Name: social isolation model: a noninvasive rodent model of stress and anxiety
Uploaded: 2022-11-11T14:20:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Social Isolation Model: A Noninvasive Rodent Model of Stress and Anxiety at JoVE.com

这项工作由美国国立卫生研究院拨款AA17991（致J.L.），无忧无虑生物技术基金会（致J.L.），南加州大学（USC），南加州大学研究生院旅行/研究奖（致SW）资助。沙特阿拉伯文化使命奖学金（致AAO）和陆军卫生专业奖学金计划（致ASS）。

所有动物实验均按照南加州大学（USC）机构动物护理和使用委员会（IACUC）批准的协议进行，所有方法均按照相关指南，法规和建议进行。
1. 动物
<ol><li>获得适当的动物护理委员会的批准以进行研究。</li>
	<li>将动物园设置为暗光12小时循环，温度和湿度分别控制在24±2°C和50%-60%之间。</li>
	<li>获得6-8周龄的雄性和/或雌性野生型C57BL / 6小鼠。按性别对动物进行分?...

<ol>
	<li>Craske, M. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anxiety+disorders.">Anxiety disorders.</a> Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 3 (1), 17024 (2017).</li><li>Kasper, S., den Boer, J., Ad Sitsen, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Handbook of Depression and Anxiety: A Biological Approach. , (2003).</li><li>Konnopka, A., K&#246;nig, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Economic+burden+of+anxiety+disorders:+a+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis.">Economic burden of anxiety disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis.</a> Pharmacoeconomics. 38 (1), 25-37 (2020).</li><li>Batterham, P. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+the+COVID-19+pandemic+on+suicidal+ideation+in+a+representative+Australian+population+sample-Longitudinal+cohort+study.">Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on suicidal ideation in a representative Australian population sample-Longitudinal cohort study.</a> Journal of Affective Disorders. 300, 385-391 (2022).</li><li>Ismail, I. I., Kamel, W. A., Al-Hashel, J. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Association+of+COVID-19+pandemic+and+rate+of+cognitive+decline+in+patients+with+dementia+and+mild+cognitive+impairment:+a+cross-sectional+study.">Association of COVID-19 pandemic and rate of cognitive decline in patients with dementia and mild cognitive impairment: a cross-sectional study.</a> Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine. 7, 23337214211005223 (2021).</li><li>. NIMH. Anxiety Disorders Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/anxiety-disorders/index.shtml">https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/anxiety-disorders/index.shtml</a> (2018)</li><li>Roy-Byrne, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Treatment-refractory+anxiety;+definition,+risk+factors,+and+treatment+challenges.">Treatment-refractory anxiety; definition, risk factors, and treatment challenges.</a> Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 17 (2), 191-206 (2015).</li><li>Cassano, G. B., Baldini Rossi, N., Pini, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Psychopharmacology+of+anxiety+disorders.">Psychopharmacology of anxiety disorders.</a> Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 4 (3), 271-285 (2002).</li><li>Garakani, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pharmacotherapy+of+anxiety+disorders:+current+and+emerging+treatment+options.">Pharmacotherapy of anxiety disorders: current and emerging treatment options.</a> Frontiers in Psychiatry. 11, 595584 (2020).</li><li>Hutson, P. H., Clark, J. A., Cross, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CNS+target+identification+and+validation:+avoiding+the+valley+of+death+or+naive+optimism.">CNS target identification and validation: avoiding the valley of death or naive optimism.</a> Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 57 (1), 171-187 (2017).</li><li>Hart, P. C., Proetzel, G., Wiles, M. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+models+of+anxiety+for+drug+discovery+and+brain+research.">Experimental models of anxiety for drug discovery and brain research.</a> Mouse Models for Drug Discovery: Methods and Protocols. , 271-291 (2016).</li><li>Scherma, M., Giunti, E., Fratta, W., Fadda, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+knockout+animal+models+of+depression,+anxiety+and+obsessive+compulsive+disorders.">Gene knockout animal models of depression, anxiety and obsessive compulsive disorders.</a> Psychiatric Genetics. 29 (5), 191-199 (2019).</li><li>Liu, W. -. Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+a+prefrontal+cortex-to-amygdala+pathway+for+chronic+stress-induced+anxiety.">Identification of a prefrontal cortex-to-amygdala pathway for chronic stress-induced anxiety.</a> Nature Communications. 11 (1), 2221 (2020).</li><li>Zheng, Z. -. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuroinflammation+induces+anxiety-+and+depressive-like+behavior+by+modulating+neuronal+plasticity+in+the+basolateral+amygdala.">Neuroinflammation induces anxiety- and depressive-like behavior by modulating neuronal plasticity in the basolateral amygdala.</a> Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 91, 505-518 (2021).</li><li>Toth, I., Neumann, I. