiation of neural progenitor cells are crucial for proper brain development and function1,2. To understand the behavior of neural progenitor cells in the complex in vivo environment, time-lapse live imaging of neural progenitor cells in an intact brain is critically required. In this video, we exploit the unique features of zebrafish embryos to visualize the development of forebrain neural progenitor cells in vivo. We use electroporation to genetically and sparsely label individual neural progenitor cells. Briefly, DNA constructs coding for fluorescent markers were injected into the forebrain ventricle of 22 hours post fertilization (hpf) zebrafish embryos and electric pulses were delivered immediately. Six hours later, the electroporated zebrafish embryos were mounted with low melting point agarose in glass bottom culture dishes. Fluorescently labeled neural progenitor cells were then imaged for 36hours with fixed intervals under a confocal microscope using water dipping objective lens. The present method provides a way to gain insights into the in vivo development of forebrain neural progenitor cells and can be applied to other parts of the central nervous system of the zebrafish embryo.

The present video demonstrates a method which takes advantage of the combination of electroporation and confocal microscopy to perform live imaging on individual neural progenitor cells in the developing zebrafish forebrain. In vivo analysis of the development of forebrain neural progenitor cells at a clonal level can be achieved in this way.

개발 Zebrafish Forebrain에 Clonally 관련 신경 전구 세포의 시간 경과 라이브 영상

Precise patterns of division, migration and differentiation of neural progenitor cells are crucial for proper brain development and function1,2. To ...

Modeling Neural Immune Signaling of Episodic and Chronic Migraine Using Spreading Depression In Vitro

Migraine and its transformation to chronic migraine are healthcare burdens in need of improved treatment options. We seek to define how neural immune signaling modulates the susceptibility to migraine, modeled in vitro using spreading depression (SD), as a means to develop novel therapeutic targets for episodic and chronic migraine. SD is the likely cause of migraine aura and migraine pain. It is a paroxysmal loss of neuronal function triggered by initially increased neuronal activity, which slowly propagates within susceptible brain regions. Normal brain function is exquisitely sensitive to, and relies on, coincident low-level immune signaling. Thus, neural immune signaling likely affects electrical activity of SD, and therefore migraine. Pain perception studies of SD in whole animals are fraught with difficulties, but whole animals are well suited to examine systems biology aspects of migraine since SD activates trigeminal nociceptive pathways. However, whole animal studies alone cannot be used to decipher the cellular and neural circuit mechanisms of SD. Instead, in vitro preparations where environmental conditions can be controlled are necessary. Here, it is important to recognize limitations of acute slices and distinct advantages of hippocampal slice cultures. Acute brain slices cannot reveal subtle changes in immune signaling since preparing the slices alone triggers: pro-inflammatory changes that last days, epileptiform behavior due to high levels of oxygen tension needed to vitalize the slices, and irreversible cell injury at anoxic slice centers. 
In contrast, we examine immune signaling in mature hippocampal slice cultures since the cultures closely parallel their in vivo counterpart with mature trisynaptic function; show quiescent astrocytes, microglia, and cytokine levels; and SD is easily induced in an unanesthetized preparation. Furthermore, the slices are long-lived and SD can be induced on consecutive days without injury, making this preparation the sole means to-date capable of modeling the neuroimmune consequences of chronic SD, and thus perhaps chronic migraine. We use electrophysiological techniques and non-invasive imaging to measure neuronal cell and circuit functions coincident with SD. Neural immune gene expression variables are measured with qPCR screening, qPCR arrays, and, importantly, use of cDNA preamplification for detection of ultra-low level targets such as interferon-gamma using whole, regional, or specific cell enhanced (via laser dissection microscopy) sampling. Cytokine cascade signaling is further assessed with multiplexed phosphoprotein related targets with gene expression and phosphoprotein changes confirmed via cell-specific immunostaining. Pharmacological and siRNA strategies are used to mimic and modulate SD immune signaling.

