Name: use of time-lapse microscopy and stage-specific nuclear depletion of proteins to study meiosis in s. cerevisiae
Uploaded: 2022-10-11T14:40:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Use of Time-Lapse Microscopy and Stage-Specific Nuclear Depletion of Proteins to Study Meiosis in S. cerevisiae at JoVE.com

Ringraziamo il Light Microscopy Imaging Center dell'Università dell'Indiana. Questo lavoro è stato sostenuto da una sovvenzione del National Institutes of Health (GM105755).

1. Preparazione dei materiali necessari
<ol><li>Preparare i reagenti per la crescita e la sporulazione delle cellule di lievito. NOTA: Se i ceppi di lievito in erba sono ade2- e trp1-, integrare tutti i terreni nei punti 1.1.1-1.1.3 con una concentrazione finale dello 0,01% di adenina e dello 0,01% di triptofano dall'1% di stock. Se i mezzi di sterilizzazione in autoclave, aggiungere questi aminoacidi solo dopo che i reagenti sono stati autoclavati e lasciati raffreddare a temperat...

<ol>
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M., Lacefield, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+requirement+for+Bub1+and+Bub3+in+regulation+of+meiotic+versus+mitotic+chromosome+segregation.">Differential requirement for Bub1 and Bub3 in regulation of meiotic versus mitotic chromosome segregation.</a> Journal of Cell Biology. 219 (4), 201909136 (2020).</li><li>van Werven, F. J., Amon, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+entry+into+gametogenesis.">Regulation of entry into gametogenesis.</a> Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B: Biological Sciences. 366 (1584), 3521-3531 (2011).</li><li>Carlile, T. M., Amon, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Meiosis+I+is+established+through+division-specific+translational+control+of+a+cyclin.">Meiosis I is established through division-specific translational control of a cyclin.</a> Cell. 133 (2), 280-291 (2008).</li><li>Benjamin, K. R., Zhang, C., Shokat, K. M., Herskowitz, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+landmark+events+in+meiosis+by+the+CDK+Cdc28+and+the+meiosis-specific+kinase+Ime2.">Control of landmark events in meiosis by the CDK Cdc28 and the meiosis-specific kinase Ime2.</a> Genes and Development. 17 (12), 1524-1539 (2003).</li><li>Xu, L., Ajimura, M., Padmore, R., Klein, C., Kleckner, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NDT80,+a+meiosis-specific+gene+required+for+exit+from+pachytene+in+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">NDT80, a meiosis-specific gene required for exit from pachytene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> Molecular and Cellular Biology. 15 (12), 6572-6581 (1995).</li><li>Chu, S., Herskowitz, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gametogenesis+in+yeast+is+regulated+by+a+transcriptional+cascade+dependent+on+Ndt80.">Gametogenesis in yeast is regulated by a transcriptional cascade dependent on Ndt80.</a> Molecular Cell. 1 (5), 685-696 (1998).</li><li>Haruki, H., Nishikawa, J., Laemmli, U. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+anchor-away+technique:+rapid,+conditional+establishment+of+yeast+mutant+phenotypes.">The anchor-away technique: rapid, conditional establishment of yeast mutant phenotypes.</a> Molecular Cell. 31 (6), 925-932 (2008).</li><li>Borek, W. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+proteomic+landscape+of+centromeric+chromatin+reveals+an+essential+role+for+the+Ctf19(CCAN)+complex+in+meiotic+kinetochore+assembly.">The proteomic landscape of centromeric chromatin reveals an essential role for the Ctf19(CCAN) complex in meiotic kinetochore assembly.</a> Current Biology. 31 (2), 283-296 (2021).</li><li>Mehta, G. D., Agarwal, M., Ghosh, S. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+characterization+of+kinetochore+protein,+Ctf19+in+meiosis+I:+an+implication+of+differential+impact+of+Ctf19+on+the+assembly+of+mitotic+and+meiotic+kinetochores+in+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">Functional characterization of kinetochore protein, Ctf19 in meiosis I: an implication of differential impact of Ctf19 on the assembly of mitotic and meiotic kinetochores in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> Molecular Microbiology. 91 (6), 1179-1199 (2014).</li><li>Ortiz, J., Stemmann, O., Rank, S., Lechner, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+putative+protein+complex+consisting+of+Ctf19,+Mcm21,+and+Okp1+represents+a+missing+link+in+the+budding+yeast+kinetochore.">A putative protein complex consisting of Ctf19, Mcm21, and Okp1 represents a missing link in the budding yeast kinetochore.</a> Genes and Development. 13 (9), 1140-1155 (1999).</li><li>Hyland, K. M., Kingsbury, J., Koshland, D., Hieter, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ctf19p:+A+novel+kinetochore+protein+in+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae+and+a+potential+link+between+the+kinetochore+and+mitotic+spindle.">Ctf19p: A novel kinetochore protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and a potential link between the kinetochore and mitotic spindle.</a> Journal of Cell Biology. 145 (1), 15-28 (1999).</li><li>Fernius, J., Marston, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Establishment+of+cohesion+at+the+pericentromere+by+the+Ctf19+kinetochore+subcomplex+and+the+replication+fork-associated+factor,+Csm3.">Establishment of cohesion at the pericentromere by the Ctf19 kinetochore subcomplex and the replication fork-associated factor, Csm3.</a> PLoS Genetics. 5 (9), 1000629 (2009).</li><li>Meyer, R. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ipl1/Aurora-B+is+necessary+for+kinetochore+restructuring+in+meiosis+I+in+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">Ipl1/Aurora-B is necessary for kinetochore restructuring in meiosis I in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> Molecular Biology of the Cell. 26 (17), 2986-3000 (2015).</li><li>Elrod, S. L., Chen, S. M., Schwartz, K., Shuster, E. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimizing+sporulation+conditions+for+different+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae+strain+backgrounds.">Optimizing sporulation conditions for different Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain backgrounds.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 557, 21-26 (2009).</li><li>Deutschbauer, A. M., Davis, R. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+trait+loci+mapped+to+single-nucleotide+resolution+in+yeast.">Quantitative trait loci mapped to single-nucleotide resolution in yeast.</a> Nature Genetics. 37 (12), 1333-1340 (2005).</li><li>Ben-Ari, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Four+linked+genes+participate+in+controlling+sporulation+efficiency+in+budding+yeast.">Four linked genes participate in controlling sporulation efficiency in budding yeast.</a> PLoS Genetics. 2 (11), 195 (2006).</li><li>Primig, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+core+meiotic+transcriptome+in+budding+yeasts.">The core meiotic transcriptome in budding yeasts.</a> Nature Genetics. 26 (4), 415-423 (2000).</li><li>Spencer, F., Gerring, S. L., Connelly, C., Hieter, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitotic+chromosome+transmission+fidelity+mutants+in+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">Mitotic chromosome transmission fidelity mutants in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> Genetics. 124 (2), 237-249 (1990).</li><li>Weinhandl, K., Winkler, M., Glieder, A., Camattari, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Carbon+source+dependent+promoters+in+yeasts.">Carbon source dependent promoters in yeasts.</a> Microbial Cell Factories. 13, 5 (2014).</li><li>Byers, B., Goetsch, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reversible+pachytene+arrest+of+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae+at+elevated+temperature.">Reversible pachytene arrest of Saccharomyces cerevisiae at elevated temperature.</a> Molecular and General Genetics. 187 (1), 47-53 (1982).</li><li>Winter, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Sum1/Ndt80+transcriptional+switch+and+commitment+to+meiosis+in+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">The Sum1/Ndt80 transcriptional switch and commitment to meiosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 76 (1), 1-15 (2012).</li><li>Neiman, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sporulation+in+the+budding+yeast+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">Sporulation in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> Genetics. 189 (3), 737-765 (2011).</li><li>Robinett, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=C.+al.+In+vivo+localization+of+DNA+sequences+and+visualization+of+large-scale+chromatin+organization+using+lac+operator/repressor+recognition.">C. al. In vivo localization of DNA sequences and visualization of large-scale chromatin organization using lac operator/repressor recognition.</a> Journal of Cell Biology. 135, 1685-1700 (1996).</li><li>Straight, A. F., Belmont, A. S., Robinett, C. C., Murray, A. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=GFP+tagging+of+budding+yeast+chromosomes+reveals+that+protein-protein+interactions+can+mediate+sister+chromatid+cohesion.">GFP tagging of budding yeast chromosomes reveals that protein-protein interactions can mediate sister chromatid cohesion.</a> Current Biology. 6 (12), 1599-1608 (1996).</li><li>Sym, M., Engebrecht, J. A., Roeder, G. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ZIP1+is+a+synaptonemal+complex+protein+required+for+meiotic+chromosome+synapsis.">ZIP1 is a synaptonemal complex protein required for meiotic chromosome synapsis.</a> Cell. 72 (3), 365-378 (1993).</li><li>Scherthan, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chromosome+mobility+during+meiotic+prophase+in+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">Chromosome mobility during meiotic prophase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (43), 16934-16939 (2007).</li></ol>

