Name: gasless endoscopic thyroidectomy via the trans-axillary approach
Uploaded: 2023-09-15T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Gasless Endoscopic Thyroidectomy via the Trans-Axillary Approach at JoVE.com

이 연구는 헬싱키 선언에 명시된 윤리 원칙에 따라 수행되었으며 우리 기관의 인간 연구 윤리 위원회가 수립한 지침을 준수했습니다. 연구 프로토콜은 철저한 검토를 거쳐 쓰촨 대학교 화경 병원 윤리 위원회의 승인을 받았습니다. 모든 참여 환자는 연구에 참여하기 전에 서면 동의서를 제공했으며, 연구 과정 전반에 걸쳐 데이터의 개인 정보 보호 및 기밀성을 보장하기 위해 엄격한 조치를 취했?...

<ol>
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R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Outcome+of+trans-axillary+approach+for+surgical+decompression+of+thoracic+outlet:+a+retrospective+study+in+a+tertiary+care+hospital.">Outcome of trans-axillary approach for surgical decompression of thoracic outlet: a retrospective study in a tertiary care hospital.</a> Oman Med J. 29 (3), 214-216 (2014).</li><li>Kwak, H. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Learning+curve+for+gasless+endoscopic+thyroidectomy+using+the+trans-axillary+approach:+CUSUM+analysis+of+a+single+surgeon's+experience.">Learning curve for gasless endoscopic thyroidectomy using the trans-axillary approach: CUSUM analysis of a single surgeon's experience.</a> Int J Surg. 12 (12), 1273-1277 (2014).</li><li>Yoon, J. H., Park, C. H., Chung, W. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gasless+endoscopic+thyroidectomy+via+an+axillary+approach:+experience+of+30+cases.">Gasless endoscopic thyroidectomy via an axillary approach: experience of 30 cases.</a> Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 16 (4), 226-231 (2006).</li><li>Song, C. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Postoperative+pain+after+robotic+thyroidectomy+by+a+gasless+unilateral+axillo-breast+or+axillary+approach.">Postoperative pain after robotic thyroidectomy by a gasless unilateral axillo-breast or axillary approach.</a> Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 25 (6), 478-482 (2015).</li><li>Ji, Y. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+cosmetic+outcomes+after+robotic/endoscopic+thyroidectomy+by+a+gasless+unilateral+axillo-breast+or+axillary+approach.">Long-term cosmetic outcomes after robotic/endoscopic thyroidectomy by a gasless unilateral axillo-breast or axillary approach.</a> J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 24 (4), 248-253 (2014).</li><li>Tan, C. T., Cheah, W. K., Delbridge, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=#34;Scarless&amp;#34;+(in+the+neck)+endoscopic+thyroidectomy+(SET):+an+evidence-based+review+of+published+techniques.">#34;Scarless&amp;#34; (in the neck) endoscopic thyroidectomy (SET): an evidence-based review of published techniques.</a> World J Surg. 32 (7), 1349-1357 (2008).</li><li>Tae, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Initial+experience+with+a+gasless+unilateral+axillo-breast+or+axillary+approach+endoscopic+thyroidectomy+for+papillary+thyroid+microcarcinoma:+comparison+with+conventional+open+thyroidectomy.">Initial experience with a gasless unilateral axillo-breast or axillary approach endoscopic thyroidectomy for papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: comparison with conventional open thyroidectomy.</a> Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 21 (3), 162-169 (2011).</li><li>Aidan, P., Bechara, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gasless+trans-axillary+robotic+thyroidectomy:+the+introduction+and+principle.">Gasless trans-axillary robotic thyroidectomy: the introduction and principle.</a> Gland Surg. 6 (3), 229-235 (2017).</li><li>Hakim Darail, N. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gasless+transaxillary+endoscopic+thyroidectomy:+a+decade+on.">Gasless transaxillary endoscopic thyroidectomy: a decade on.</a> Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 24 (6), e211-e215 (2014).</li><li>Wei, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autotransplantation+of+Inferior+Parathyroid+glands+during+central+neck+dissection+for+papillary+thyroid+carcinoma:+a+retrospective+cohort+study.">Autotransplantation of Inferior Parathyroid glands during central neck dissection for papillary thyroid carcinoma: a retrospective cohort study.</a> Int J Surg. 12 (12), 1286-1290 (2014).