Modeling Neural Immune Signaling of Episodic and Chronic Migraine Using Spreading Depression In Vitro

Migraine and its transformation to chronic migraine are immense healthcare burdens in need of improved treatment options. We seek to define how neural immune signaling modulates the susceptibility to migraine, modeled in vitro using spreading depression in hippocampal slice cultures, as a means to develop novel therapeutic targets.

스프 레딩 우울증을 사용하여 에피소드와 만성 두통의 신경 면역 신호를 모델링 체외에서</em

Migraine and its transformation to chronic migraine are healthcare burdens in need of improved treatment options.  We seek to define how neural immune ...

Genetic Manipulation of Cerebellar Granule Neurons In Vitro and In Vivo to Study Neuronal Morphology and Migration

Developmental events in the brain including neuronal morphogenesis and migration are highly orchestrated processes. In vitro and in vivo analyses allow for an in-depth characterization to identify pathways involved in these events. Cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) that are derived from the developing cerebellum are an ideal model system that allows for morphological analyses. Here, we describe a method of how to genetically manipulate CGNs and how to study axono- and dendritogenesis of individual neurons. With this method the effects of RNA interference, overexpression or small molecules can be compared to control neurons. In addition, the rodent cerebellar cortex is an easily accessible in vivo system owing to its predominant postnatal development. We also present an in vivo electroporation technique to genetically manipulate the developing cerebella and describe subsequent cerebellar analyses to assess neuronal morphology and migration.

Genetic Manipulation of Cerebellar Granule Neurons In Vitro and In Vivo to Study Neuronal Morphology and Migration

Neuronal morphogenesis and migration are crucial events underlying proper brain development. Here, we describe methods to genetically manipulate cultured cerebellar granule neurons and the developing cerebellum for the assessment of morphology and migratory characteristics of neurons.

소뇌 과립 신경 세포의 유전자 조작<em&gt; 체외</em&gt;와<em&gt; 생체</em&gt; 신경 세포의 형태와 마이그레이션을 연구하는

Developmental events in the brain including neuronal morphogenesis and migration are highly orchestrated processes. In vitro and in vivo analyses allow ...

Laser Nanosurgery of Cerebellar Axons In Vivo

Only a few neuronal populations in the central nervous system (CNS) of adult mammals show local regrowth upon dissection of their axon. In order to understand the mechanism that promotes neuronal regeneration, an in-depth analysis of the neuronal types that can remodel after injury is needed. Several studies showed that damaged climbing fibers are capable of regrowing also in adult animals1,2. The investigation of the time-lapse dynamics of degeneration and regeneration of these axons within their complex environment can be performed by time-lapse two-photon fluorescence (TPF) imaging in vivo3,4. This technique is here combined with laser surgery, which proved to be a highly selective tool to disrupt fluorescent structures in the intact mouse cortex5-9.
This protocol describes how to perform TPF time-lapse imaging and laser nanosurgery of single axonal branches in the cerebellum in vivo. Olivocerebellar neurons are labeled by anterograde tracing with a dextran-conjugated dye and then monitored by TPF imaging through a cranial window. The terminal portion of their axons are then dissected by irradiation with a Ti:Sapphire laser at high power. The degeneration and potential regrowth of the damaged neuron are monitored by TPF in vivo imaging during the days following the injury.

Laser Nanosurgery of Cerebellar Axons In Vivo

Two-photon imaging, coupled to laser nanodissection, are useful tools to study degenerative and regenerative processes in the central nervous system with subcellular resolution. This protocol shows how to label, image, and dissect single climbing fibers in the cerebellar cortex in vivo.

소뇌 축삭의 레이저 Nanosurgery<em&gt; 생체</em

Only a few neuronal populations in the central nervous system (CNS) of adult mammals show local regrowth upon dissection of their axon. In order to ...