Questo protocollo combina il sistema NDT80-in per sincronizzare le cellule, la tecnica di ancoraggio per esaurire le proteine dal nucleo e la microscopia time-lapse a fluorescenza per visualizzare le cellule di lievito in erba durante la meiosi. Il sistema NDT80-in è un metodo per la sincronizzazione del ciclo cellulare meiotico che utilizza un arresto e rilascio di profase I 4,8. Sebbene le singole cellule varino leggermente nella quantità di...

La microscopia a fluorescenza time-lapse è un valido strumento per studiare la dinamica della segregazione cromosomica meiotica nel lievito in erba 1,2. Le cellule di lievito in erba possono essere indotte a subire meiosi attraverso la fame di nutrienti chiave3. Durante la meiosi, le cellule subiscono un ciclo di segregazione cromosomica seguito da due divisioni per creare quattro prodotti meiotici che vengono confezionati in spore (Figura 1). Le singole cellule possono essere visualizzate durante ogni fase della meiosi, che genera dati spaziali e temporali che possono essere facilmente ignorati dall'imaging a cellule fisse. Questo protocollo mostra come la combinazione della microscopia a fluorescenza time-lapse con due metodi precedentemente stabiliti, il sistema inducibile NDT80 (NDT80-in) e la tecnica anchor away, può essere utilizzata per studiare la funzione di proteine specifiche in fasi meiotiche distinte.
Il sistema NDT80-in è un potente strumento per la sincronizzazione del ciclo cellulare meiotico che si basa sull'espressione inducibile del fattore di trascrizione della meiosi media NDT80 4,5. L'espressione di NDT80 è richiesta perl'uscita 6,7 della profase I. Con il sistema NDT80-in, NDT80 è sotto il controllo del promotore GAL1-10 nelle cellule che esprimono il fattore di trascrizione Gal4 fuso in un recettore degli estrogeni (Gal4-ER)4,5. Poiché Gal4-ER entra nel nucleo solo quando è legato al β-estradiolo, le cellule NDT80-in si arrestano nella profase I in assenza di β-estradiolo, che consente la sincronizzazione delle cellule nella profase I (Figura 1). β-estradiolo promuove la traslocazione del fattore di trascrizione Gal4-ER nel nucleo, dove lega GAL1-10 per guidare l'espressione di NDT80, portando all'ingresso sincrono nelle divisioni meiotiche. Sebbene la microscopia time-lapse possa essere eseguita senza sincronizzazione, il vantaggio di utilizzare la sincronizzazione è la possibilità di aggiungere un inibitore o un farmaco mentre le cellule si trovano in una fase specifica della meiosi.
La tecnica dell'ancoraggio è un sistema inducibile mediante il quale una proteina può essere impoverita dal nucleo con l'aggiunta di rapamicina8. Questa tecnica è ideale per studiare le proteine nucleari durante la divisione cellulare nel lievito in erba perché le cellule di lievito subiscono mitosi chiusa e meiosi, in cui l'involucro nucleare non si rompe. Inoltre, questa tecnica è molto utile per le proteine che hanno molteplici funzioni durante la meiosi. A differenza delle delezioni, degli alleli mutanti o degli alleli meiotici nulli, la rimozione di una proteina bersaglio dal nucleo in uno stadio specifico non compromette l'attività della proteina bersaglio nelle fasi precedenti, consentendo un'interpretazione più accurata dei risultati. Il sistema di ancoraggio utilizza la spola delle subunità ribosomiali tra il nucleo e il citoplasma che si verifica alla maturazione ribosomiale8. Per esaurire la proteina bersaglio dal nucleo, la proteina bersaglio viene marcata con il dominio di legame della rapamicina FKBP12 (FRB) in un ceppo in cui la subunità ribosomiale Rpl13A è marcata con FKBP12. Senza rapamicina, FRB e FKBP12 non interagiscono e la proteina marcata con FRB rimane nel nucleo. Dopo l'aggiunta di rapamicina, la rapamicina forma un complesso stabile con FKBP12 e FRB, e il complesso viene espulso dal nucleo a causa dell'interazione con Rpl13A (Figura 1). Per prevenire la morte cellulare dopo l'aggiunta di rapamicina, le cellule ospitano la mutazione tor1-1 del gene TOR1 . Inoltre, queste cellule contengono fpr1Δ , un allele nullo della proteina FKBP12 di S. cerevisiae , che impedisce a Fpr1 endogeno di superare Rpl13A-FKBP12 per il legame con FRB e rapamicina. Le mutazioni di fondo di ancoraggio, tor1-1 e fpr1Δ, non influenzano i tempi meiotici o la segregazione cromosomica2.
Per dimostrare l'utilità di questa tecnica, la proteina cinetocoro Ctf19 è stata esaurita in diversi punti temporali durante la meiosi. Ctf19 è un componente del cinetocore che è superfluo nella mitosi ma richiesto per una corretta segregazione cromosomica nella meiosi 9,10,11,12,13. Nella meiosi, il cinetocoro viene eliminato nella profase I e Ctf19 è importante per il riassemblaggio dei cinetochi 9,14. Per questo protocollo, le cellule con il sistema NDT80-in sono state sincronizzate e la tecnica dell'ancoraggio è stata utilizzata per esaurire la proteina bersaglio Ctf19 dal nucleo prima e dopo il rilascio dalla profase I e dopo la segregazione cromosomica della meiosi I (Figura 1). Questo protocollo può essere adattato per esaurire altre proteine di interesse in qualsiasi fase della meiosi e della mitosi.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>&#946;-estradiol</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>E8875</td>
			<td>Make 1mM stocks in 95% EtOH</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.22 uM Threaded Bottle-top Filter</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>S2GPT02RE</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100% EtOH</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>22-032-601</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10X PBS</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP399500</td>
			<td>Dilute 1:10 to use as solvent for ConA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>24 mm x 50 mm coverslip No. 1.5</td>
			<td>VWR North American</td>
			<td>48393241</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>25 mm x 75 mm microscope slides</td>
			<td>VWR North American</td>
			<td>48300-026</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adenine hemisulfate salt</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>A9126</td>
			<td>To supplement SC, SCA, and 1% Kac</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bacto Agar</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>214030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Concanavialin A</td>
			<td>Mllipore Sigma</td>
			<td>C2010</td>
			<td>Make as 1mg/mL in 1X PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CoolSNAP HQ2 CCD camera</td>
			<td>Photometrics</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used in Section 4.3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-glucose</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>D16-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Difco Yeast Nitrogen Base w/o Amino Acids</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>291920</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>D5879</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eclipse Ti2 inverted-objective micrscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used in Section 4.4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fiji</td>
			<td>NIH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Download from https://fiji.sc/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GE Personal DeltaVision Microscope</td>
			<td>Applied Precision</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used in Section 4.3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Tryptophan&#160;</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>T0254</td>
			<td>To supplement SC, SCA, and 1% Kac</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Modeling Clay</td>
			<td>Crayola</td>
			<td>&#160;2302880000</td>
			<td>To secure coverslip in slide holder</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NIS-Elements AR 5.30.04 Imaging Software</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used in Section 4.4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ORCA-Fustion BT Camera</td>
			<td>Hamamatsu</td>
			<td>C15440-20UP</td>
			<td>Used in Section 4.4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plastic pipette tip holder</td>
			<td>Dot Scientific</td>
			<td>LTS1000-HR</td>
			<td>Cut a 4 square x 4 square section of the rack portion of this product.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pottassium Acetate</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP264</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rapamycin</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP29631</td>
			<td>Make 1mg/mL stocks in DMSO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicone Sealant</td>
			<td>Aqueon</td>
			<td>100165001</td>
			<td>Also known as aquarium glue.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SoftWorx7.0.0&#160; Imaging Software</td>
			<td>Applied Precision</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used in Section 4.3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Synthetic Complete Mixture (Kaiser)&#160;</td>
			<td>Formedium</td>
			<td>DSCK2500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Type N immersion oil&#160;</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>MXA22166</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

use of time-lapse microscopy and stage-specific nuclear depletion of proteins to study meiosis in s. cerevisiae