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+models+of+social+avoidance+and+social+fear.">Animal models of social avoidance and social fear.</a> Cell and Tissue Research. 354 (1), 107-118 (2013).</li><li>Wang, F., Kessels, H. W., Hu, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+mouse+that+roared:+neural+mechanisms+of+social+hierarchy.">The mouse that roared: neural mechanisms of social hierarchy.</a> Trends in Neurosciences. 37 (11), 674-682 (2014).</li><li>Endo, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiple+animal+positioning+system+shows+that+socially-reared+mice+influence+the+social+proximity+of+isolation-reared+cagemates.">Multiple animal positioning system shows that socially-reared mice influence the social proximity of isolation-reared cagemates.</a> Communications Biology. 1 (1), 225 (2018).</li><li>Netser, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distinct+dynamics+of+social+motivation+drive+differential+social+behavior+in+laboratory+rat+and+mouse+strains.">Distinct dynamics of social motivation drive differential social behavior in laboratory rat and mouse strains.</a> Nature Communications. 11 (1), 5908 (2020).</li><li>Krimberg, J. S., Lumertz, F. S., Orso, R., Viola, T. W., de Almeida, R. M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+social+isolation+on+the+oxytocinergic+system:+A+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis+of+rodent+data.">Impact of social isolation on the oxytocinergic system: A systematic review and meta-analysis of rodent data.</a> Neuroscience &amp; Biobehavioral Reviews. 134, 104549 (2022).</li><li>Mumtaz, F., Khan, M. I., Zubair, M., Dehpour, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurobiology+and+consequences+of+social+isolation+stress+in+animal+model-A+comprehensive+review.">Neurobiology and consequences of social isolation stress in animal model-A comprehensive review.</a> Biomedicine &amp; Pharmacotherapy. 105, 1205-1222 (2018).</li><li>Ranade, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comforting+in+mice.">Comforting in mice.</a> Nature Neuroscience. 24 (12), 1640 (2021).</li><li>Al Omran, A. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Social+isolation+induces+neuroinflammation+and+microglia+overactivation,+while+dihydromyricetin+prevents+and+improves+them.">Social isolation induces neuroinflammation and microglia overactivation, while dihydromyricetin prevents and improves them.</a> Journal of Neuroinflammation. 19 (1), 2 (2022).</li><li>Watanabe, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dihydromyricetin+improves+social+isolation-induced+cognitive+impairments+and+astrocytic+changes+in+mice.">Dihydromyricetin improves social isolation-induced cognitive impairments and astrocytic changes in mice.</a> Scientific Reports. 12 (1), 5899 (2022).</li><li>Silva, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modulation+of+hippocampal+GABAergic+neurotransmission+and+gephyrin+levels+by+dihydromyricetin+improves+anxiety.">Modulation of hippocampal GABAergic neurotransmission and gephyrin levels by dihydromyricetin improves anxiety.</a> Frontiers in Pharmacology. 11, 1008 (2020).</li><li>Porter, V. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Frequency+and+characteristics+of+anxiety+among+patients+with+Alzheimer's+disease+and+related+dementias.">Frequency and characteristics of anxiety among patients with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias.</a> Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 15 (2), 180-186 (2003).</li><li>Hossain, M. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prevalence+of+anxiety+and+depression+in+South+Asia+during+COVID-19:+A+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis.">Prevalence of anxiety and depression in South Asia during COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis.</a> Heliyon. 7 (4), 06677 (2021).</li><li>. NHGRI. Knockout Mice Fact Sheet Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/fact-sheets/Knockout-Mice-Fact-Sheet">https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/fact-sheets/Knockout-Mice-Fact-Sheet</a> (2020)</li><li>Takahashi, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Social+stress+and+aggression+in+murine+models.">Social stress and aggression in murine models.</a> Current Topics in Behavioral Neuroscience. 54, 181-208 (2022).</li><li>Lam, R. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Challenges+in+the+treatment+of+anxiety+disorders:+beyond+guidelines.">Challenges in the treatment of anxiety disorders: beyond guidelines.</a> International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice. 10, 18-24 (2006).</li><li>Sullens, D. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Social+isolation+induces+hyperactivity+and+exploration+in+aged+female+mice.">Social isolation induces hyperactivity and exploration in aged female mice.</a> PLoS One. 16 (2), 0245355 (2021).</li></ol>

