Name: use of time-lapse microscopy and stage-specific nuclear depletion of proteins to study meiosis in s. cerevisiae
Uploaded: 2022-10-11T14:40:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Use of Time-Lapse Microscopy and Stage-Specific Nuclear Depletion of Proteins to Study Meiosis in S. cerevisiae at JoVE.com

Agradecemos al Centro de Imágenes de Microscopía Óptica de la Universidad de Indiana. Este trabajo fue apoyado por una subvención de los Institutos Nacionales de Salud (GM105755).

1. Preparación de los materiales necesarios
<ol><li>Preparar reactivos para el crecimiento y la esporulación de las células de levadura. NOTA: Si las cepas de levadura en ciernes son ade2- y trp1-, complemente todos los medios en los pasos 1.1.1-1.1.3 con una concentración final de 0,01% de adenina y 0,01% de triptófano de 1% de cepas. Si esteriliza los medios en autoclave, agregue estos aminoácidos solo después de que los reactivos hayan sido esterilizados en autoclave y se...

<ol>
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M., Lacefield, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+requirement+for+Bub1+and+Bub3+in+regulation+of+meiotic+versus+mitotic+chromosome+segregation.">Differential requirement for Bub1 and Bub3 in regulation of meiotic versus mitotic chromosome segregation.</a> Journal of Cell Biology. 219 (4), 201909136 (2020).</li><li>van Werven, F. J., Amon, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+entry+into+gametogenesis.">Regulation of entry into gametogenesis.</a> Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B: Biological Sciences. 366 (1584), 3521-3531 (2011).</li><li>Carlile, T. M., Amon, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Meiosis+I+is+established+through+division-specific+translational+control+of+a+cyclin.">Meiosis I is established through division-specific translational control of a cyclin.</a> Cell. 133 (2), 280-291 (2008).</li><li>Benjamin, K. R., Zhang, C., Shokat, K. M., Herskowitz, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+landmark+events+in+meiosis+by+the+CDK+Cdc28+and+the+meiosis-specific+kinase+Ime2.">Control of landmark events in meiosis by the CDK Cdc28 and the meiosis-specific kinase Ime2.</a> Genes and Development. 17 (12), 1524-1539 (2003).</li><li>Xu, L., Ajimura, M., Padmore, R., Klein, C., Kleckner, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NDT80,+a+meiosis-specific+gene+required+for+exit+from+pachytene+in+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">NDT80, a meiosis-specific gene required for exit from pachytene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> Molecular and Cellular Biology. 15 (12), 6572-6581 (1995).</li><li>Chu, S., Herskowitz, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gametogenesis+in+yeast+is+regulated+by+a+transcriptional+cascade+dependent+on+Ndt80.">Gametogenesis in yeast is regulated by a transcriptional cascade dependent on Ndt80.</a> Molecular Cell. 1 (5), 685-696 (1998).</li><li>Haruki, H., Nishikawa, J., Laemmli, U. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+anchor-away+technique:+rapid,+conditional+establishment+of+yeast+mutant+phenotypes.">The anchor-away technique: rapid, conditional establishment of yeast mutant phenotypes.</a> Molecular Cell. 31 (6), 925-932 (2008).</li><li>Borek, W. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+proteomic+landscape+of+centromeric+chromatin+reveals+an+essential+role+for+the+Ctf19(CCAN)+complex+in+meiotic+kinetochore+assembly.">The proteomic landscape of centromeric chromatin reveals an essential role for the Ctf19(CCAN) complex in meiotic kinetochore assembly.</a> Current Biology. 31 (2), 283-296 (2021).</li><li>Mehta, G. D., Agarwal, M., Ghosh, S. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+characterization+of+kinetochore+protein,+Ctf19+in+meiosis+I:+an+implication+of+differential+impact+of+Ctf19+on+the+assembly+of+mitotic+and+meiotic+kinetochores+in+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">Functional characterization of kinetochore protein, Ctf19 in meiosis I: an implication of differential impact of Ctf19 on the assembly of mitotic and meiotic kinetochores in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> Molecular Microbiology. 91 (6), 1179-1199 (2014).</li><li>Ortiz, J., Stemmann, O., Rank, S., Lechner, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+putative+protein+complex+consisting+of+Ctf19,+Mcm21,+and+Okp1+represents+a+missing+link+in+the+budding+yeast+kinetochore.">A putative protein complex consisting of Ctf19, Mcm21, and Okp1 represents a missing link in the budding yeast kinetochore.</a> Genes and Development. 13 (9), 1140-1155 (1999).</li><li>Hyland, K. M., Kingsbury, J., Koshland, D., Hieter, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ctf19p:+A+novel+kinetochore+protein+in+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae+and+a+potential+link+between+the+kinetochore+and+mitotic+spindle.">Ctf19p: A novel kinetochore protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and a potential link between the kinetochore and mitotic spindle.</a> Journal of Cell Biology. 145 (1), 15-28 (1999).</li><li>Fernius, J., Marston, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Establishment+of+cohesion+at+the+pericentromere+by+the+Ctf19+kinetochore+subcomplex+and+the+replication+fork-associated+factor,+Csm3.">Establishment of cohesion at the pericentromere by the Ctf19 kinetochore subcomplex and the replication fork-associated factor, Csm3.</a> PLoS Genetics. 5 (9), 1000629 (2009).</li><li>Meyer, R. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ipl1/Aurora-B+is+necessary+for+kinetochore+restructuring+in+meiosis+I+in+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">Ipl1/Aurora-B is necessary for kinetochore restructuring in meiosis I in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> Molecular Biology of the Cell. 26 (17), 2986-3000 (2015).</li><li>Elrod, S. L., Chen, S. M., Schwartz, K., Shuster, E. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimizing+sporulation+conditions+for+different+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae+strain+backgrounds.">Optimizing sporulation conditions for different Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain backgrounds.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 557, 21-26 (2009).</li><li>Deutschbauer, A. M., Davis, R. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+trait+loci+mapped+to+single-nucleotide+resolution+in+yeast.">Quantitative trait loci mapped to single-nucleotide resolution in yeast.</a> Nature Genetics. 37 (12), 1333-1340 (2005).</li><li>Ben-Ari, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Four+linked+genes+participate+in+controlling+sporulation+efficiency+in+budding+yeast.">Four linked genes participate in controlling sporulation efficiency in budding yeast.</a> PLoS Genetics. 2 (11), 195 (2006).</li><li>Primig, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+core+meiotic+transcriptome+in+budding+yeasts.">The core meiotic transcriptome in budding yeasts.</a> Nature Genetics. 26 (4), 415-423 (2000).</li><li>Spencer, F., Gerring, S. L., Connelly, C., Hieter, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitotic+chromosome+transmission+fidelity+mutants+in+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">Mitotic chromosome transmission fidelity mutants in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> Genetics. 124 (2), 237-249 (1990).</li><li>Weinhandl, K., Winkler, M., Glieder, A., Camattari, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Carbon+source+dependent+promoters+in+yeasts.">Carbon source dependent promoters in yeasts.</a> Microbial Cell Factories. 13, 5 (2014).</li><li>Byers, B., Goetsch, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reversible+pachytene+arrest+of+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae+at+elevated+temperature.">Reversible pachytene arrest of Saccharomyces cerevisiae at elevated temperature.</a> Molecular and General Genetics. 187 (1), 47-53 (1982).</li><li>Winter, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Sum1/Ndt80+transcriptional+switch+and+commitment+to+meiosis+in+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">The Sum1/Ndt80 transcriptional switch and commitment to meiosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 76 (1), 1-15 (2012).</li><li>Neiman, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sporulation+in+the+budding+yeast+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">Sporulation in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> Genetics. 189 (3), 737-765 (2011).</li><li>Robinett, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=C.+al.+In+vivo+localization+of+DNA+sequences+and+visualization+of+large-scale+chromatin+organization+using+lac+operator/repressor+recognition.">C. al. In vivo localization of DNA sequences and visualization of large-scale chromatin organization using lac operator/repressor recognition.</a> Journal of Cell Biology. 135, 1685-1700 (1996).</li><li>Straight, A. F., Belmont, A. S., Robinett, C. C., Murray, A. 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Este protocolo combina el sistema NDT80-in para sincronizar células, la técnica de anclaje para agotar las proteínas del núcleo y la microscopía de lapso de tiempo de fluorescencia para obtener imágenes de las células de levadura en ciernes durante la meiosis. El sistema NDT80-in es un método para la sincronización del ciclo celular meiótico que utiliza una profase I de detención y liberación 4,8. Aunque las células individuales var...