La microscopia a fluorescenza time-lapse ha rivoluzionato la comprensione degli eventi del ciclo cellulare meiotico fornendo dati temporali e spaziali che spesso non vengono visualizzati dalle cellule fisse di imaging. Il lievito in erba ha dimostrato di essere un importante organismo modello per studiare la segregazione cromosomica meiotica perché molti geni meiotici sono altamente conservati. La microscopia time-lapse della meiosi nel lievito in erba consente il monitoraggio di diversi mutanti meiotici per mostrare come la mutazione interrompe i processi meiotici. Tuttavia, molte proteine funzionano in più punti della meiosi. L'uso di mutanti nulli meiotici o con perdita di funzione può quindi interrompere un processo precoce, bloccando o disturbando il processo successivo e rendendo difficile determinare i fenotipi associati a ciascun singolo ruolo. Per aggirare questa sfida, questo protocollo descrive come le proteine possono essere impoverite condizionatamente dal nucleo in fasi specifiche della meiosi mentre monitorano gli eventi meiotici usando la microscopia time-lapse. In particolare, questo protocollo descrive come le cellule sono sincronizzate nella profase I, come la tecnica dell'ancoraggio viene utilizzata per esaurire le proteine dal nucleo in specifici stadi meiotici e come l'imaging time-lapse viene utilizzato per monitorare la segregazione cromosomica meiotica. Come esempio dell'utilità della tecnica, la proteina cinetocoora Ctf19 è stata impoverita dal nucleo in diversi punti temporali durante la meiosi e il numero di masse di cromatina è stato analizzato alla fine della meiosi II. Nel complesso, questo protocollo può essere adattato per esaurire diverse proteine nucleari dal nucleo mentre si monitorano le divisioni meiotiche.

Per monitorare la segregazione della cromatina, la proteina istonica Htb2 è stata etichettata con mCherry. Nella profase I, la cromatina appare come una singola massa di Htb2. Dopo che i cromosomi omologhi si segregano nella prima divisione meiotica, la cromatina appare come due masse distinte (Figura 3A). Dopo che i cromatidi fratelli si separano, la cromatina appare come quattro masse. Se alcuni cromosomi non riescono ad attaccarsi ai microtubuli del fuso, si possono vedere masse aggiunti...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Use of Time-Lapse Microscopy and Stage-Specific Nuclear Depletion of Proteins to Study Meiosis in S. cerevisiae at JoVE.com

Use of Time-Lapse Microscopy and Stage-Specific Nuclear Depletion of Proteins to Study Meiosis in S. cerevisiae

La microscopia time-lapse è uno strumento prezioso per studiare la meiosi nel lievito in erba. Questo protocollo descrive un metodo che combina la sincronizzazione del ciclo cellulare, la microscopia time-lapse e l'esaurimento condizionale di una proteina bersaglio per dimostrare come studiare la funzione di una proteina specifica durante la segregazione cromosomica meiotica.

Uso della microscopia time-lapse e della deplezione nucleare stadio-specifica delle proteine per studiare la meiosi in S. cerevisiae

Time-lapse fluorescence microscopy has revolutionized the understanding of meiotic cell-cycle events by providing temporal and spatial data that is often ...