</li><li>Naytah, M., Ibrahim, I., da Silva, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Importance+of+incorporating+intraoperative+neuromonitoring+of+the+external+branch+of+the+superior+laryngeal+nerve+in+thyroidectomy:+A+review+and+meta-analysis+study.">Importance of incorporating intraoperative neuromonitoring of the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve in thyroidectomy: A review and meta-analysis study.</a> Head Neck. 41 (6), 2034-2041 (2019).</li><li>Kim, E. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-incision,+gasless,+endoscopic+trans-axillary+total+thyroidectomy:+a+feasible+and+oncologic+safe+surgery+in+patients+with+papillary+thyroid+carcinoma.">Single-incision, gasless, endoscopic trans-axillary total thyroidectomy: a feasible and oncologic safe surgery in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma.</a> J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 27 (11), 1158-1164 (2017).</li><li>Wang, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modification+and+application+of+&amp;#34;zero-line+&amp;#34;+incision+design+in+total+endoscopic+gasless+unilateral+axillary+approach+thyroidectomy:+A+preliminary+report.">Modification and application of &amp;#34;zero-line &amp;#34; incision design in total endoscopic gasless unilateral axillary approach thyroidectomy: A preliminary report.</a> Front Surg. 10, 1121292 (2023).</li><li>Dhoomun, D. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+health-related+quality+of+life+and+cosmetic+outcome+between+traditional+gasless+trans-axillary+endoscopic+thyroidectomy+and+modified+gasless+trans-axillary+endoscopic+thyroidectomy+for+patients+with+papillary+thyroid+microcarcinoma.">Comparison of health-related quality of life and cosmetic outcome between traditional gasless trans-axillary endoscopic thyroidectomy and modified gasless trans-axillary endoscopic thyroidectomy for patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma.</a> Cancer Med. , (2023).</li><li>Cho, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-incision+endoscopic+thyroidectomy+by+the+axillary+approach+with+gas+inflation+for+the+benign+thyroid+tumor:+retrospective+analysis+for+a+single+surgeon's+experience.">Single-incision endoscopic thyroidectomy by the axillary approach with gas inflation for the benign thyroid tumor: retrospective analysis for a single surgeon's experience.</a> Surg Endosc. 31 (1), 437-444 (2017).</li><li>Jeong, J. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+study+of+endoscopic+thyroidectomy+versus+conventional+open+thyroidectomy+in+papillary+thyroid+microcarcinoma+(PTMC)+patients.">Comparative study of endoscopic thyroidectomy versus conventional open thyroidectomy in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) patients.</a> J Surg Oncol. 100 (6), 477-480 (2009).</li><li>Lee, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Excellence+in+robotic+thyroid+surgery:+a+comparative+study+of+robot-assisted+versus+conventional+endoscopic+thyroidectomy+in+papillary+thyroid+microcarcinoma+patients.">Excellence in robotic thyroid surgery: a comparative study of robot-assisted versus conventional endoscopic thyroidectomy in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma patients.</a> Ann Surg. 253 (6), 1060-1066 (2011).</li><li>Cong, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gasless,+endoscopic+trans-axillary+thyroid+surgery:+our+series+of+the+first+51+human+cases.">Gasless, endoscopic trans-axillary thyroid surgery: our series of the first 51 human cases.</a> World J Surg Oncol. 20 (1), 9 (2022).</li><li>Bhargav, P. R., Kumbhar, U. S., Satyam, G., Gayathri, K. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gasless+single+incision+trans-axillary+thyroidectomy:+The+feasibility+and+safety+of+a+hypo-morbid+endoscopic+thyroidectomy+technique.">Gasless single incision trans-axillary thyroidectomy: The feasibility and safety of a hypo-morbid endoscopic thyroidectomy technique.</a> J Minim Access Surg. 9 (3), 116-121 (2013).</li></ol>

기체 없는 내시경 갑상선 절제술 경겨드랑이 접근법(GETTA)은 갑상선 유두성 미세암(PTMC)의 발생률 증가를 해결하는 동시에 심미적으로 만족스러운 결과를 제공하는 새로운 수술 방법입니다 14,15,16. 그럼에도 불구하고 이 기술은 주요 운영 단계17에 대한 깊은 이해를 필요로 합니다. 실제 수술을 시작하기 전에,...