La microcopia de fluorescencia time-lapse es una herramienta valiosa para estudiar la dinámica de la segregación cromosómica meiótica en levaduras en ciernes 1,2. Las células de levadura en ciernes pueden ser inducidas a someterse a meiosis a través de la inanición de nutrientes clave3. Durante la meiosis, las células se someten a una ronda de segregación cromosómica seguida de dos divisiones para crear cuatro productos meióticos que se empaquetan en esporas (Figura 1). Las células individuales se pueden visualizar a lo largo de cada etapa de la meiosis, lo que genera datos espaciales y temporales que pueden pasarse por alto fácilmente mediante imágenes de células fijas. Este protocolo muestra cómo la combinación de microscopía de fluorescencia de lapso de tiempo con dos métodos previamente establecidos, el sistema NDT80 inducible (NDT80-in) y la técnica de anclaje, se puede utilizar para estudiar la función de proteínas específicas en distintas etapas meióticas.
El sistema NDT80-in es una poderosa herramienta para la sincronización del ciclo celular meiótico que se basa en la expresión inducible del factor de transcripción de meiosis media NDT80 4,5. La expresión de NDT80 es necesaria para la salida 6,7 de la profase I. Con el sistema NDT80-in, NDT80 está bajo el control del promotor GAL1-10 en células que expresan el factor de transcripción Gal4 fusionado a un receptor de estrógeno (Gal4-ER)4,5. Debido a que Gal4-ER solo ingresa al núcleo cuando se une al β-estradiol, las células NDT80-in se detienen en la profase I en ausencia de β-estradiol, lo que permite la sincronización de las células en la profase I (Figura 1). β-estradiol promueve la translocación del factor de transcripción Gal4-ER en el núcleo, donde se une a GAL1-10 para impulsar la expresión de NDT80, lo que lleva a la entrada sincrónica en las divisiones meióticas. Aunque la microscopía de lapso de tiempo se puede realizar sin sincronización, la ventaja de usar la sincronización es la capacidad de agregar un inhibidor o un medicamento mientras las células se encuentran en una etapa específica de la meiosis.
La técnica de anclaje es un sistema inducible por el cual una proteína puede ser agotada del núcleo con la adición de rapamicina8. Esta técnica es ideal para estudiar las proteínas nucleares durante la división celular en levadura en ciernes porque las células de levadura sufren mitosis cerrada y meiosis, en las que la envoltura nuclear no se descompone. Además, esta técnica es muy útil para proteínas que tienen múltiples funciones a lo largo de la meiosis. A diferencia de las deleciones, alelos mutantes o alelos nulos meióticos, la eliminación de una proteína diana del núcleo en una etapa específica no compromete la actividad de la proteína diana en etapas anteriores, lo que permite una interpretación más precisa de los resultados. El sistema de anclaje utiliza el desplazamiento de subunidades ribosómicas entre el núcleo y el citoplasma que ocurre en la maduración ribosómica8. Para agotar la proteína diana del núcleo, la proteína diana se marca con el dominio de unión a rapamicina FKBP12 (FRB) en una cepa en la que la subunidad ribosómica Rpl13A se marca con FKBP12. Sin rapamicina, FRB y FKBP12 no interactúan, y la proteína marcada con FRB permanece en el núcleo. Tras la adición de rapamicina, la rapamicina forma un complejo estable con FKBP12 y FRB, y el complejo es expulsado del núcleo debido a la interacción con Rpl13A (Figura 1). Para prevenir la muerte celular tras la adición de rapamicina, las células albergan la mutación tor1-1 del gen TOR1 . Además, estas células contienen fpr1Δ , un alelo nulo de la proteína FKBP12 de S. cerevisiae , que evita que Fpr1 endógeno supere a Rpl13A-FKBP12 para la unión de FRB y rapamicina. Las mutaciones de fondo de anclaje, tor1-1 y fpr1Δ, no afectan a los tiempos meióticos ni a la segregación cromosómica2.
Para demostrar la utilidad de esta técnica, la proteína cinetocoro Ctf19 se agotó en diferentes puntos de tiempo a lo largo de la meiosis. Ctf19 es un componente del cinetocoro que es prescindible en la mitosis pero necesario para la segregación cromosómica adecuada en la meiosis 9,10,11,12,13. En la meiosis, el cinetocoro se desprende en la profase I, y Ctf19 es importante para el reensamblaje del cinetocoro 9,14. Para este protocolo, las células con el sistema NDT80-in se sincronizaron, y se utilizó la técnica de anclaje para agotar la proteína diana Ctf19 del núcleo antes y después de la liberación de la profase I, y después de la segregación del cromosoma I de la meiosis (Figura 1). Este protocolo se puede adaptar para agotar otras proteínas de interés en cualquier etapa de la meiosis y la mitosis.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>&#946;-estradiol</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>E8875</td>
			<td>Make 1mM stocks in 95% EtOH</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.22 uM Threaded Bottle-top Filter</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>S2GPT02RE</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100% EtOH</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>22-032-601</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10X PBS</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP399500</td>
			<td>Dilute 1:10 to use as solvent for ConA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>24 mm x 50 mm coverslip No. 1.5</td>
			<td>VWR North American</td>
			<td>48393241</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>25 mm x 75 mm microscope slides</td>
			<td>VWR North American</td>
			<td>48300-026</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adenine hemisulfate salt</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>A9126</td>
			<td>To supplement SC, SCA, and 1% Kac</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bacto Agar</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>214030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Concanavialin A</td>
			<td>Mllipore Sigma</td>
			<td>C2010</td>
			<td>Make as 1mg/mL in 1X PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CoolSNAP HQ2 CCD camera</td>
			<td>Photometrics</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used in Section 4.3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-glucose</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>D16-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Difco Yeast Nitrogen Base w/o Amino Acids</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>291920</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>D5879</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eclipse Ti2 inverted-objective micrscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used in Section 4.4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fiji</td>
			<td>NIH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Download from https://fiji.sc/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GE Personal DeltaVision Microscope</td>
			<td>Applied Precision</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used in Section 4.3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Tryptophan&#160;</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>T0254</td>
			<td>To supplement SC, SCA, and 1% Kac</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Modeling Clay</td>
			<td>Crayola</td>
			<td>&#160;2302880000</td>
			<td>To secure coverslip in slide holder</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NIS-Elements AR 5.30.04 Imaging Software</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used in Section 4.4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ORCA-Fustion BT Camera</td>
			<td>Hamamatsu</td>
			<td>C15440-20UP</td>
			<td>Used in Section 4.4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plastic pipette tip holder</td>
			<td>Dot Scientific</td>
			<td>LTS1000-HR</td>
			<td>Cut a 4 square x 4 square section of the rack portion of this product.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pottassium Acetate</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP264</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rapamycin</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP29631</td>
			<td>Make 1mg/mL stocks in DMSO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicone Sealant</td>
			<td>Aqueon</td>
			<td>100165001</td>
			<td>Also known as aquarium glue.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SoftWorx7.0.0&#160; Imaging Software</td>
			<td>Applied Precision</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used in Section 4.3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Synthetic Complete Mixture (Kaiser)&#160;</td>
			<td>Formedium</td>
			<td>DSCK2500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Type N immersion oil&#160;</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>MXA22166</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