协议中的关键步骤包括正确设置社会隔离笼（即包裹不透明袋子并减少床上用品的数量），在整个隔离期间尽量减少对小鼠的处理和干扰， 并确保小鼠完全获得和食用琼脂。至关重要的是，将动物饲养场或饲养所的条件保持在恒定的温度和湿度，并尽量减少外部干扰。应付出巨大努力，尽可能减少这些混杂因素，包括但不限于噪音干扰（例如，交谈、设备噪音等）、过度处理和在暗光周期...

焦虑症是美国精神疾病的最大类别和负担，相关年度成本超过420亿美元1，2，3。近年来，焦虑和压力使自杀和自杀意念的患病率提高了 16% 以上4。慢性病患者特别容易受到精神困扰或认知功能下降的意外继发性影响5.目前对焦虑症的治疗包括心理治疗、药物治疗或两者的组合6.然而，尽管存在这种危机，只有不到 50% 的患者达到完全缓解6，7。苯二氮卓类药物（BZs）和选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂（SSRIs）等抗焦虑药具有明显的缺点或几乎不产生立竿见影的效果8。此外，正在开发的新型抗焦虑药相对稀缺，受到昂贵且耗时的药物开发过程的挑战9，10。
药物开发过程中的一个关键步骤是建立和利用动物模型，例如小鼠，以研究病理变化并测试药物的安全性和有效性11。目前建立焦虑动物模型的方法包括1）基因操作，例如敲除血清素受体（5-HT1A）或γ-氨基丁酸A受体（GABAAR）α亚基12;2）长期给予焦虑诱导剂，如皮质酮或脂多糖（LPS）13，14;或 3） 施加环境压力，包括社会失败和母体分离15.然而，这些方法可能无法真实地反映日常生活中引起的焦虑，因此可能不适合研究潜在机制或测试新药。
像人类一样，老鼠和老鼠是高度社会化的生物16，17，18。社交接触和社交互动对于最佳的大脑健康至关重要，并且对于饲养期间的正常神经发育至关重要19。因此，在饲养期间，母体分离或社会孤立导致小鼠表现出更多的焦虑，抑郁和神经传递的变化20。此外，社交梳理或同种异体整理是生活在一起的小鼠和大鼠之间常见的结合或安慰行为形式21。因此，社会化是啮齿动物生活中不可或缺的一部分，隔离会对它们的健康产生负面影响。
在这种情况下，本协议描述了一种新的焦虑模型，以模仿现代生活中有意或无意的社会孤立模式。这种社会隔离（SI）模型最大限度地减少了感知的干扰和侵入性，并利用了成年野生型C57BL / 6小鼠和Sprague-Dawley（SD）大鼠。 这里介绍的方案侧重于基于我们发表的证据的焦虑小鼠模型，该模型显示由于社会孤立，焦虑样行为，攻击性，认知能力下降和神经炎症增加22，23，24。焦虑样行为通过升高加迷宫 （EPM） 和开放场地 （OF） 测试得到证实，而认知功能通过新型物体识别 （NOR） 和新型上下文识别 （NCR） 测试来测量。该模型可用于研究焦虑和相关疾病，但也可以调整或修改以研究轻度认知障碍的自然进展和发展以及压力引起的代谢变化。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Black Plastic Bags</td>
			<td>Office Depot</td>
			<td>791932</td>
			<td>24&#34; x 32&#34;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Elevated Plus Maze</td>
			<td>SD Instruments</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>Black color</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Open Field enclosure</td>
			<td>SD Instruments</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>White color</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Select Agar</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>30391-023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Square cotton for nesting (nestlet)</td>
			<td>Ancare Corporation</td>
			<td>NC9365966</td>
			<td>Divide a 2&#34; square piece into 4 pieces to create a 1&#34; square piece for isolation group</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S1888-1KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Weigh boat</td>
			<td>SIgma</td>
			<td>HS1420A</td>
			<td>Small, square white polystyrene</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