최근 젊은 여성에게 주로 발생하는 갑상선 유두성 미세암(PTMC)1,2의 발병률이 증가함에 따라 의학적 효과와 미적 감수성을 모두 제공하는 수술 기법의 발전이 필요하게 되었습니다 3,4. 2004년 정 교수가 도입한 무기체 내시경 갑상선 절제술 경겨드랑이 접근법(GETTA)의 주요 목표는 이 두 가지 요구를 결합한 최적의 수술 방법을 제공하는 것이다.
GETTA는 눈에 띄는 흉터가 환자의 자의식을 유발하고 업무 및 사회 활동에 부정적인 영향을 미칠 수 있는 등 전통적인 개복 수술의 단점에 대한 해답으로 개발되었습니다. 내시경 갑상선 수술은 양성 및 악성 갑상선 질환의 치료에 점진적으로 적용되어 3,4 개복 수술에 대한 덜 침습적인 대안을 제공합니다. 그러나 GETTA의 혁신은 독특한 가스 없는 접근 방식에 있습니다. GETTA 절차는 대체 기술에 비해 몇 가지 장점이 있습니다. 겨드랑이의 자연스러운 주름을 통해 충치를 형성하여 절개 부위를 숨기고 수술 후 우수한 미용 결과를 얻을 수 있다6. 또한 GETTA는 작동 중CO2 가스 팽창의 필요성을 생략하여CO2 가스와 관련된 합병증을 방지합니다. 또한, 이 접근법은 전방 경부 피판을 그대로 유지하여 수술 후 전방 경추 부위의 기능을 보호하고 수술 후 삼킴 피부-기관 연결을 방지합니다 6,7.
이 기술은 갑상선 내시경 수술에 관한 광범위한 문헌 내에 있습니다. 갑상선 내시경 수술의 경구강 및 유방 접근법에 대한 많은 연구 보고가 있지만8,9 비팽창성 갑상선 수술은 여전히 과소 보고되고 있다10,11. 결과적으로, 이 방법은 GETTA 절차에 대한 포괄적인 프로토콜을 제공하여 이 분야에 상당한 기여를 합니다.
이 방법의 적용을 고려하는 독자에게는 수술 후 흉터 최소화를 원하는 초기 단계의 저위험 갑상선 유두암 환자에게 가장 적합합니다. 그러나 이 기술의 성공 여부는 공간적 제약으로 인해 내시경 시술에 대한 의사의 숙련도에 달려 있습니다. 따라서 이 방법은 고급 내시경 기술이 없는 의사나 필요한 장비에 대한 접근이 제한된 의료 센터의 의사에게는 적합하지 않을 수 있습니다.
이 기사는 GETTA 절차에 대한 이해를 강화하고, 적용에 대한 통찰력을 제공하며, 더 많은 의료 센터에서 채택을 촉진하는 것을 목표로 합니다. GETTA의 이점은 의학적 효과를 넘어 호의적인 미용 결과로 덜 침습적인 수술에 대한 환자의 욕구를 충족시킵니다.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>EMG Endotracheal Tube</td>
			<td>Medtronic Xomed, Inc.</td>
			<td>20173666541</td>
			<td>EMG Endotracheal Tube&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps</td>
			<td>Kangji Medical</td>
			<td>106.890.A</td>
			<td>Gasless endoscopic thyroidectomy trans-axillary approach Equipment (Within)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gasless endoscopic thyroidectomy trans-axillary approach Equipment</td>
			<td>Kangji Medical</td>
			<td>106.890.A</td>
			<td>Gasless endoscopic thyroidectomy trans-axillary approach Equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) Device</td>
			<td>Medtronic Xomed, Inc.</td>
			<td>20083210370</td>
			<td>NIM-Response 2.0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laparoscopic aspirator</td>
			<td>Kangji Medical</td>
			<td>106.891.A</td>
			<td>Gasless endoscopic thyroidectomy trans-axillary approach Equipment (Within)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nerve monitoring probe</td>
			<td>Medtronic Xomed, Inc.</td>
			<td>20173666541</td>
			<td>EMG Endotracheal Tube (Within)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Retractors (Two types)</td>
			<td>Kangji Medical</td>
			<td>106.890.A</td>
			<td>Gasless endoscopic thyroidectomy trans-axillary approach Equipment (Within)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trocar</td>
			<td>Johnson &#38; Johnson</td>
			<td>B5LT</td>
			<td>Trocar (5 mm)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrasonic scalpel</td>
			<td>Johnson &#38; Johnson</td>
			<td>HAR36</td>
			<td>Ultrasonic scalpel</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