Sincronizzando le cellule nella profase uno e quindi impoverendo la proteina bersaglio in una fase particolare, questo metodo può identificare funzioni temporaneamente distinte di proteine specifiche. L'esaurimento condizionale delle proteine in stadi specifici della miosi previene gli effetti residui che un mutante miotico tradizionale può avere negli stadi successivi. Questo metodo potrebbe essere utilizzato per studiare la mitosi del lievito in erba e altri organismi che non subiscono la rottura dell'involucro nucleare.Inoltre, questo metodo può essere utilizzato in altri organismi per studiare gli eventi del ciclo cellulare prima della rottura dell'involucro nucleare. Per iniziare, crea un pad di agar che verrà utilizzato per creare un monostrato di celle per l'imaging. Tagliare e scartare il tappo e il fondo di un terzo di un tubo di microcentrifuga da 1,5 millilitri per creare un cilindro che fungerà da stampo per il cuscinetto di agar.Posizionare il cilindro del tubo della microcentrifuga tagliato su un vetrino pulito con la parte superiore del tubo capovolta, seduto sul vetrino. Fare sei millilitri di una soluzione di agar al 5% in un becher da 50 millilitri. Tagliare la punta della pipetta per fare un'apertura più grande e pipettare circa 500 microlitri di agar fuso nel tubo della microcentrifuga.Lasciare riposare a temperatura ambiente fino a quando l'agar si solidifica. Per preparare le cellule di lievito, centrifugare 200 microlitri della coltura di sporulazione a 800 G per due minuti in provette da microcentrifuga da un millilitro. Scartare 180 microlitri di surnatante.Risospendere il pellet nel surnatante rimanente ruotando e facendo scorrere il tubo. Pipettare sei microlitri delle cellule concentrate sul coperchio scivolare al centro della camera sul posto con ConA. Tenere il cilindro con il cuscinetto di agar e farlo scivolare con attenzione dal vetrino.Assicurarsi che l'agar sia completamente piatto nella parte inferiore e, utilizzando il fondo della punta della pipetta, applicare una leggera pressione allo stampo della microcentrifuga in modo che il tampone di agar venga spinto leggermente al di sopra del bordo del tubo. Quindi, capovolgere lo stampo in modo tale che il pad di agar sia rivolto verso il basso verso la camera. Utilizzare una pinza per posizionare delicatamente il cuscinetto di agar sopra le celle e la punta della pipetta per far scorrere delicatamente il cuscinetto di agar intorno alla camera da 10 a 20 volte per creare un monostrato di celle sul vetrino del coperchio.Tenere il pad di agar nella camera per 12-15 minuti. Quindi, trasferire due millilitri di coltura di sporulazione in due tubi di microcentrifuga e girare a 15.700 G per due minuti. Dopo aver trasferito il surnatante in provette di microcentrifuga pulite, ruotare di nuovo nelle stesse condizioni e raccogliere il surnatante per pulire i tubi della microcentrifuga.Aggiungere due millilitri di surnatante a goccia nella camera contenente il cuscinetto di agar. Una volta che il liquido ha raggiunto la parte superiore della camera, il cuscinetto di agar molto probabilmente galleggerà. Rimuovere delicatamente il cuscinetto di agar con una pinza e gettarlo.Posizionare una linguetta di copertura da 24 x 50 millimetri sulla parte superiore della camera per evitare l'evaporazione durante l'imaging. Per impostare il filmato sul microscopio, inserire il vetrino di copertina all'interno del supporto del vetrino. Far aderire l'argilla di stampaggio sul lato della sottoveste di copertura per tenerla salda nel supporto della slitta.Aprire il software di acquisizione delle immagini. Utilizzare manopole di regolazione grossolane e fini per focalizzare le celle utilizzando DIC o campo luminoso. Nel menu principale del software di acquisizione immagini, fai clic su File, seleziona Acquisisci e verranno visualizzate quattro finestre.Nella finestra denominata Resolve 3D, fare clic sull'icona del pallone Erlenmeyer. Si aprirà una finestra denominata Design Run Experiment, che contiene i controlli per impostare un esperimento per impostare un filmato time-lapse. Nella scheda Progettazione, passare alla scheda Sezionamento.Selezionare la casella accanto a Sezionamento Z e impostare la spaziatura delle sezioni ottiche su un micrometro e il numero di sezioni ottiche su cinque. Successivamente, nella scheda Canali, fai clic sull'icona più e seleziona il canale appropriato. Quindi, seleziona la casella accanto a Immagine di riferimento e imposta la posizione Z al centro del campione dal menu a discesa.Selezionare un valore di trasmittanza e tempo di esposizione dal menu a discesa. Nella scheda Time-lapse, selezionare la casella accanto a Time-lapse e immettere i valori per minuti e ore per identificare l'intervallo di tempo di acquisizione dell'immagine. Seleziona la casella accanto a Mantieni la messa a fuoco con la massima messa a fuoco per evitare la deviazione dello stage durante il filmato.E nella scheda Punti, seleziona la casella accanto a Elenco punti visita. Nel menu principale, fare clic su Visualizza e selezionare Elenco