social isolation model: a noninvasive rodent model of stress and anxiety

焦虑症是美国（US）残疾的主要原因之一。目前的治疗并不总是有效的，只有不到50%的患者达到完全缓解。开发新型抗焦虑药的关键步骤是开发和利用动物模型（例如小鼠）来研究病理变化并测试药物靶点、疗效和安全性。目前的方法包括基因操作，长期给予焦虑诱导分子或管理环境压力。然而，这些方法可能无法现实地反映日常生活中引起的焦虑。该协议描述了一种新的焦虑模型，该模型模仿了现代生活中有意或无意的社会孤立模式。社会孤立诱导的焦虑模型最大限度地减少了感知到的干扰和侵入性，并利用野生型C57BL / 6小鼠。在该协议中，将6至8周龄的小鼠（雄性和雌性）单独饲养在不透明的笼子中，以视觉上阻挡外部环境，例如邻近的小鼠4周。不提供环境富集（如玩具），垫料减少50%，任何药物处理均以琼脂形式施用，并且尽量减少小鼠的暴露/处理。使用该协议生成的社会孤立小鼠表现出更大的焦虑样行为，攻击性以及认知能力下降。

所有具有代表性的结果和数据均根据我们最近的出版物22，23进行了修改。为了评估社会隔离对焦虑和探索行为的影响，在4周的社会隔离期结束后24小时进行了EPM和OF测试。与对照组（2.3±1±0.27分钟）相比，社会孤立小鼠在开放臂上花费的时间（1.280.17分钟）显着减少，并且在闭合臂中的时间（3.31±0.27分钟）与对照组（2.24±0.31分钟）相比（<strong class="xfig...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Social Isolation Model: A Noninvasive Rodent Model of Stress and Anxiety at JoVE.com

Social Isolation Model: A Noninvasive Rodent Model of Stress and Anxiety

这里介绍的是一种社会隔离（SI）诱导的焦虑小鼠模型，该模型利用野生型C56BL / 6J小鼠以最少的处理和无侵入性程序诱导压力和焦虑样行为。该模型反映了社会孤立的现代生活模式，是研究焦虑和相关疾病的理想选择。

社会隔离模型：压力和焦虑的非侵入性啮齿动物模型

Anxiety disorders are one of the leading causes of disability in the United States (US). Current treatments are not always effective and less than 50% of ...

该模型模仿人类的社会，孤立生活，是一种创建焦虑和轻度认知障碍模型的非侵入性和简单方法。这种技术只需要适当的住房条件和治疗螺旋钻，不需要注射或基因操作等繁琐的过程。为了对动物进行社会隔离，请使用具有75英寸见方空间的标准鼠笼。添加一半的床上用品和一英寸见方的棉花进行嵌套。用不透明的黑色塑料袋包裹笼壁的外部，不要从内部接触到袋子的一部分。用胶带固定袋子，并确保看不到动物的外部环境或周围环境。保持笼子的顶部和底部未包裹，除非小鼠可以通过它们看到邻近的动物。在正常笼子条件下，将对照小鼠分成两到三只一组，放在标准小鼠笼中，有完整的垫料，两英寸见方的棉花或等效的套料，没有包裹不透明的袋子。确保组饲养的小鼠兼容且没有冲突。如果没有，则从分析中排除攻击者。在黑暗周期中，每周只更换一次笼子，将相同的塑料袋重新包装到新的笼子上，除非存在重大损坏。对于对照小鼠，在黑暗周期中每周更换两次或更多次笼子。继续分离小鼠至少四周以观察最佳结果。为了准备治疗，将3%琼脂加入去离子水中，并使用加热板或微波炉将其溶解在约90摄氏度。防止鼓泡溶液溢出或沸腾。旋转溶液直到它变得均匀。趁溶液仍然温热时，加入5%蔗糖。在将溶液倒入模具之前，旋转均匀的溶液。让它在室温或 4 摄氏度下冷却并凝固。在光敏处理的情况下，保护模具免受光照。凝固后，将琼脂切成0.5×0.5×0.5厘米的立方体，储存在4摄氏度直至给药。按计划的时间和频率进行治疗，尽可能少地处理。安静而小心地将单个立方体放在小路上或等效物上，例如在浅色周期的黑暗阶段将 50 毫升编年史管的盖子放在不接触鼠标的情况下。让鼠标消耗琼脂。确认琼脂完全消耗后，小心地将船从笼子中取出，并根据需要重复。与对照组相比，社会孤立的小鼠在开放手臂上花费的时间明显更少，在闭合手臂上花费的时间明显更长。在露天测试中，社会孤立的小鼠走得更短，饲养更少，在角落里花费的时间更多。同样，他们在中心区域花费的时间比对照组少，表明焦虑样行为增强。与对照组相比，社会孤立的小鼠也表现出减少的新物体和新背景识别，表明认知障碍。这项技术使我们能够研究焦虑和认知障碍的发展，而不仅仅是疾病的结果。