gasless endoscopic thyroidectomy via the trans-axillary approach

초기 저위험 갑상선 유두암 환자의 경우, 우수한 미용 결과를 유지하면서 유리한 치료 결과를 얻을 수 있는 능력 때문에 갑상선 내시경 수술을 선택하는 경우가 늘고 있습니다. 사용 가능한 내시경 시술 중 Gasless Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Trans-axillary Approach(GETTA)는 외과 의사들 사이에서 인기를 얻고 있습니다. 이는 간단한 캐비티 구조, 넓은 작동 영역, 정확한 시야 노출 및 관리 가능한 학습 곡선에 기인합니다. 그러나 GETTA와 관련된 특정 수술 단계에 대한 자세한 설명을 제공하는 연구는 거의 없다. 기존 문헌과 자체 임상 전문 지식을 종합하여 GETTA 절차에 대한 포괄적인 개요를 제시합니다. 이 과정은 5 단계로 분류 할 수 있습니다 : 위치 지정 및 절개 계획; 외과 충치의 확립; 재발성 후두 신경, 하부 부갑상선 및 중앙 목 박리의 식별 및 보호; 상후두신경, 상부갑상선의 국소화 및 보존, 갑상선의 상극 박리; 갑상선 협부 절제술에 이어 갑상선과 중앙 경부 림프절을 절제합니다. GETTA의 5단계 접근법은 배우기 쉬우며 양성 및 악성 갑상선 및 부갑상선 질환을 모두 절제하는 데 적용할 수 있습니다.

이 연구에서는 평균 연령이 36세(SD=4.52, 20세에서 59세 사이)인 200명의 여성 환자 코호트가 무가스 내시경 갑상선 절제술 경겨드랑이 접근법(GETTA)을 시행했습니다(표 1). 환자들의 평균 체질량 지수(BMI)는 22.79kg/m2 (SD=4.52; 범위=18.27-27.31)였다. 초음파 검사에서 평균 종양 크기는 7.09mm(SD=3.84)로 나타났다. 모든 환자는 사용 가능한 수술 옵션에 대해 충분히 알고 있었고 이후 GETTA를 선...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Gasless Endoscopic Thyroidectomy via the Trans-Axillary Approach at JoVE.com

Gasless Endoscopic Thyroidectomy via the Trans-Axillary Approach

이 프로토콜은 기체 없는 내시경 갑상선 절제술 경겨드랑이 접근법(GETTA)을 사용하여 갑상선 절제술을 수행하는 절차를 제시합니다.

경겨드랑이 접근법을 통한 무가스 내시경 갑상선 절제술

For patients with early, low-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma, an increasing number are opting for endoscopic thyroid surgery due to its ability to ...