use of time-lapse microscopy and stage-specific nuclear depletion of proteins to study meiosis in s. cerevisiae

La microscopía de fluorescencia de lapso de tiempo ha revolucionado la comprensión de los eventos del ciclo celular meiótico al proporcionar datos temporales y espaciales que a menudo no se ven al obtener imágenes de células fijas. La levadura en ciernes ha demostrado ser un organismo modelo importante para estudiar la segregación cromosómica meiótica porque muchos genes meióticos están altamente conservados. La microscopía de lapso de tiempo de la meiosis en levaduras en ciernes permite el monitoreo de diferentes mutantes meióticos para mostrar cómo la mutación interrumpe los procesos meióticos. Sin embargo, muchas proteínas funcionan en múltiples puntos de la meiosis. Por lo tanto, el uso de mutantes nulos meióticos o de pérdida de función puede interrumpir un proceso temprano, bloqueando o perturbando el proceso posterior y dificultando la determinación de los fenotipos asociados con cada rol individual. Para eludir este desafío, este protocolo describe cómo las proteínas pueden agotarse condicionalmente del núcleo en etapas específicas de la meiosis mientras se monitorean los eventos meióticos utilizando microscopía de lapso de tiempo. Específicamente, este protocolo describe cómo se sincronizan las células en la profase I, cómo se utiliza la técnica de anclaje para agotar las proteínas del núcleo en etapas meióticas específicas y cómo se utilizan las imágenes de lapso de tiempo para monitorear la segregación cromosómica meiótica. Como ejemplo de la utilidad de la técnica, la proteína cinetocoro Ctf19 se agotó del núcleo en diferentes puntos de tiempo durante la meiosis, y el número de masas de cromatina se analizó al final de la meiosis II. En general, este protocolo se puede adaptar para agotar diferentes proteínas nucleares del núcleo mientras se monitorean las divisiones meióticas.