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Combining Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and fMRI to Examine the Default Mode Network

结合经颅磁刺激和功能磁共振成像检查默认模式网络

The default mode network is a group of brain regions that are active when an individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at "wakeful ...

科研

神经科学

TMS: Using the Theta-Burst Protocol to Explore Mechanism of Plasticity in Individuals with Fragile X Syndrome and Autism

TMS：使用的Theta突发协议，以探索个人与脆性X综合征与孤独症的可塑性Mechasnism

Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), also known as Martin-Bell Syndrome, is a genetic abnormality found on the X chromosome.1,2 Individuals suffering from FXS ...

State-Dependency Effects on TMS:  A Look at Motive Phosphene Behavior

依赖国家对TMS的：一看动机幻视行为

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive neurostimulatory and neuromodulatory technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate ...

The NeuroStar TMS Device: Conducting the FDA Approved Protocol for Treatment of Depression

NeuroStar TMS的设备进行美国FDA批准用于治疗抑郁症的议定书“

The Neuronetics NeuroStar Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) System is a class II medical device that produces brief duration, pulsed magnetic ...

Hyponeophagia: A Measure of Anxiety in the Mouse

Hyponeophagia：在小鼠的焦虑测量

Before the present day, when fast-acting and potent rodenticides such as alpha-chloralose were not yet in use, the work of pest controllers was often ...

Isolation of Cerebrospinal Fluid from Rodent Embryos for use with Dissected Cerebral Cortical Explants

脑脊液分离解剖大脑皮质外植体使用的啮齿动物胚胎

The CSF is a complex fluid with a dynamically varying proteome throughout development and in adulthood. During embryonic development, the nascent CSF ...

High-density Electroencephalographic Acquisition in a Rodent Model Using Low-cost and Open-source Resources

高密度的脑电图采集在啮齿动物模型使用低成本的开源资源

Advanced electroencephalographic analysis techniques requiring high spatial resolution, including electrical source imaging and measures of network ...

Isolation and Culture of Rodent Microglia to Promote a Dynamic Ramified Morphology in Serum-free Medium

鼠小胶质细胞的分离培养促进无血清培养基动态分支形态学的研究

Microglia represent 5 - 10% of all central nervous system (CNS) cells and are increasingly drawing attention due to their contributions during ...

A Protocol for Transcranial Photobiomodulation Therapy in Mice

小鼠经颅光生物调节治疗方案

Transcranial photobiomodulation is a potential innovative noninvasive therapeutic approach for improving brain bioenergetics, brain function in a wide ...

Implantation of Osmotic Pumps and Induction of Stress to Establish a Symptomatic, Pharmacological Mouse Model for DYT/PARK-ATP1A3 Dystonia

渗透泵的植入和压力的诱导，以建立一个症状，药理学小鼠模型DYT/PARK-ATP1A3肌张

Genetically modified mouse models face limitations, especially when studying movement disorders, where most of the available transgenic rodent models do ...