Name: analysis of organochlorine pesticides in a soil sample by a modified quechers approach using ammonium formate
Uploaded: 2023-01-20T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Analysis of Organochlorine Pesticides in a Soil Sample by a Modified QuEChERS Approach Using Ammonium Formate at JoVE.com

我要感谢哈维尔·埃尔南德斯-博尔赫斯和塞西莉亚·奥尔特加-萨莫拉的宝贵支持。我还要感谢Universidad EAN和Universidad de La Laguna。

1. 储备溶液的制备
注意：建议在整个实验方案期间佩戴丁腈手套、实验室外套和安全眼镜。
<ol><li>在 25 mL 容量瓶中以 2，000 mg/L 的 OCP 商业混合物（参见 材料表）制备 400 mg/L 的丙酮储备溶液，加入己烷：甲苯 （1：1） 中。 表 1 显示了每个选定的 OCP。</li>
	<li>在10 mL容量瓶中制备浓度为50 mg / L，1 mg / L和0.08 mg / L的丙酮后续储备溶液，并...

<ol>
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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comprehensive+review+of+organochlorine+pesticide+monitoring+in+agricultural+soils:+The+silent+threat+of+a+conventional+agricultural+past.">Comprehensive review of organochlorine pesticide monitoring in agricultural soils: The silent threat of a conventional agricultural past.</a> Agriculture. 12 (5), 728 (2022).</li><li>Farenhorst, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Importance+of+soil+organic+matter+fractions+in+soil-landscape+and+regional+assessments+of+pesticide+sorption+and+leaching+in+soil.">Importance of soil organic matter fractions in soil-landscape and regional assessments of pesticide sorption and leaching in soil.</a> Soil Science Society of America Journal. 70 (3), 1005-1012 (2006).</li><li>Silva, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pesticide+residues+in+European+agricultural+soils+-+A+hidden+reality+unfolded.">Pesticide residues in European agricultural soils - A hidden reality unfolded.</a> Science of The Total Environment. 653, 1532-1545 (2019).</li><li>Vischetti, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sub-lethal+effects+of+pesticides+on+the+DNA+of+soil+organisms+as+early+ecotoxicological+biomarkers.">Sub-lethal effects of pesticides on the DNA of soil organisms as early ecotoxicological biomarkers.</a> Frontiers in Microbiology. 11, 1892 (2020).</li><li>Alengebawy, A., Abdelkhalek, S. T., Qureshi, S. R., Wang, M. -. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heavy+metals+and+pesticides+toxicity+in+agricultural+soil+and+plants:+Ecological+risks+and+human+health+implications.">Heavy metals and pesticides toxicity in agricultural soil and plants: Ecological risks and human health implications.</a> Toxics. 9 (3), 42 (2021).</li><li>Zikankuba, V. L., Mwanyika, G., Ntwenya, J. E., James, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pesticide+regulations+and+their+malpractice+implications+on+food+and+environment+safety.">Pesticide regulations and their malpractice implications on food and environment safety.</a> Cogent Food &amp; Agriculture. 5 (1), 1601544 (2019).</li><li>Varela-Mart&#237;nez, D. A., Gonz&#225;lez-S&#225;lamo, J., Gonz&#225;lez-Curbelo, M. &. #. 1. 9. 3. ;., Hern&#225;ndez-Borges, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quick,+Easy,+Cheap,+Effective,+Rugged+and+Safe+(QuEChERS)+extraction.">Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) extraction.</a> Handbooks in Separation Science. , 399-437 (2020).</li><li>Anastassiades, M., Lehotay, S. J., &#352;tajnbaher, D., Schenck, F. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fast+and+easy+multiresidue+method+employing+acetonitrile+extraction/partitioning+and+&amp;#34;dispersive+solid-phase+extraction&amp;#34;+for+the+determination+of+pesticide+residues+in+produce.">Fast and easy multiresidue method employing acetonitrile extraction/partitioning and &amp;#34;dispersive solid-phase extraction&amp;#34; for the determination of pesticide residues in produce.</a> Journal of AOAC International. 86 (2), 412-431 (2003).</li><li>Gonz&#225;lez-Curbelo, M. &. #. 1. 9. 3. ;., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evolution+and+applications+of+the+QuEChERS+method.">Evolution and applications of the QuEChERS method.</a> Trends in Analytical Chemistry. 71, 169-185 (2015).</li><li>European Union. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=European+Regulation+(EC)+NO+396/2005+of+the+European+Parliament+and+of+the+Council+of+23+February+2005+on+maximum+residue+levels+of+pesticides+in+or+on+food+and+feed+of+plant+and+animal+origin+and+amending+Council+Directive+91/414/EEC.">European Regulation (EC) NO 396/2005 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 February 2005 on maximum residue levels of pesticides in or on food and feed of plant and animal origin and amending Council Directive 91/414/EEC.</a> Official Journal of the European Union. 70, 1-16 (2005).</li><li>Kwon, H., Lehotay, S. J., Geis-Asteggiante, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Variability+of+matrix+effects+in+liquid+and+gas+chromatography-mass+spectrometry+analysis+of+pesticide+residues+after+QuEChERS+sample+preparation+of+different+food+crops.">Variability of matrix effects in liquid and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of pesticide residues after QuEChERS sample preparation of different food crops.</a> Journal of Chromatography A. 1270, 235-245 (2012).</li><li>Lehotay, S. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+pesticide+residues+in+foods+by+acetonitrile+extraction+and+partitioning+with+magnesium+sulfate:+Collaborative+study.">Determination of pesticide residues in foods by acetonitrile extraction and partitioning with magnesium sulfate: Collaborative study.</a> Journal of AOAC International. 90 (2), 485-520 (2007).</li><li>European Committee for Standardization (CEN). <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Standard+Method+EN+15662.+Food+of+plant+origin-Determination+of+pesticide+residues+using+GC-MS+and/or+LC-MS/MS+following+acetonitrile+extraction/partitioning+and+clean-up+by+dispersive+SPE-QuEChERS+method.">Standard Method EN 15662. Food of plant origin-Determination of pesticide residues using GC-MS and/or LC-MS/MS following acetonitrile extraction/partitioning and clean-up by dispersive SPE-QuEChERS method.</a> European Committee for Standardization. , (2008).</li><li>Gonz&#225;lez-Curbelo, M. &. #. 1. 9. 3. ;., Lehotay, S. J., Hern&#225;ndez-Borges, J., Rodr&#237;guez-Delgado, M. &. #. 1. 9. 3. ;. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+ammonium+formate+in+QuEChERS+for+high-throughput+analysis+of+pesticides+in+food+by+fast,+low-pressure+gas+chromatography+and+liquid+chromatography+tandem+mass+spectrometry.">Use of ammonium formate in QuEChERS for high-throughput analysis of pesticides in food by fast, low-pressure gas chromatography and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.</a> Journal of Chromatography A. 1358, 75-84 (2014).</li><li>Han, L., Sapozhnikova, Y., Lehotay, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Method+validation+for+243+pesticides+and+environmental+contaminants+in+meats+and+poultry+by+tandem+mass+spectrometry+coupled+to+low-pressure+gas+chromatography+and+ultrahigh-performance+liquid+chromatography.">Method validation for 243 pesticides and environmental contaminants in meats and poultry by tandem mass spectrometry coupled to low-pressure gas chromatography and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography.</a> Food Control. 66, 270-282 (2016).</li><li>Lehotay, S. J., Han, L., Sapozhnikova, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Automated+mini-column+solid-phase+extraction+clean-up+for+high-throughput+analysis+of+chemical+contaminants+in+foods+by+low-pressure+gas+chromatography-tandem+mass+spectrometry.">Automated mini-column solid-phase extraction clean-up for high-throughput analysis of chemical contaminants in foods by low-pressure gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.</a> Chromatographia. 79 (17), 1113-1130 (2016).</li><li>Lehotay, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Possibilities+and+limitations+of+isocratic+fast+liquid+chromatography-tandem+mass+spectrometry+analysis+of+pesticide+residues+in+fruits+and+vegetables.">Possibilities and limitations of isocratic fast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables.</a> Chromatographia. 82 (1), 235-250 (2019).</li><li>Han, L., Matarrita, J., Sapozhnikova, Y., Lehotay, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+a+recent+product+to+remove+lipids+and+other+matrix+co-extractives+in+the+analysis+of+pesticide+residues+and+environmental+contaminants+in+foods.">Evaluation of a recent product to remove lipids and other matrix co-extractives in the analysis of pesticide residues and environmental contaminants in foods.