Modeling Astrocytoma Pathogenesis In Vitro and In Vivo Using Cortical Astrocytes or Neural Stem Cells from Conditional, Genetically Engineered Mice

Current astrocytoma models are limited in their ability to define the roles of oncogenic mutations in specific brain cell types during disease pathogenesis and their utility for preclinical drug development. In order to design a better model system for these applications, phenotypically wild-type cortical astrocytes and neural stem cells (NSC) from conditional, genetically engineered mice (GEM) that harbor various combinations of floxed oncogenic alleles were harvested and grown in culture. Genetic recombination was induced in vitro using adenoviral Cre-mediated recombination, resulting in expression of mutated oncogenes and deletion of tumor suppressor genes. The phenotypic consequences of these mutations were defined by measuring proliferation, transformation, and drug response in vitro. Orthotopic allograft models, whereby transformed cells are stereotactically injected into the brains of immune-competent, syngeneic littermates, were developed to define the role of oncogenic mutations and cell type on tumorigenesis in vivo. Unlike most established human glioblastoma cell line xenografts, injection of transformed GEM-derived cortical astrocytes into the brains of immune-competent littermates produced astrocytomas, including the most aggressive subtype, glioblastoma, that recapitulated the histopathological hallmarks of human astrocytomas, including diffuse invasion of normal brain parenchyma. Bioluminescence imaging of orthotopic allografts from transformed astrocytes engineered to express luciferase was utilized to monitor in vivo tumor growth over time. Thus, astrocytoma models using astrocytes and NSC harvested from GEM with conditional oncogenic alleles provide an integrated system to study the genetics and cell biology of astrocytoma pathogenesis in vitro and in vivo and may be useful in preclinical drug development for these devastating diseases.

Modeling Astrocytoma Pathogenesis In Vitro and In Vivo Using Cortical Astrocytes or Neural Stem Cells from Conditional, Genetically Engineered Mice

Phenotypically wild-type astrocytes and neural stem cells harvested from mice engineered with floxed, conditional oncogenic alleles and transformed via viral Cre-mediated recombination can be used to model astrocytoma pathogenesis in vitro and in vivo by orthotopic injection of transformed cells into brains of syngeneic, immune-competent littermates.

모델링 성상 세포종 병인<em&gt; 체외</em&gt;와<em&gt; 생체</em&gt; 대뇌 피질의 성상이나 조건, 유전자 조작 쥐에서 신경 줄기 세포를 사용하여

Current astrocytoma models are limited in their ability to define the roles of oncogenic mutations in specific brain cell types during disease ...

In Vitro Modeling of Cancerous Neural Invasion: The Dorsal Root Ganglion Model

One way that solid tumors disseminate is through neural invasion. This route is well-known in cancers of the head and neck, prostate, and pancreas. These neurotropic cancer cells have a unique ability to migrate unidirectionally along nerves towards the central nervous system (CNS). The dorsal root ganglia (DRG)/cancer cell model is a three dimensional (3D) in vitro model frequently used for studying the interaction between neural stroma and cancer cells. In this model, mouse or human cancer cell lines are grown in ECM adjacent to preparations of freshly dissociated cultured DRG. In this article, the DRG isolation protocol from mice, and implantation in petri dishes for co-culturing with pancreatic cancer cells are demonstrated. Five days after implantation, the cancer cells made contact with the DRG neurites. Later, these cells formed bridgeheads to facilitate more extensive polarized, neurotropic migration of cancer cells.

In Vitro Modeling of Cancerous Neural Invasion: The Dorsal Root Ganglion Model

This video article shows the use of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG)/cancer cell model in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

등쪽 뿌리 신경절 모델 : 암성 신경 침략의 생체 외 모델링에서

One way that solid tumors disseminate is through neural invasion. This route is well-known in cancers of the head and neck, prostate, and pancreas. These ...

Modeling Neuronal Death and Degeneration in Mouse Primary Cerebellar Granule Neurons

Cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) are a commonly used neuronal model, forming an abundant homogeneous population in the cerebellum. In light of their post-natal development, abundance, and accessibility, CGNs are an ideal model to study neuronal processes, including neuronal development, neuronal migration, and physiological neuronal activity stimulation. In addition, CGN cultures provide an excellent model for studying different modes of cell death including excitotoxicity and apoptosis. Within a week in culture, CGNs express N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, a specific ionotropic glutamate receptor with many critical functions in neuronal health and disease. The addition of low concentrations of NMDA in conjunction with membrane depolarization to rodent primary CGN cultures has been used to model physiological neuronal activity stimulation while the addition of high concentrations of NMDA can be employed to model excitotoxic neuronal injury. Here, a method of isolation and culturing of CGNs from 6 day old pups as well as genetic manipulation of CGNs by adenoviruses and lentiviruses are described. We also present optimized protocols on how to stimulate NMDA-induced excitotoxicity, low-potassium-induced apoptosis, oxidative stress and DNA damage following transduction of these neurons.