Para controlar la segregación de la cromatina, la proteína histona Htb2 se marcó con mCherry. En la profase I, la cromatina aparece como una sola masa Htb2. Después de que los cromosomas homólogos se segregan en la primera división meiótica, la cromatina aparece como dos masas distintas (Figura 3A). Después de que las cromátidas hermanas se segregan, la cromatina aparece como cuatro masas. Si algunos cromosomas no se adhieren a los microtúbulos fusiformes, se pueden ver masas adici...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Use of Time-Lapse Microscopy and Stage-Specific Nuclear Depletion of Proteins to Study Meiosis in S. cerevisiae at JoVE.com

Use of Time-Lapse Microscopy and Stage-Specific Nuclear Depletion of Proteins to Study Meiosis in S. cerevisiae

La microscopía de lapso de tiempo es una herramienta valiosa para estudiar la meiosis en levaduras en ciernes. Este protocolo describe un método que combina la sincronización del ciclo celular, la microscopía de lapso de tiempo y el agotamiento condicional de una proteína diana para demostrar cómo estudiar la función de una proteína específica durante la segregación cromosómica meiótica.

Uso de microscopía de lapso de tiempo y agotamiento nuclear de proteínas en etapa específica para estudiar la meiosis en S. cerevisiae

Time-lapse fluorescence microscopy has revolutionized the understanding of meiotic cell-cycle events by providing temporal and spatial data that is often ...