</a> Journal of Chromatography A. 1449, 17-29 (2016).</li><li>Varela-Mart&#237;nez, D. A., Gonz&#225;lez-Curbelo, M. &. #. 1. 9. 3. ;., Gonz&#225;lez-S&#225;lamo, J., Hern&#225;ndez-Borges, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+pesticides+in+cherimoya+and+gulupa+minor+tropical+fruits+using+AOAC+2007.1+and+ammonium+formate+QuEChERS+versions:+A+comparative+study.">Analysis of pesticides in cherimoya and gulupa minor tropical fruits using AOAC 2007.1 and ammonium formate QuEChERS versions: A comparative study.</a> Microchemical Journal. 157, 104950 (2020).</li><li>Gonz&#225;lez-Curbelo, M. &. #. 1. 9. 3. ;., Varela-Mart&#237;nez, D. A., Ria&#241;o-Herrera, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pesticide-residue+analysis+in+soils+by+the+QuEChERS+method:+A+review.">Pesticide-residue analysis in soils by the QuEChERS method: A review.</a> Molecules. 27 (13), 4323 (2022).</li><li>Anastassiades, M., Ma&#353;tovsk&#225;, K., Lehotay, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+analyte+protectants+to+improve+gas+chromatographic+analysis+of+pesticides.">Evaluation of analyte protectants to improve gas chromatographic analysis of pesticides.</a> Journal of Chromatography A. 1015 (1-2), 163-184 (2003).</li><li>Ma&#353;tovsk&#225;, K., Lehotay, S., Anastassiades, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combination+of+analyte+protectants+to+overcome+matrix+effects+in+routine+GC+analysis+of+pesticide+residues+in+food+matrixes.">Combination of analyte protectants to overcome matrix effects in routine GC analysis of pesticide residues in food matrixes.</a> Analytical Chemistry. 77 (24), 8129-8137 (2005).</li><li>Rahman, M., Abd El-Aty, A., Shim, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Matrix+enhancement+effect:+A+blessing+or+a+curse+for+gas+chromatography?+-+A+review.">Matrix enhancement effect: A blessing or a curse for gas chromatography? - A review.</a> Analytica Chimica Acta. 801, 14-21 (2013).</li><li>Rouvire, F., Bulet&#233;, A., Cren-Oliv&#233;, C., Arnaudguilhem, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiresidue+analysis+of+aromatic+organochlorines+in+soil+by+gas+chromatography-mass+spectrometry+and+QuEChERS+extraction+based+on+water/dichloromethane+partitioning.+Comparison+with+accelerated+solvent+extraction.">Multiresidue analysis of aromatic organochlorines in soil by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and QuEChERS extraction based on water/dichloromethane partitioning. Comparison with accelerated solvent extraction.</a> Talanta. 93, 336-344 (2012).</li><li>Lesueur, C., Gartner, M., Mentler, A., Fuerhacker, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+four+extraction+methods+for+the+analysis+of+24+pesticides+in+soil+samples+with+gas+chromatography-mass+spectrometry+and+liquid+chromatography-ion+trap-mass+spectrometry.">Comparison of four extraction methods for the analysis of 24 pesticides in soil samples with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-ion trap-mass spectrometry.</a> Talanta. 75 (1), 284-293 (2008).</li><li>&#208;urovi&#263;-Pej&#269;ev, R. D., Bursi&#263;, V. P., Zeremski, T. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+QuEChERS+with+traditional+sample+preparation+methods+in+the+determination+of+multiclass+pesticides+in+soil.">Comparison of QuEChERS with traditional sample preparation methods in the determination of multiclass pesticides in soil.</a> Journal of AOAC International. 102 (1), 46-51 (2019).</li><li>European Commission. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SANTE/11312/2021.+Guidance+document+on+analytical+quality+control+and+method+validation+procedures+for+pesticide+residues+analysis+in+food+and+feed.">SANTE/11312/2021. Guidance document on analytical quality control and method validation procedures for pesticide residues analysis in food and feed.</a> European Commission. , (2021).</li></ol>

QuEChERS方法的原始版本9和两个正式版本13，14使用硫酸镁与氯化钠，乙酸盐或柠檬酸盐一起促进提取过程中的乙腈/水混合物分离。然而，这些盐倾向于以固体形式沉积在质谱（MS）源的表面上，这导致需要增加基于液相色谱（LC）-MS的方法的维护。在克服这些缺点方面，González-Curbelo等人15报告说，挥发性更强的甲酸铵?...