This protocol describes a simple method for isolating and culturing primary mouse cerebral granule neurons (CGNs) from 6-7 day old pups, efficient transduction of CGNs for loss and gain of function studies, and modelling NMDA-induced neuronal excitotoxicity, low-potassium-induced cell death, DNA-damage, and oxidative stress using the same culture model.

신경 죽음 및 마우스 기본 소 뇌과 립 신경에 변성을 모델링

Cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) are a commonly used neuronal model, forming an abundant homogeneous population in the cerebellum. In light of their ...

Modeling Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease In Vitro by Transfecting Mouse Primary Motoneurons

Neurodegeneration of spinal motoneurons (MNs) is implicated in a large spectrum of neurological disorders including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, and spinal muscular atrophy, which are all associated with muscular atrophy. Primary cultures of spinal MNs have been used widely to demonstrate the involvement of specific genes in such diseases and characterize the cellular consequences of their mutations. This protocol models a primary MN culture derived from the seminal work of Henderson and colleagues more than twenty years ago. First, we detail a method of dissecting the anterior horns of the spinal cord from a mouse embryo and isolating the MNs from neighboring cells using a density gradient. Then, we present a new way of efficiently transfecting MNs with expression plasmids using magnetofection. Finally, we illustrate how to fix and immunostain primary MNs. Using neurofilament mutations that cause Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2, this protocol demonstrates a qualitative approach to expressing proteins of interest and studying their involvement in MN growth, maintenance, and survival.

Modeling Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease In Vitro by Transfecting Mouse Primary Motoneurons

The goal of this technique is to prepare a highly enriched culture of primary motoneurons (MNs) from murine spinal cord. To evaluate the consequences of mutations causing MN diseases, we describe here the isolation of these isolated MNs and their transfection by magnetofection.

마우스 기본 Motoneurons Transfecting으로 Charcot Marie이 질병에서 체 외에서 모델링

Neurodegeneration of spinal motoneurons (MNs) is implicated in a large spectrum of neurological disorders including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, ...

Assessment of Long-term Depression Induction in Adult Cerebellar Slices

Synaptic plasticity provides a mechanism for learning and memory. For cerebellar motor learning, long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic transmissions from parallel fibers (PF) to Purkinje cells (PC) is considered the basis for motor learning, and deficiencies of both LTD and motor learning are observed in various gene-manipulated animals. Common motor learning sets, such as adaptation of the optokinetic reflex (OKR), the vestibular-ocular reflex (VOR), and rotarod test were used for evaluation of motor learning ability. However, results obtained from the GluA2-carboxy terminus modified knock-in mice demonstrated normal adaptation of the VOR and the OKR, despite lacking PF-LTD. In that report, induction of LTD was only attempted using one type of stimulation protocol at room temperature. Thus, conditions to induce cerebellar LTD were explored in the same knock-in mutants using various protocols at near physiological temperature. Finally, we found stimulation protocols, by which LTD could be induced in these gene-manipulated mice. In this study, a set of protocols are proposed to evaluate LTD-induction, which will more accurately allow examination of the causal relationship between LTD and motor learning. In conclusion, experimental conditions are crucial when evaluating LTD in gene-manipulated mice.

In some gene-manipulated animals, using a single protocol may fail to induce LTD in cerebellar Purkinje cells, and there may be a discrepancy between LTD and motor learning. Multiple protocols are necessary to assess LTD-induction in gene-manipulated animals. Standard protocols are shown.

성인 소뇌 슬라이스에 장기 우울증 유도의 평가

Synaptic plasticity provides a mechanism for learning and memory. For cerebellar motor learning, long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic transmissions from ...