GETTA의 5단계 접근법은 배우기 쉬우며 양성 및 악성 갑상선 및 부갑상선 질환을 해부하는 데 적용할 수 있습니다. 이 기술은 크게 향상된 미용 결과를 제공합니다. 이산화탄소 가스 유입을 제거하고 전방 경추 부위의 기능을 보존합니다.자궁경부 흉터를 피하고자 하는 초기 저위험 갑상선 유두암 환자에게 실행 가능하고 안전한 기술입니다. 먼저 마취된 환자를 누운 자세로 눕히고 환부의 상지를 60도에서 90도 각도로 내전합니다. 그런 다음 메스를 사용하여 약 4-6cm 길이의 1차 절개를 합니다.그런 다음 투관침용 수술용 메스를 사용하여 약 0.5cm의 2차 절개를 만듭니다. 흉골 유양돌기 근육의 흉골 머리와 쇄골 머리 사이의 틈을 찾습니다. 초음파 메스의 미니 버튼을 사용하여 틈새 내의 작은 혈관을 응고시킵니다.초음파 메스에 박부 겸자를 사용하여 흉갑선 근육과 내부 경정맥 사이의 해부학적 공간을 절개합니다. 갑상선과 흉갑선 근육 사이의 자연 공간을 해부합니다. 공간 내에 견인기를 배치하고 수술 캐비티 생성을 완료합니다.신경 모니터링 프로브를 사용하여 하갑상선 동맥의 분기점 주변의 재발성 후두 신경을 찾습니다. 갑상선 하부 혈관을 보호하고 응고시키면서 갑상선 하부 동맥 주변을 절개하여 기관을 노출시킵니다. 갑상선 동맥의 가지를 응고하고 절단한 후 신경 경로를 따라 후두로 이동하여 박리 과정에서 후두를 보호합니다.개복 수술과 같은 중앙 경부 절제법을 시행하고 환자의 질병 정도에 따라 목의 중앙 구획에서 림프절을 제거합니다. 갑상선의 상극을 분리한 후 갑상선 상극의 혈관을 노출시키기 위해 갑상선 공간을 따라 분리 과정을 계속합니다. 초음파 메스의 미니 버튼을 사용하여 갑상선 상극의 혈관을 응고시키고 조심스럽게 잘라냅니다.갑상선의 상극과 갑상선 근육 사이의 틈을 완전히 분리합니다. 초음파 메스를 사용하여 작은 혈관을 응고시킵니다. 그런 다음 갑상선 협부와 갑상선 옆 중앙 부위에 위치한 림프절을 모두 제거합니다.표본 가방에 검체를 수집합니다. 복강경 흡입기를 사용하여 따뜻한 멸균 식염수로 작동 캐비티를 세척합니다. 그런 다음 기관 근처에 배액 튜브를 놓고 해부 겸자를 사용하여 튜브를 겨드랑이에서 빼냅니다.겨드랑이 절개 부위를 30cm 차단 흡수성 4.0 봉합사로 봉합합니다. 이 연구에서는 평균 연령 36세의 여성 환자 200명으로 구성된 코호트가 가스 없는 내시경 갑상선 절제술 경겨드랑이 접근법을 시행했습니다. 5명의 환자가 수술 후 일시적으로 재발성 후두 신경 신호 약화를 경험했으나 한 달 후 해결되었습니다.영구적인 재발성 후두 신경 손상 사례는 관찰되지 않았다. 그러나 수술 중 출혈로 인해 개복 수술로 전환해야 하는 환자는 3명이었다. 응고나 절단과 관련된 외과적 개입 전에 재발성 후두 신경을 인식하고 보호하는 것이 중요합니다.이 시술에 따라 부갑상선 절제술과 외측 림프절 절제술을 동시에 시행할 수 있습니다. 이 기술은 갑상선 전절제술, 부갑상선 절제술 및 외측 림프절 절제술을 용이하게 할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 내시경 유방 수술에도 적용할 수 있습니다.

gasless-endoscopic-thyroidectomy-via-the-trans-axillary-approach

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Gasless Endoscopic Thyroidectomy via the Trans-Axillary Approach

Permanent Cerebral Vessel Occlusion via Double Ligature and Transection

Stroke is a leading cause of death, disability, and socioeconomic loss worldwide. The majority of all strokes result from an interruption in blood flow (ischemia) 1. Middle cerebral artery (MCA) delivers a great majority of blood to the lateral surface of the cortex 2, is the most common site of human stroke 3, and ischemia within its territory can result in extensive dysfunction or death 1,4,5. Survivors of ischemic stroke often suffer loss or disruption of motor capabilities, sensory deficits, and infarct. In an effort to capture these key characteristics of stroke, and thereby develop effective treatment, a great deal of emphasis is placed upon animal models of ischemia in MCA.
Here we present a method of permanently occluding a cortical surface blood vessel. We will present this method using an example of a relevant vessel occlusion that models the most common type, location, and outcome of human stroke, permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO). In this model, we surgically expose MCA in the adult rat and subsequently occlude via double ligature and transection of the vessel. This pMCAO blocks the proximal cortical branch of MCA, causing ischemia in all of MCA cortical territory, a large portion of the cortex. This method of occlusion can also be used to occlude more distal portions of cortical vessels in order to achieve more focal ischemia targeting a smaller region of cortex. The primary disadvantages of pMCAO are that the surgical procedure is somewhat invasive as a small craniotomy is required to access MCA, though this results in minimal tissue damage. The primary advantages of this model, however, are: the site of occlusion is well defined, the degree of blood flow reduction is consistent, functional and neurological impairment occurs rapidly, infarct size is consistent, and the high rate of survival allows for long-term chronic assessment.