Al sincronizar las células en la profase uno y luego agotar la proteína diana en una etapa particular, este método puede identificar temporalmente funciones distintas de proteínas específicas. El agotamiento condicional de proteínas en etapas específicas de la miosis evita los efectos residuales que un mutante miótico tradicional puede tener en etapas posteriores. Este método podría usarse para estudiar la mitosis de levaduras en ciernes y otros organismos que no sufren la descomposición de la envoltura nuclear.Además, este método se puede utilizar en otros organismos para estudiar eventos del ciclo celular antes de la descomposición de la envoltura nuclear. Para comenzar, haga una almohadilla de agar que se utilizará para crear una monocapa de células para obtener imágenes. Corte y deseche la tapa y el fondo de un tercio de un tubo de microcentrífuga de 1.5 mililitros para crear un cilindro que servirá como molde para la almohadilla de agar.Coloque el cilindro del tubo de microcentrífuga cortado en un portaobjetos de vidrio limpio con la parte superior del tubo boca abajo, sentado en el portaobjetos. Haga seis mililitros de una solución de agar al 5% en un vaso de precipitados de 50 mililitros. Corte la punta de la pipeta para hacer una abertura más grande y pipete aproximadamente 500 microlitros de agar fundido en el tubo de microcentrífuga.Déjalo reposar a temperatura ambiente hasta que el agar se solidifique. Para preparar las células de levadura, gire 200 microlitros del cultivo de esporulación a 800 G durante dos minutos en tubos de microcentrífuga de un mililitro. Deseche 180 microlitros del sobrenadante.Vuelva a suspender el pellet en el sobrenadante restante girando y moviendo el tubo. Pipetear seis microlitros de las células concentradas en el cubreobjetos en el centro de la cámara en el lugar con ConA. Sostenga el cilindro con la almohadilla de agar y deslícelo con cuidado fuera del portaobjetos de vidrio.Asegúrese de que el agar esté completamente plano en la parte inferior y, utilizando la parte inferior de la punta de la pipeta, aplique una ligera cantidad de presión al molde de microcentrífuga de modo que la almohadilla de agar se empuje ligeramente por encima del límite del tubo. A continuación, invierta el molde de tal manera que la almohadilla de agar esté mirando hacia abajo hacia la cámara. Use pinzas para colocar suavemente la almohadilla de agar en la parte superior de las celdas y la punta de la pipeta para deslizar suavemente la almohadilla de agar alrededor de la cámara de 10 a 20 veces para crear una monocapa de células en el cubreobjetos.Mantenga la almohadilla de agar en la cámara durante 12 a 15 minutos. A continuación, transfiera dos mililitros de cultivo de esporulación a dos tubos de microcentrífuga y gire a 15, 700 G durante dos minutos. Después de transferir el sobrenadante a tubos de microcentrífuga limpios, gire nuevamente en la misma condición y recoja el sobrenadante para limpiar los tubos de microcentrífuga.Agregue dos mililitros del sobrenadante gota a gota a la cámara que contiene la almohadilla de agar. Una vez que el líquido ha alcanzado la parte superior de la cámara, lo más probable es que la almohadilla de agar flote. Retire la almohadilla de agar suavemente con fórceps y deséchela.Coloque un deslizamiento de cubierta de 24 por 50 milímetros en la parte superior de la cámara para evitar la evaporación durante la obtención de imágenes. Para configurar la película en el microscopio, coloque el cubreobjetos dentro del portaobjetos. Adhiera la arcilla de moldeo al lado del deslizamiento de la cubierta para mantenerla segura en el soporte de la corredera.Abra el software de adquisición de imágenes. Use perillas de ajuste gruesas y finas para enfocar las celdas usando DIC o campo brillante. En el menú principal del software de adquisición de imágenes, haga clic en Archivo, seleccione Adquirir y aparecerán cuatro ventanas.En la ventana llamada Resolve 3D, haga clic en el icono del matraz Erlenmeyer. Esto abrirá una ventana titulada Design Run Experiment, que contiene los controles para configurar un experimento para configurar una película de lapso de tiempo. En la pestaña Diseño, navegue hasta la pestaña etiquetada Secciones.Seleccione la casilla situada junto a Sección Z y establezca el espaciado de la sección óptica en un micrómetro y el número de secciones ópticas en cinco. A continuación, en la pestaña Canales, haga clic en el icono más y seleccione el canal apropiado. Luego, seleccione la casilla junto a Imagen de referencia y establezca la posición Z en el centro de la muestra en el menú desplegable.Seleccione un valor de transmitancia y tiempo de exposición en el menú desplegable. En la pestaña Time-lapse, seleccione la casilla junto a Time-lapse e introduzca valores para minutos y horas para identificar el intervalo de tiempo de adquisición de imágenes. Selecciona la casilla situada junto a Mantener el enfoque con Ultimate Focus para evitar la desviación del escenario durante la película.Y en la pestaña Puntos, seleccione la casilla junto a Lista de puntos de visita. En el menú principal, haga clic en Ver y seleccione Lista de puntos. Mueva el escenario a un área de la cámara que muestre una monocapa de celdas.Haga clic en Marcar punto en la ventana Lista de puntos. Mueva el escenario para seleccionar de 25 a 30 puntos sin ninguna superposición para evitar sobreexponer las celdas y crear una imagen de cada campo durante cada curso de tiempo. En la ventana Lista de puntos, seleccione Calibrar todo para establecer el enfoque definitivo para cada punto.En la pestaña Ejecutar, guarde el archivo en el destino apropiado en el equipo. En la ventana Ejecutar experimento, seleccione el botón Reproducir para iniciar la película. Abra el software Fiji.Abra los canales DIC y mCherry. Obtenga una única proyección de intensidad máxima del canal mCherry haciendo clic en Imagen, seguido de Pilas y Proyecto Z y seleccione Intensidad máxima en el menú desplegable. Para combinar los canales DIC y mCherry en una sola imagen, haga clic en Imagen, Color y seleccione Combinar canales.Siga una sola célula a través de la meiosis. Después de completar la meiosis II, registre el número de masas de ADN. En las células de tipo salvaje con el fondo de anclaje, hay típicamente cuatro masas de ADN al final de la meiosis II, que representan los cuatro productos de la meiosis.Cuando Ctf19-FRB se ancla en el momento de la liberación de la profase I, aproximadamente el 47% de las células muestran más de cuatro masas de ADN al finalizar la meiosis, lo que sugiere un defecto en la unión de cinetocoros y microtúbulos. Con el anclaje de Ctf19-FRB, ya sea después del ensamblaje del cinetocoro pero antes de la meiosis I, o después de la meiosis II, aproximadamente el 16% de las células muestran masas de ADN adicionales. Una de las partes más importantes de este protocolo es agregar el sobrenadante gota a gota a su cámara para evitar interrumpir su monocapa.Además, tenga en cuenta el tiempo requerido para prepararse para las imágenes para considerarlo en su análisis. Al cambiar las proteínas empaquetadas con fluorescencia, este procedimiento se puede utilizar para responder a las preguntas sobre la duración del ciclo celular, la segregación cromosómica, la abundancia de proteínas y la localización de proteínas.

use-time-lapse-microscopy-stage-specific-nuclear-depletion-proteins

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Use of Time-Lapse Microscopy and Stage-Specific Nuclear Depletion of Proteins to Study Meiosis in S. cerevisiae

Assay for Adhesion and Agar Invasion in S. cerevisiae

Yeasts are found in natural biofilms, where many microorganisms colonize surfaces. In artificial environments, such as surfaces of man-made objects, biofilms can reduce industrial productivity, destroy structures, and threaten human life. 1-3 On the other hand, harnessing the power of biofilms can help clean the environment and generate sustainable energy. 4-8
The ability of S. cerevisiae to colonize surfaces and participate in complex biofilms was mostly ignored until the rediscovery of the differentiation programs triggered by various signaling pathways and environmental cues in this organism. 9, 10 The continuing interest in using S. cerevisiae as a model organism to understand the interaction and convergence of signaling pathways, such as the Ras-PKA, Kss1 MAPK, and Hog1 osmolarity pathways, quickly placed S. cerevisiae in the junction of biofilm biology and signal transduction research. 11-20 To this end, differentiation of yeast cells into long, adhesive, pseudohyphal filaments became a convenient readout for the activation of signal transduction pathways upon various environmental changes. However, filamentation is a complex collection of phenotypes, which makes assaying for it as if it were a simple phenotype misleading. In the past decade, several assays were successfully adopted from bacterial biofilm studies to yeast research, such as MAT formation assays to measure colony spread on soft agar and crystal violet staining to quantitatively measure cell-surface adherence. 12, 21 However, there has been some confusion in assays developed to qualitatively assess the adhesive and invasive phenotypes of yeast in agar.
Here, we present a simple and reliable method for assessing the adhesive and invasive quality of yeast strains with easy-to-understand steps to isolate the adhesion assessment from invasion assessment. Our method, adopted from previous studies, 10, 16 involves growing cells in liquid media and plating on differential nutrient conditions for growth of large spots, which we then wash with water to assess adhesion and rub cells completely off the agar surface to assess invasion into the agar. We eliminate the need for streaking cells onto agar, which affects the invasion of cells into the agar. In general, we observed that haploid strains that invade agar are always adhesive, yet not all adhesive strains can invade agar medium. Our approach can be used in conjunction with other assays to carefully dissect the differentiation steps and requirements of yeast signal transduction, differentiation, quorum sensing, and biofilm formation.