punti. Spostare lo stage in un'area della camera che mostra un monostrato di celle.Fare clic su Segna punto nella finestra Elenco punti. Sposta lo stage per selezionare da 25 a 30 punti senza sovrapposizioni per evitare di sovraesporre le celle e visualizzare ogni campo durante ogni corso di tempo. Nella finestra Elenco punti, selezionate Calibra tutto per impostare lo stato attivo finale per ciascun punto.Nella scheda Esegui salvare il file nella destinazione appropriata nel computer. Nella finestra Esegui esperimento, seleziona il pulsante Riproduci per avviare il filmato. Apri il software Fiji.Apri i canali DIC e mCherry. Ottieni una singola proiezione di intensità massima del canale mCherry facendo clic su Immagine, seguito da Pile e Progetto Z e seleziona Intensità massima dal menu a discesa. Per unire i canali DIC e mCherry in un'unica immagine, fai clic su Immagine, Colore e seleziona Unisci canali.Seguire una singola cellula attraverso la meiosi. Dopo il completamento della meiosi II, registrare il numero di masse di DNA. Nelle cellule wild type con lo sfondo di ancoraggio, ci sono tipicamente quattro masse di DNA alla fine della meiosi II, che rappresentano i quattro prodotti della meiosi.In una piccola frazione delle cellule, solo tre masse sono visibili dopo la meiosi II.Quando Ctf19-FRB è ancorato al momento del rilascio della profase I, circa il 47% delle cellule mostra più di quattro masse di DNA al completamento della meiosi, suggerendo un difetto nell'attaccamento di cinetocori e microtubuli. Con l'ancoraggio di Ctf19-FRB, sia dopo l'assemblaggio del cinetocoro, ma prima della meiosi I, sia dopo la meiosi II, circa il 16% delle cellule mostra masse di DNA aggiuntive. Una delle parti più importanti di questo protocollo è aggiungere il surnatante a goccia alla camera per evitare di interrompere il monostrato.Inoltre, annotare il tempo necessario per prepararsi all'imaging per considerarlo nell'analisi. Cambiando le proteine impacchettate in modo fluorescente, questa procedura può essere utilizzata per rispondere alle domande riguardanti la durata del ciclo cellulare, la segregazione cromosomica, l'abbondanza proteica e la localizzazione delle proteine.

use-time-lapse-microscopy-stage-specific-nuclear-depletion-proteins

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Use of Time-Lapse Microscopy and Stage-Specific Nuclear Depletion of Proteins to Study Meiosis in S. cerevisiae

Assay for Adhesion and Agar Invasion in S. cerevisiae

Yeasts are found in natural biofilms, where many microorganisms colonize surfaces. In artificial environments, such as surfaces of man-made objects, biofilms can reduce industrial productivity, destroy structures, and threaten human life. 1-3 On the other hand, harnessing the power of biofilms can help clean the environment and generate sustainable energy. 4-8
The ability of S. cerevisiae to colonize surfaces and participate in complex biofilms was mostly ignored until the rediscovery of the differentiation programs triggered by various signaling pathways and environmental cues in this organism. 9, 10 The continuing interest in using S. cerevisiae as a model organism to understand the interaction and convergence of signaling pathways, such as the Ras-PKA, Kss1 MAPK, and Hog1 osmolarity pathways, quickly placed S. cerevisiae in the junction of biofilm biology and signal transduction research. 11-20 To this end, differentiation of yeast cells into long, adhesive, pseudohyphal filaments became a convenient readout for the activation of signal transduction pathways upon various environmental changes. However, filamentation is a complex collection of phenotypes, which makes assaying for it as if it were a simple phenotype misleading. In the past decade, several assays were successfully adopted from bacterial biofilm studies to yeast research, such as MAT formation assays to measure colony spread on soft agar and crystal violet staining to quantitatively measure cell-surface adherence. 12, 21 However, there has been some confusion in assays developed to qualitatively assess the adhesive and invasive phenotypes of yeast in agar.
Here, we present a simple and reliable method for assessing the adhesive and invasive quality of yeast strains with easy-to-understand steps to isolate the adhesion assessment from invasion assessment. Our method, adopted from previous studies, 10, 16 involves growing cells in liquid media and plating on differential nutrient conditions for growth of large spots, which we then wash with water to assess adhesion and rub cells completely off the agar surface to assess invasion into the agar. We eliminate the need for streaking cells onto agar, which affects the invasion of cells into the agar. In general, we observed that haploid strains that invade agar are always adhesive, yet not all adhesive strains can invade agar medium. Our approach can be used in conjunction with other assays to carefully dissect the differentiation steps and requirements of yeast signal transduction, differentiation, quorum sensing, and biofilm formation.