Permanent Cerebral Vessel Occlusion via Double Ligature and Transection

We describe a highly reproducible method for the permanent occlusion of a rodent major cerebral blood vessel. This technique can be accomplished with very little peripheral damage, minimal blood loss, a high rate of long-term survival, and consistent infarct volume commensurate with the human clinical population.

영구적 인 뇌 혈관 폐색<em&gt;를 통해</em&gt; 더블 합자 및 절개

Stroke is a leading cause of death, disability, and socioeconomic loss worldwide. The majority of all strokes result from an interruption in blood flow ...

연구

의학

Non-invasive Assessment of the Efficacy of New Therapeutics for Intestinal Pathologies Using Serial Endoscopic Imaging of Live Mice

Animal models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC) have provided significant insight into the cell intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms that contribute to the onset and progression of intestinal diseases. The identification of new molecules that promote these pathologies has led to a flurry of activity focused on the development of potential new therapies to inhibit their function. As a result, various pre-clinical mouse models with an intact immune system and stromal microenvironment are now heavily used. Here we describe three experimental protocols to test the efficacy of new therapeutics in pre-clinical models of (1) acute mucosal damage, (2) chronic colitis and/or colitis-associated colon cancer, and (3) sporadic colorectal cancer. We also outline procedures for serial endoscopic examination that can be used to document the therapeutic response of an individual tumor and to monitor the health of individual mice. These protocols provide complementary experimental platforms to test the effectiveness of therapeutic compounds shown to be well tolerated by mice.

We describe methods for longitudinal monitoring of the efficacy of therapeutics for the treatment of colonic pathologies in mice using a rigid endoscope. This protocol can be readily used for the characterization of the therapeutic response of an individual tumor in live mice and also for monitoring potential disease relapse.

라이브 마우스의 직렬 내시경 이미징을 사용하여 소장 병변에 대한 새로운 치료제의 효능의 비 침습적 평가

Animal models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC) have provided significant insight into the cell intrinsic and extrinsic ...

Step-by-Step Stapedotomy through Transcanal Exclusive Endoscopic Approach

In recent years there has been an increasing trend in the use of the endoscope to treat a variety of middle ear pathologies, including otosclerosis. Several studies comparing traditional microscopic and endoscopic stapes surgery have reported similar hearing results and an overall low rate of complications. The endoscope has unraveled its full potential in demanding settings of stapes surgery, such as unfavorable anatomy of the oval window niche or revision cases. Reduced manipulation of the chorda tympani and low rate of post-operative dysgeusia are further benefits to mention for endoscopic stapes surgery.
Being a one-handed technique, management of bleeding, positioning, and crimping of the prosthesis may be challenging for novice endoscopic surgeons, so some training in endoscopic ear surgery is recommended before performing endoscopic stapedotomy. The problem of sharing the surgical field between the endoscope and the operating instruments could be easily overcome if proper instruments positioning is understood. One-handed bleeding control in the narrow space of the ear canal may represent an issue during the elevation of the tympano-meatal flap, possibly discouraging the surgeon since the preliminary steps of surgery. Following appropriate technique to raise the flap and the collaboration with the anesthesiology team in keeping the blood pressure low guarantee an adequate bleeding control in most cases.
The aim of this article is to describe the entire surgical procedure of a transcanal exclusive endoscopic stapedotomy, from operating room set up and patient positioning to post-operative care. A step-by-step description of the surgical maneuvers with technical hints is reported, to guide the surgeon across the procedure and allow any ear surgeon to perform stapes surgery endoscopically.

The aim of this article is to provide a step-by-step method for endoscopic stapes surgery from operating room setting and patient positioning to post-operative care. This work would represent a guide for any otologic surgeon who is willing to treat otosclerosis with endoscopic transcanal technique.