We describe a qualitative assay for yeast adhesion and agar invasion as a measure of invasive and pseudohyphal differentiation. This simple assay can be used to assess the invasive phenotype of various mutants as well as the effects environmental cues and signaling pathways on yeast differentiation.

Ensayo de adhesión y la invasión de agar en S. cerevisiae

Yeasts are found in natural biofilms, where many microorganisms colonize surfaces. In artificial environments, such as surfaces of man-made objects, ...

Investigación

Biología

Monitoring Actin Disassembly with Time-lapse Microscopy

Monitoreo de actina desmontaje con la Microscopía de Time-lapse

Two-photon axotomy and time-lapse confocal imaging in live zebrafish embryos

Zebrafish have long been utilized to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of development by time-lapse imaging of the living transparent embryo. Here we describe a method to mount zebrafish embryos for long-term imaging and demonstrate how to automate the capture of time-lapse images using a confocal microscope. We also describe a method to create controlled, precise damage to individual branches of peripheral sensory axons in zebrafish using the focused power of a femtosecond laser mounted on a two-photon microscope. The parameters for successful two-photon axotomy must be optimized for each microscope. We will demonstrate two-photon axotomy on both a custom built two-photon microscope and a Zeiss 510 confocal/two-photon to provide two examples.

Zebrafish trigeminal sensory neurons can be visualized in a transgenic line expressing GFP driven by a sensory neuron specific promoter 1. We have adapted this zebrafish trigeminal model to directly observe sensory axon regeneration in living zebrafish embryos. Embryos are anesthetized with tricaine and positioned within a drop of agarose as it solidifies. Immobilized embryos are sealed within an imaging chamber filled with phenylthiourea (PTU) Ringers. We have found that embryos can be continuously imaged in these chambers for 12-48 hours. A single confocal image is then captured to determine the desired site of axotomy. The region of interest is located on the two-photon microscope by imaging the sensory axons under low, non-damaging power. After zooming in on the desired site of axotomy, the power is increased and a single scan of that defined region is sufficient to sever the axon. Multiple location time-lapse imaging is then set up on a confocal microscope to directly observe axonal recovery from injury.

Here we describe a method for mounting zebrafish embryos for long-term imaging, two-photon imaging and tissue-damage techniques, and time-lapse confocal imaging.

De dos fotones axotomía y de lapso de tiempo de imagen confocal en embriones de pez cebra en vivo

Zebrafish have long been utilized to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of development by time-lapse imaging of the living transparent embryo.  ...

A high-throughput method to globally study the organelle morphology in S. cerevisiae

High-throughput methods to examine protein localization or organelle morphology is an effective tool for studying protein interactions and can help achieve an comprehensive understanding of molecular pathways. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with the development of the non-essential gene deletion array, we can globally study the morphology of different organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the mitochondria using GFP (or variant)-markers in different gene backgrounds. However, incorporating GFP markers in each single mutant individually is a labor-intensive process. Here, we describe a procedure that is routinely used in our laboratory. By using a robotic system to handle high-density yeast arrays and drug selection techniques, we can significantly shorten the time required and improve reproducibility. In brief, we cross a GFP-tagged mitochondrial marker (Apc1-GFP) to a high-density array of 4,672 nonessential gene deletion mutants by robotic replica pinning.  Through diploid selection, sporulation, germination and dual marker selection, we recover both alleles. As a result, each haploid single mutant contains Apc1-GFP incorporated at its genomic locus. Now, we can study the morphology of mitochondria in all non-essential mutant background. Using this high-throughput approach, we can conveniently study and delineate the pathways and genes involved in the inheritance and the formation of organelles in a genome-wide setting.

GFP-fusion proteins are widely used to visualize organelles by confocal microscopy. However, screening for mutations that affect the morphology of organelles generally requires individual mutagenesis and is time consuming. Here, we demonstrate a method to simultaneously incorporate organelle-GFP markers in almost 5,000 non-essential genes in yeast.

Un método de alto rendimiento a nivel mundial para estudiar la morfología orgánulo en S. cerevisiae

High-throughput methods to examine protein localization or organelle morphology is an effective tool for studying protein interactions and can help ...

Identification of protein complexes with quantitative proteomics in S. cerevisiae