We describe a qualitative assay for yeast adhesion and agar invasion as a measure of invasive and pseudohyphal differentiation. This simple assay can be used to assess the invasive phenotype of various mutants as well as the effects environmental cues and signaling pathways on yeast differentiation.

Test di adesione ed invasione di Agar in S. cerevisiae

Yeasts are found in natural biofilms, where many microorganisms colonize surfaces. In artificial environments, such as surfaces of man-made objects, ...

Ricerca

Biologia

Monitoring Actin Disassembly with Time-lapse Microscopy

Monitoraggio Actina Smontaggio con Time-lapse Microscopia

Two-photon axotomy and time-lapse confocal imaging in live zebrafish embryos

Zebrafish have long been utilized to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of development by time-lapse imaging of the living transparent embryo. Here we describe a method to mount zebrafish embryos for long-term imaging and demonstrate how to automate the capture of time-lapse images using a confocal microscope. We also describe a method to create controlled, precise damage to individual branches of peripheral sensory axons in zebrafish using the focused power of a femtosecond laser mounted on a two-photon microscope. The parameters for successful two-photon axotomy must be optimized for each microscope. We will demonstrate two-photon axotomy on both a custom built two-photon microscope and a Zeiss 510 confocal/two-photon to provide two examples.

Zebrafish trigeminal sensory neurons can be visualized in a transgenic line expressing GFP driven by a sensory neuron specific promoter 1. We have adapted this zebrafish trigeminal model to directly observe sensory axon regeneration in living zebrafish embryos. Embryos are anesthetized with tricaine and positioned within a drop of agarose as it solidifies. Immobilized embryos are sealed within an imaging chamber filled with phenylthiourea (PTU) Ringers. We have found that embryos can be continuously imaged in these chambers for 12-48 hours. A single confocal image is then captured to determine the desired site of axotomy. The region of interest is located on the two-photon microscope by imaging the sensory axons under low, non-damaging power. After zooming in on the desired site of axotomy, the power is increased and a single scan of that defined region is sufficient to sever the axon. Multiple location time-lapse imaging is then set up on a confocal microscope to directly observe axonal recovery from injury.

Here we describe a method for mounting zebrafish embryos for long-term imaging, two-photon imaging and tissue-damage techniques, and time-lapse confocal imaging.

Due fotoni assotomia e time-lapse confocale in embrioni di zebrafish vivo

Zebrafish have long been utilized to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of development by time-lapse imaging of the living transparent embryo.  ...

A high-throughput method to globally study the organelle morphology in S. cerevisiae

High-throughput methods to examine protein localization or organelle morphology is an effective tool for studying protein interactions and can help achieve an comprehensive understanding of molecular pathways. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with the development of the non-essential gene deletion array, we can globally study the morphology of different organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the mitochondria using GFP (or variant)-markers in different gene backgrounds. However, incorporating GFP markers in each single mutant individually is a labor-intensive process. Here, we describe a procedure that is routinely used in our laboratory. By using a robotic system to handle high-density yeast arrays and drug selection techniques, we can significantly shorten the time required and improve reproducibility. In brief, we cross a GFP-tagged mitochondrial marker (Apc1-GFP) to a high-density array of 4,672 nonessential gene deletion mutants by robotic replica pinning.  Through diploid selection, sporulation, germination and dual marker selection, we recover both alleles. As a result, each haploid single mutant contains Apc1-GFP incorporated at its genomic locus. Now, we can study the morphology of mitochondria in all non-essential mutant background. Using this high-throughput approach, we can conveniently study and delineate the pathways and genes involved in the inheritance and the formation of organelles in a genome-wide setting.

GFP-fusion proteins are widely used to visualize organelles by confocal microscopy. However, screening for mutations that affect the morphology of organelles generally requires individual mutagenesis and is time consuming. Here, we demonstrate a method to simultaneously incorporate organelle-GFP markers in almost 5,000 non-essential genes in yeast.

Un high-throughput metodo per studiare la morfologia globale organello in S. cerevisiae

High-throughput methods to examine protein localization or organelle morphology is an effective tool for studying protein interactions and can help ...