트랜스카날 독점 내시경 접근법을 통한 단계별 스태프도절제술

In recent years there has been an increasing trend in the use of the endoscope to treat a variety of middle ear pathologies, including otosclerosis. ...

Endoscopic Cholesteatoma Surgery

Implementation of endoscopes in cholesteatoma surgery resulted in considerable changes in the management of cholesteatoma in the last two decades. Compared to the microscopic approach with an excellent but straight-line view and limited illumination, the introduction of endoscopes provides a wide-angled panoramic view. Moreover, angled lenses allow the surgeon to visualize the middle ear and its hidden recesses through a transcanal, minimally-invasive approach. The endoscope enables the surgeon to remove limited cholesteatoma of the middle ear and its recesses using an exclusive endoscopic technique by taking advantage of these benefits. This reduces the rate of residual disease and sparing external incisions and excessive temporal bone drilling as in a transmastoid approach. Since transcanal endoscopic access is mainly a one-handed technique, it implies the need for specific procedures and technical refinements. This article describes a step-by-step guide as a surgical manual for endoscopic removal of epitympanic cholesteatoma. Different techniques for cholesteatoma dissection and bone removal for epitympanectomy, including curettage and powered instruments such as drills and ultrasonic devices with their outcomes, are discussed. This may offer ear surgeons insight into technical refinements and the latest technological developments and open the horizon for different techniques.

The present protocol describes a step-by-step guide for the complete endoscopic removal of epitympanic cholesteatoma with different techniques for cholesteatoma dissection and bone removal for epitympanectomy.

내시경 담즙 줄기 종 수술

Implementation of endoscopes in cholesteatoma surgery resulted in considerable changes in the management of cholesteatoma in the last two decades. ...

Laparoscopic Radical Antegrade Modular Pancreatosplenectomy via Dorsal-Caudal Artery Approach for Pancreatic Neck-Body Cancer

Laparoscopic radical resection of the pancreatic neck is one of the most complicated radical operations for pancreatic cancer, especially for patients who have had neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Here, we present a technique to perform laparoscopic radical antegrade modular pancreatosplenectomy (L-RAMPS) using the dorsal-caudal artery approach by making full use of the high-definition vision and operation modes of the laparoscope.
The innovation and optimization of this operation are provided in the protocol. Priority should be given to the dorsal resection plane, including the dorsal side of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA), the dorsal side of the pancreatic head, the root of the celiac artery (CeA), the ventral side of the left renal vessels, and the renal hilum. On the condition that the operation for pancreatic neck-body cancer is feasible and safe, the second step is to perform tumor resection en bloc surrounding the SMA and CeA from the caudal to the cephalic side to increase the rate of R0 (radical zero) resection and further prognosis.

Laparoscopic Radical Antegrade Modular Pancreatosplenectomy via Dorsal-Caudal Artery Approach for Pancreatic Neck-Body Cancer

With advancements in laparoscopic techniques, laparoscopic radical antegrade modular pancreatosplenectomy (L-RAMPS) has been widely recognized. However, owing to several technical difficulties in this procedure, the artery-first approach in L-RAMPS still remains uncommon. Here, we developed the dorsal-caudal artery approach for L-RAMPS, which might be safe and beneficial for pancreatic neck tumors.

췌장 목-신체 암에 대한 등-꼬리 동맥 접근법을 통한 복강경 근치 전방 모듈 식 췌장 비장 절제술

Laparoscopic radical resection of the pancreatic neck is one of the most complicated radical operations for pancreatic cancer, especially for patients who ...

Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy

The manuscript describes the transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach (TOETVA) for thyroid lobectomy. The patient is placed in the supine position with extension and fixation of the neck. One 20 mm transverse incision and two 5 mm incisions are made through the mucosa of the oral vestibule for camera and instrument placement after disinfection of the skin and oral cavity. The workspace is established and maintained by the skin suspension device, which is made of unabsorbable string (3-0) and rubber bands, and the CO2 insufflation pressure. Lobectomy using a medial-to-lateral technique and prophylactic ipsilateral central neck dissection is performed simultaneously on patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). The specimen is extracted through the 20 mm incision. The parathyroid gland is immediately searched for in the specimen and auto-transplanted to the left brachioradialis. A drainage tube is inserted through the retractor hole into the bed of the thyroid gland, and absorbable sutures are used to close the mucosal incisions in the oral vestibule and the linea alba cervicalis. Prophylactics administered intravenously are recommended for the first 24 h after surgery, and oral antibiotics are used for 7 days postoperatively.