Lipids are the building blocks of cellular membranes that function as barriers and in compartmentalization of cellular processes, and recently, as important intracellular signalling molecules. However, unlike proteins, lipids are small hydrophobic molecules that traffic primarily by poorly described nonvesicular routes, which are hypothesized to occur at membrane contact sites (MCSs). MCSs are regions where the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) makes direct physical contact with a partnering organelle, e.g., plasma membrane (PM). The ER portion of ER-PM MCSs is enriched in lipid-synthesizing enzymes, suggesting that lipid synthesis is directed to these sites and implying that MCSs are important for lipid traffic. Yeast is an ideal model to study ER-PM MCSs because of their abundance, with over 1000 contacts per cell, and their conserved nature in all eukaryotes. Uncovering the proteins that constitute MCSs is critical to understanding how lipids traffic is accomplished in cells, and how they act as signaling molecules. We have found that an ER called Scs2p localize to ER-PM MCSs and is important for their formation. We are focused on uncovering the molecular partners of Scs2p. Identification of protein complexes traditionally relies on first resolving purified protein samples by gel electrophoresis, followed by in-gel digestion of protein bands and analysis of peptides by mass spectrometry. This often limits the study to a small subset of proteins. Also, protein complexes are exposed to denaturing or non-physiological conditions during the procedure. To circumvent these problems, we have implemented a large-scale quantitative proteomics technique to extract unbiased and quantified data. We use stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) to incorporate staple isotope nuclei in proteins in an untagged control strain. Equal volumes of tagged culture and untagged, SILAC-labeled culture are mixed together and lysed by grinding in liquid nitrogen. We then carry out an affinity purification procedure to pull down protein complexes. Finally, we precipitate the protein sample, which is ready for analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography/ tandem mass spectrometry. Most importantly, proteins in the control strain are labeled by the heavy isotope and will produce a mass/ charge shift that can be quantified against the unlabeled proteins in the bait strain. Therefore, contaminants, or unspecific binding can be easily eliminated. By using this approach, we have identified several novel proteins that localize to ER-PM MCSs. Here we present a detailed description of our approach. 

Here we describe a new quantitative proteomics technique for identifying protein complexes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this study, we have used the SILAC method together with affinity purification followed by tandem mass spectrometry to identify with high specificity the binding partners of an ER protein, Scs2p.

Identificación de los complejos de proteínas con la proteómica cuantitativa en S. cerevisiae

Lipids are the building blocks of cellular membranes that function as barriers and in compartmentalization of cellular processes, and recently, as ...

Time-lapse Imaging of Mitosis After siRNA Transfection

Changes in cellular organization and chromosome dynamics that occur during mitosis are tightly coordinated to ensure accurate inheritance of genomic and cellular content. Hallmark events of mitosis, such as chromosome movement, can be readily tracked on an individual cell basis using time-lapse fluorescence microscopy of mammalian cell lines expressing specific GFP-tagged proteins. In combination with RNAi-based depletion, this can be a powerful method for pinpointing the stage(s) of mitosis where defects occur after levels of a particular protein have been lowered. In this protocol, we present a basic method for assessing the effect of depleting a potential mitotic regulatory protein on the timing of mitosis. Cells are transfected with siRNA, placed in a stage-top incubation chamber, and imaged using an automated fluorescence microscope. We describe how to use software to set up a time-lapse experiment, how to process the image sequences to make either still-image montages or movies, and how to quantify and analyze the timing of mitotic stages using a cell-line expressing mCherry-tagged histone H2B. Finally, we discuss important considerations for designing a time-lapse experiment. This strategy is complementary to other approaches and offers the advantages of 1) sensitivity to changes in kinetics that might not be observed when looking at cells as a population and 2) analysis of mitosis without the need to synchronize the cell cycle using drug treatments. The visual information from such imaging experiments not only allows the sub-stages of mitosis to be assessed, but can also provide unexpected insight that would not be apparent from cell cycle analysis by FACS.

Here we describe a basic protocol to image and quantify the mitotic timing of live mammalian tissue culture cells after siRNA transfection.

Time-lapse de imágenes de mitosis después de la transfección de siRNA

Changes in cellular organization and chromosome dynamics that occur during mitosis are tightly coordinated to ensure accurate inheritance of genomic and ...

Time-lapse Microscopy of Early Embryogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans has often been used as a model system in studies of early developmental processes. The transparency of the 
embryos, the genetic resources, and the relative ease of transformation are qualities that make C. elegans an excellent model for early embryogenesis. Laser-based 
confocal microscopy and fluorescently labeled tags allow researchers to follow specific cellular structures and proteins in the developing embryo. For example, 
one can follow specific organelles, such as lysosomes or mitochondria, using fluorescently labeled dyes. These dyes can be delivered to the early embryo by means 
of microinjection into the adult gonad. Also, the localization of specific proteins can be followed using fluorescent protein tags. Examples are presented here 
demonstrating the use of a fluorescent lysosomal dye as well as fluorescently tagged histone and ubiquitin proteins. The labeled histone is used to visualize 
the DNA and thus identify the stage of the cell cycle. GFP-tagged ubiquitin reveals the dynamics of ubiquitinated vesicles in the early embryo. Observations 
of labeled lysosomes and GFP:: ubiquitin can be used to determine if there is colocalization between ubiquitinated vesicles and lysosomes. A technique for 
the microinjection of the lysosomal dye is presented. Techniques for generating transgenenic strains are presented elsewhere (1, 2). For imaging, embryos 
are cut out of adult hermaphrodite nematodes and mounted onto 2% agarose pads followed by time-lapse microscopy on a standard laser scanning confocal 
microscope or a spinning disk confocal microscope. This methodology provides for the high resolution visualization of early embryogenesis.

Time-lapse Microscopy of Early Embryogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans

This article describes a technique for the visualization of the early events of embryogenesis in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.

Time-lapse microscopía de embriogénesis temprana en Caenorhabditis elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans has often been used as a model system in studies of early developmental processes.  The transparency of the 
embryos, the genetic ...