Identification of protein complexes with quantitative proteomics in S. cerevisiae

Lipids are the building blocks of cellular membranes that function as barriers and in compartmentalization of cellular processes, and recently, as important intracellular signalling molecules. However, unlike proteins, lipids are small hydrophobic molecules that traffic primarily by poorly described nonvesicular routes, which are hypothesized to occur at membrane contact sites (MCSs). MCSs are regions where the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) makes direct physical contact with a partnering organelle, e.g., plasma membrane (PM). The ER portion of ER-PM MCSs is enriched in lipid-synthesizing enzymes, suggesting that lipid synthesis is directed to these sites and implying that MCSs are important for lipid traffic. Yeast is an ideal model to study ER-PM MCSs because of their abundance, with over 1000 contacts per cell, and their conserved nature in all eukaryotes. Uncovering the proteins that constitute MCSs is critical to understanding how lipids traffic is accomplished in cells, and how they act as signaling molecules. We have found that an ER called Scs2p localize to ER-PM MCSs and is important for their formation. We are focused on uncovering the molecular partners of Scs2p. Identification of protein complexes traditionally relies on first resolving purified protein samples by gel electrophoresis, followed by in-gel digestion of protein bands and analysis of peptides by mass spectrometry. This often limits the study to a small subset of proteins. Also, protein complexes are exposed to denaturing or non-physiological conditions during the procedure. To circumvent these problems, we have implemented a large-scale quantitative proteomics technique to extract unbiased and quantified data. We use stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) to incorporate staple isotope nuclei in proteins in an untagged control strain. Equal volumes of tagged culture and untagged, SILAC-labeled culture are mixed together and lysed by grinding in liquid nitrogen. We then carry out an affinity purification procedure to pull down protein complexes. Finally, we precipitate the protein sample, which is ready for analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography/ tandem mass spectrometry. Most importantly, proteins in the control strain are labeled by the heavy isotope and will produce a mass/ charge shift that can be quantified against the unlabeled proteins in the bait strain. Therefore, contaminants, or unspecific binding can be easily eliminated. By using this approach, we have identified several novel proteins that localize to ER-PM MCSs. Here we present a detailed description of our approach. 

Here we describe a new quantitative proteomics technique for identifying protein complexes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this study, we have used the SILAC method together with affinity purification followed by tandem mass spectrometry to identify with high specificity the binding partners of an ER protein, Scs2p.

L&#39;identificazione di complessi proteici con la proteomica quantitativa in S. cerevisiae

Lipids are the building blocks of cellular membranes that function as barriers and in compartmentalization of cellular processes, and recently, as ...

Time-lapse Imaging of Mitosis After siRNA Transfection

Changes in cellular organization and chromosome dynamics that occur during mitosis are tightly coordinated to ensure accurate inheritance of genomic and cellular content. Hallmark events of mitosis, such as chromosome movement, can be readily tracked on an individual cell basis using time-lapse fluorescence microscopy of mammalian cell lines expressing specific GFP-tagged proteins. In combination with RNAi-based depletion, this can be a powerful method for pinpointing the stage(s) of mitosis where defects occur after levels of a particular protein have been lowered. In this protocol, we present a basic method for assessing the effect of depleting a potential mitotic regulatory protein on the timing of mitosis. Cells are transfected with siRNA, placed in a stage-top incubation chamber, and imaged using an automated fluorescence microscope. We describe how to use software to set up a time-lapse experiment, how to process the image sequences to make either still-image montages or movies, and how to quantify and analyze the timing of mitotic stages using a cell-line expressing mCherry-tagged histone H2B. Finally, we discuss important considerations for designing a time-lapse experiment. This strategy is complementary to other approaches and offers the advantages of 1) sensitivity to changes in kinetics that might not be observed when looking at cells as a population and 2) analysis of mitosis without the need to synchronize the cell cycle using drug treatments. The visual information from such imaging experiments not only allows the sub-stages of mitosis to be assessed, but can also provide unexpected insight that would not be apparent from cell cycle analysis by FACS.

Here we describe a basic protocol to image and quantify the mitotic timing of live mammalian tissue culture cells after siRNA transfection.

Time-lapse imaging di mitosi dopo la trasfezione di siRNA

Changes in cellular organization and chromosome dynamics that occur during mitosis are tightly coordinated to ensure accurate inheritance of genomic and ...

Time-lapse Microscopy of Early Embryogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans has often been used as a model system in studies of early developmental processes. The transparency of the 
embryos, the genetic resources, and the relative ease of transformation are qualities that make C. elegans an excellent model for early embryogenesis. Laser-based 
confocal microscopy and fluorescently labeled tags allow researchers to follow specific cellular structures and proteins in the developing embryo. For example, 
one can follow specific organelles, such as lysosomes or mitochondria, using fluorescently labeled dyes. These dyes can be delivered to the early embryo by means 
of microinjection into the adult gonad. Also, the localization of specific proteins can be followed using fluorescent protein tags. Examples are presented here 
demonstrating the use of a fluorescent lysosomal dye as well as fluorescently tagged histone and ubiquitin proteins. The labeled histone is used to visualize 
the DNA and thus identify the stage of the cell cycle. GFP-tagged ubiquitin reveals the dynamics of ubiquitinated vesicles in the early embryo. Observations 
of labeled lysosomes and GFP:: ubiquitin can be used to determine if there is colocalization between ubiquitinated vesicles and lysosomes. A technique for 
the microinjection of the lysosomal dye is presented. Techniques for generating transgenenic strains are presented elsewhere (1, 2). For imaging, embryos 
are cut out of adult hermaphrodite nematodes and mounted onto 2% agarose pads followed by time-lapse microscopy on a standard laser scanning confocal 
microscope or a spinning disk confocal microscope. This methodology provides for the high resolution visualization of early embryogenesis.

Time-lapse Microscopy of Early Embryogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans

This article describes a technique for the visualization of the early events of embryogenesis in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.

Microscopia time-lapse di Embriogenesi All&#39;inizio del Caenorhabditis elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans has often been used as a model system in studies of early developmental processes.  The transparency of the 
embryos, the genetic ...