Here, we present a protocol to describe the methodology for the transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach in detail.

경구 내시경 갑상선 절제술 갑상선 절제술을 위한 전정 접근법

The manuscript describes the transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach (TOETVA) for thyroid lobectomy. The patient is placed in the supine ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>독점적인 내시경 골성형술을 위한 포괄적인 단계별 가이드

Techniques of Endoscopic Ossiculoplasty

The utilization of endoscopes in modern otology has evolved from diagnostic purposes to the development of exclusive endoscopic ear surgery. This technique offers a panoramic view of the middle ear and provides an optimal magnification of the oval window region, the stapes' suprastructure, and the footplate, allowing great precision in prosthesis positioning during ossiculoplasty (OPL). Various techniques for ossicular chain reconstruction have been described in the literature. Either autologous or synthetic materials can be used for reconstruction. The use of a patient's own tissue minimizes the risk of implant rejection or extrusion of the prosthesis through the tympanic membrane. On the other hand, synthetic materials like titanium are light and rigid and do not require time-consuming prosthesis remodeling. The main objective of this article is to present a comprehensive step-by-step guide that serves as a surgical manual for exclusive endoscopic OPL. This guide will explain various forms of OPL using synthetic and autologous materials. The goal is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the various surgical techniques and support the integration into clinical practice.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>저자 스포트라이트: Advancing Endoscopic Ossiculoplasty – Techniques, Innovations, and Practical Guidance for Clinical Integration (내시경 골성형술의 발전 – 임상 통합을 위한 기술, 혁신 및 실용적인 지

Exclusive Endoscopic ossiculoplasty (EEO) is a promising and minimally invasive approach for the treatment of conductive hearing loss due to ossicular chain disruptions and associated middle ear pathologies. Herein, step-by-step instructions and a discussion of various endoscopic ossiculoplasty techniques are presented.

내시경 골성형술의 기법

The utilization of endoscopes in modern otology has evolved from diagnostic purposes to the development of exclusive endoscopic ear surgery. This ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>최소 침습 척추 수술로 요추 척추관 협착증 치료

Percutaneous Endoscopic Unilateral-Approach Bilateral Decompression for Lumbar Spinal Stenosis

Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) involves the narrowing of the spinal canal due to degenerative changes in the vertebral joints, intervertebral discs, and ligaments. LSS encompasses central canal stenosis (CCS), lateral recess stenosis (LRS), and intervertebral foramen stenosis (IFS). The utilization of lumbar endoscopic unilateral laminotomy for bilateral decompression (LE-ULBD) has gained popularity in the treatment of CCS and LRS. This popularity is attributed to the rapid development of endoscopic instruments and the progress of endoscopic philosophy.
In this technical report, a detailed introduction to the steps and key points of LE-ULBD is provided. Simultaneously, a retrospective review of 132 consecutive patients who underwent LE-ULBD for central canal and/or lateral recess stenosis was conducted. The outcomes after more than two years of follow-up were assessed using the visual analogue score (VAS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scores, and the modified MacNab criteria to evaluate surgical efficacy. All 132 patients underwent LE-ULBD successfully. Among them, 119 patients were rated as "excellent," while 13 patients were rated as "good" based on the modified MacNab criteria during the last follow-up. Incidental dural tears occurred in four cases, but there were no post-operative epidural hematomas or infections. The experience demonstrates that LE-ULBD is a less invasive, effective, and safe approach. It can be considered as an alternative option for treating patients with lumbar central canal stenosis and/or lateral recess stenosis.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>저자 스포트라이트: 요추 척추관 협착증 치료를 위한 안전하고 효과적이며 최소 침습적 접근법으로서의 LE-ULBD의 범위

The present protocol describes the steps and key points of lumbar endoscopic unilateral laminotomy for bilateral decompression for the treatment of degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis.

요추 척추관 협착증에 대한 경피적 내시경 편측 접근법 양측 감압술

Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) involves the narrowing of the spinal canal due to degenerative changes in the vertebral joints, intervertebral discs, and ...