Quantitative Analysis of Random Migration of Cells Using Time-lapse Video Microscopy

Cell migration is a dynamic process, which is important for embryonic development, tissue repair, immune system function, and tumor invasion 1, 2. During directional migration, cells move rapidly in response to an extracellular chemotactic signal, or in response to intrinsic cues 3 provided by the basic motility machinery. Random migration occurs when a cell possesses low intrinsic directionality, allowing the cells to explore their local environment.
Cell migration is a complex process, in the initial response cell undergoes polarization and extends protrusions in the direction of migration 2. Traditional methods to measure migration such as the Boyden chamber migration assay is an easy method to measure chemotaxis in vitro, which allows measuring migration as an end point result. However, this approach neither allows measurement of individual migration parameters, nor does it allow to visualization of morphological changes that cell undergoes during migration.
Here, we present a method that allows us to monitor migrating cells in real time using video - time lapse microscopy. Since cell migration and invasion are hallmarks of cancer, this method will be applicable in studying cancer cell migration and invasion in vitro. Random migration of platelets has been considered as one of the parameters of platelet function 4, hence this method could also be helpful in studying platelet functions. This assay has the advantage of being rapid, reliable, reproducible, and does not require optimization of cell numbers. In order to maintain physiologically suitable conditions for cells, the microscope is equipped with CO2 supply and temperature thermostat. Cell movement is monitored by taking pictures using a camera fitted to the microscope at regular intervals. Cell migration can be calculated by measuring average speed and average displacement, which is calculated by Slidebook software.

This method allows monitoring of cells in real time and quantitative measurements of different cell migration parameters such as speed, displacement, and velocity. Unlike the traditional methods, this real time approach is not based on endpoint quantitative migration measurements; instead it allows monitoring and calculating different parameters continuously.

Análisis cuantitativo de la migración desordenada de las células mediante microscopía de Time-lapse vídeo

Cell migration is a dynamic process, which is important for embryonic development, tissue repair, immune system function, and tumor invasion 1, 2. During ...

Flow Cytometry-based Purification of S. cerevisiae Zygotes

Zygotes are essential intermediates between haploid and diploid states in the life cycle of many organisms, including yeast (Figure 1) 1. S. cerevisiae zygotes result from the fusion of haploid cells of distinct mating type (MATa, MATalpha) and give rise to corresponding stable diploids that successively generate as many as 20 diploid progeny as a result of their strikingly asymmetric mitotic divisions 2. Zygote formation is orchestrated by a complex sequence of events: In this process, soluble mating factors bind to cognate receptors, triggering receptor-mediated signaling cascades that facilitate interruption of the cell cycle and culminate in cell-cell fusion. Zygotes may be considered a model for progenitor or stem cell function.
Although much has been learned about the formation of zygotes and although zygotes have been used to investigate cell-molecular questions of general significance, almost all studies have made use of mating mixtures in which zygotes are intermixed with a majority population of haploid cells 3-8. Many aspects of the biochemistry of zygote formation and the continuing life of the zygote therefore remain uninvestigated.
Reports of purification of yeast zygotes describe protocols based on their sedimentation properties 9; however, this sedimentation-based procedure did not yield nearly 90% purity in our hands. Moreover, it has the disadvantage that cells are exposed to hypertonic sorbitol. We therefore have developed a versatile purification procedure. For this purpose, pairs of haploid cells expressing red or green fluorescent proteins were co-incubated to allow zygote formation, harvested at various times, and the resulting zygotes were purified using a flow cytometry-based sorting protocol. This technique provides a convenient visual assessment of purity and maturation. The average purity of the fraction is approximately 90%. According to the timing of harvest, zygotes of varying degrees of maturity can be recovered. The purified samples provide a convenient point of departure for "-omic" studies, for recovery of initial progeny, and for systematic investigation of this progenitor cell.

Flow Cytometry-based Purification of S. cerevisiae Zygotes

To purify zygotes of S. cerevisiae, haploid cells of opposite mating type were engineered to express red or green fluorescent proteins, co-incubated to allow zygote formation, and fractionated using a flow cytometry-based protocol. The highly-enriched fraction enables subsequent "-omic" studies, recovery of initial progeny, and systematic investigation of zygote morphogenesis.

Citometría de flujo basado Purificación de<em&gt; S. cerevisiae</em&gt; Los cigotos

Zygotes are essential intermediates between haploid and diploid states in the life cycle of many organisms, including yeast (Figure 1) 1. S. cerevisiae ...

Use of Time Lapse Microscopy to Visualize Anoxia-induced Suspended Animation in C. elegans Embryos

Caenorhabdits elegans has been used extensively in the study of stress resistance, which is facilitated by the transparency of the adult and embryo stages as well as by the availability of genetic mutants and transgenic strains expressing a myriad of fusion proteins1-4. In addition, dynamic processes such as cell division can be viewed using fluorescently labeled reporter proteins. The study of mitosis can be facilitated through the use of time-lapse experiments in various systems including intact organisms; thus the early C. elegans embryo is well suited for this study. Presented here is a technique by which in vivo imaging of sub-cellular structures in response to anoxic (99.999% N2; &lt;2 ppm O2) stress is possible using a simple gas flow through setup on a high-powered microscope. A microincubation chamber is used in conjunction with nitrogen gas flow through and a spinning disc confocal microscope to create a controlled environment in which animals can be imaged in vivo. Using GFP-tagged gamma tubulin and histone, the dynamics and arrest of cell division can be monitored before, during and after exposure to an oxygen-deprived environment. The results of this technique are high resolution, detailed videos and images of cellular structures within blastomeres of embryos exposed to oxygen deprivation.

Use of Time Lapse Microscopy to Visualize Anoxia-induced Suspended Animation in C. elegans Embryos

Described here is an in vivo technique to image sub-cellular structures in animals exposed to anoxia using a gas flow through microincubation chamber in conjunction with a spinning disc confocal microscope. This method is straightforward and flexible enough to suit a variety of experimental parameters and model systems.

El uso de microscopía lapso de tiempo para Visualizar anoxia inducida animación suspendida en<em&gt; C. elegans</em&gt; Los embriones

Caenorhabdits elegans has been used extensively in the study of stress resistance, which is facilitated by the transparency of the adult and embryo stages ...