Quantitative Analysis of Random Migration of Cells Using Time-lapse Video Microscopy

Cell migration is a dynamic process, which is important for embryonic development, tissue repair, immune system function, and tumor invasion 1, 2. During directional migration, cells move rapidly in response to an extracellular chemotactic signal, or in response to intrinsic cues 3 provided by the basic motility machinery. Random migration occurs when a cell possesses low intrinsic directionality, allowing the cells to explore their local environment.
Cell migration is a complex process, in the initial response cell undergoes polarization and extends protrusions in the direction of migration 2. Traditional methods to measure migration such as the Boyden chamber migration assay is an easy method to measure chemotaxis in vitro, which allows measuring migration as an end point result. However, this approach neither allows measurement of individual migration parameters, nor does it allow to visualization of morphological changes that cell undergoes during migration.
Here, we present a method that allows us to monitor migrating cells in real time using video - time lapse microscopy. Since cell migration and invasion are hallmarks of cancer, this method will be applicable in studying cancer cell migration and invasion in vitro. Random migration of platelets has been considered as one of the parameters of platelet function 4, hence this method could also be helpful in studying platelet functions. This assay has the advantage of being rapid, reliable, reproducible, and does not require optimization of cell numbers. In order to maintain physiologically suitable conditions for cells, the microscope is equipped with CO2 supply and temperature thermostat. Cell movement is monitored by taking pictures using a camera fitted to the microscope at regular intervals. Cell migration can be calculated by measuring average speed and average displacement, which is calculated by Slidebook software.

This method allows monitoring of cells in real time and quantitative measurements of different cell migration parameters such as speed, displacement, and velocity. Unlike the traditional methods, this real time approach is not based on endpoint quantitative migration measurements; instead it allows monitoring and calculating different parameters continuously.

Analisi quantitativa della migrazione casuale di celle usando Time-lapse Microscopia Video

Cell migration is a dynamic process, which is important for embryonic development, tissue repair, immune system function, and tumor invasion 1, 2. During ...

Flow Cytometry-based Purification of S. cerevisiae Zygotes

Zygotes are essential intermediates between haploid and diploid states in the life cycle of many organisms, including yeast (Figure 1) 1. S. cerevisiae zygotes result from the fusion of haploid cells of distinct mating type (MATa, MATalpha) and give rise to corresponding stable diploids that successively generate as many as 20 diploid progeny as a result of their strikingly asymmetric mitotic divisions 2. Zygote formation is orchestrated by a complex sequence of events: In this process, soluble mating factors bind to cognate receptors, triggering receptor-mediated signaling cascades that facilitate interruption of the cell cycle and culminate in cell-cell fusion. Zygotes may be considered a model for progenitor or stem cell function.
Although much has been learned about the formation of zygotes and although zygotes have been used to investigate cell-molecular questions of general significance, almost all studies have made use of mating mixtures in which zygotes are intermixed with a majority population of haploid cells 3-8. Many aspects of the biochemistry of zygote formation and the continuing life of the zygote therefore remain uninvestigated.
Reports of purification of yeast zygotes describe protocols based on their sedimentation properties 9; however, this sedimentation-based procedure did not yield nearly 90% purity in our hands. Moreover, it has the disadvantage that cells are exposed to hypertonic sorbitol. We therefore have developed a versatile purification procedure. For this purpose, pairs of haploid cells expressing red or green fluorescent proteins were co-incubated to allow zygote formation, harvested at various times, and the resulting zygotes were purified using a flow cytometry-based sorting protocol. This technique provides a convenient visual assessment of purity and maturation. The average purity of the fraction is approximately 90%. According to the timing of harvest, zygotes of varying degrees of maturity can be recovered. The purified samples provide a convenient point of departure for "-omic" studies, for recovery of initial progeny, and for systematic investigation of this progenitor cell.

Flow Cytometry-based Purification of S. cerevisiae Zygotes

To purify zygotes of S. cerevisiae, haploid cells of opposite mating type were engineered to express red or green fluorescent proteins, co-incubated to allow zygote formation, and fractionated using a flow cytometry-based protocol. The highly-enriched fraction enables subsequent "-omic" studies, recovery of initial progeny, and systematic investigation of zygote morphogenesis.

Flusso Cytometry basata Purificazione<em&gt; S. cerevisiae</em&gt; Zigoti

Zygotes are essential intermediates between haploid and diploid states in the life cycle of many organisms, including yeast (Figure 1) 1. S. cerevisiae ...

Use of Time Lapse Microscopy to Visualize Anoxia-induced Suspended Animation in C. elegans Embryos

Caenorhabdits elegans has been used extensively in the study of stress resistance, which is facilitated by the transparency of the adult and embryo stages as well as by the availability of genetic mutants and transgenic strains expressing a myriad of fusion proteins1-4. In addition, dynamic processes such as cell division can be viewed using fluorescently labeled reporter proteins. The study of mitosis can be facilitated through the use of time-lapse experiments in various systems including intact organisms; thus the early C. elegans embryo is well suited for this study. Presented here is a technique by which in vivo imaging of sub-cellular structures in response to anoxic (99.999% N2; &lt;2 ppm O2) stress is possible using a simple gas flow through setup on a high-powered microscope. A microincubation chamber is used in conjunction with nitrogen gas flow through and a spinning disc confocal microscope to create a controlled environment in which animals can be imaged in vivo. Using GFP-tagged gamma tubulin and histone, the dynamics and arrest of cell division can be monitored before, during and after exposure to an oxygen-deprived environment. The results of this technique are high resolution, detailed videos and images of cellular structures within blastomeres of embryos exposed to oxygen deprivation.

Use of Time Lapse Microscopy to Visualize Anoxia-induced Suspended Animation in C. elegans Embryos

Described here is an in vivo technique to image sub-cellular structures in animals exposed to anoxia using a gas flow through microincubation chamber in conjunction with a spinning disc confocal microscope. This method is straightforward and flexible enough to suit a variety of experimental parameters and model systems.

L&#39;uso della microscopia Time lapse di visualizzare anossia indotta Suspended Animation in<em&gt; C. elegans</em&gt; Embrioni

Caenorhabdits elegans has been used extensively in the study of stress resistance, which is facilitated by the transparency of the adult and embryo stages ...