增加粮食产量的需要导致过去几十年中全球大量广泛使用杀虫剂。农药被施用于作物以保护它们免受害虫侵害并提高作物产量，但它们的残留物通常最终会进入土壤环境，尤其是在农业地区1.此外，一些农药，如有机氯农药（OCPs），具有非常稳定的结构，因此它们的残留物不易分解，并在土壤中长期存在2。通常，土壤具有很高的农药残留积累能力，特别是当其有机质含量高时3。因此，土壤是受农药残留污染最严重的环境隔间之一。例如，迄今为止的一项完整研究发现，来自欧盟各地的 317 种农业土壤中有 83% 被一种或多种农药残留物污染4。 
农药残留造成的土壤污染可能会通过食物链影响非目标物种、土壤功能和消费者健康，因为残留物具有高毒性5，6。因此，评估土壤中的农药残留对于评估其对环境和人类健康的潜在负面影响至关重要，特别是在发展中国家，因为缺乏对农药使用的严格规定7。这使得农药多残留分析变得越来越重要。然而，由于干扰物质数量多，浓度低，物理化学性质多样，土壤中农药残留的快速准确分析是一项艰巨的挑战4。
在所有农药残留分析方法中，QuEChERS方法已成为最快、最简单、最便宜、最有效、最稳健和最安全的选择8。QuEChERS方法包括两个步骤。第一步，通过水层和乙腈层之间的盐析进行基于分配的微尺度萃取。在第二步中，采用分散固相萃取（dSPE）进行清洁过程;该技术使用少量的几种多孔吸附剂组合来去除基质干扰成分，并克服了传统SPE9的缺点。因此，QuEChERS是一种环保的方法，溶剂/化学品几乎没有浪费，可提供非常准确的结果，并最大限度地减少随机和系统错误的潜在来源。事实上，它已成功应用于数百种农药的高通量常规分析，在几乎所有类型的环境、农业食品和生物样品中都具有很强的适用性8，10。这项工作旨在应用和验证QuEChERS方法的新修改，该方法先前开发并与GC-MS偶联以分析农业土壤中的OCP。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>15 mL disposable glass conical centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>PYREX</td>
			<td>99502-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 mL centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>30120094</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 mL centrifuge tubes with screw caps</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>21008-169</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5977B mass-selective detector</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>1617R019</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>7820A gas chromatography system</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>16162016</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetone</td>
			<td>Supelco</td>
			<td>1006582500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetonitrile</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>83642320</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ammonium formate</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>21254260</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Automatic shaker KS 3000 i control</td>
			<td>IKA</td>
			<td>3940000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Balance</td>
			<td>Sartorius Lab Instruments Gmbh &#38; Co</td>
			<td>ENTRIS224I-1S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bondesil-C18, 40 &#181;m</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>12213012</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bondesil-PSA, 40 &#181;m</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>12213024</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cyclohexane</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>85385320</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EPA TCL pesticides mix</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>48913</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethyl acetate</td>
			<td>Supelco</td>
			<td>1036492500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>G4567A automatic sampler</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>19490057</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HP-5ms Ultra Inert (5%-phenyl)-methylpolysiloxane 30 m x 250 &#181;m x 0.25 &#181;m column</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>19091S-433UI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium sulfate monohydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>434183-1KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mega Star 3.R centrifuge</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>521-1752</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Milli-Q gradient A10</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>RR400Q101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>p,p&#39;-DDE-d8</td>
			<td>Dr Ehrenstorfer</td>
			<td>DRE-XA12041100AC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette tips 2 - 200 &#181;L</td>
			<td>BRAND</td>
			<td>732008</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette tips 5 mL</td>
			<td>BRAND</td>
			<td>702595</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette tips 50 - 1000 uL</td>
			<td>BRAND</td>
			<td>732012</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pippette Transferpette S variabel 10 - 100 &#181;L</td>
			<td>BRAND</td>
			<td>704774</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pippette Transferpette S variabel 100 - 1000 &#181;L</td>
			<td>BRAND</td>
			<td>704780</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pippette Transferpette S variabel 20 - 200 &#181;L</td>
			<td>BRAND</td>
			<td>704778</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pippette Transferpette S variabel 500 - 5000 &#181;L</td>
			<td>BRAND</td>
			<td>704782</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vials with fused-in insert</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>29398-U</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OCPs</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>CAS registry number</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#945;-BHC</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>319-84-6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#946;-BHC</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>319-85-7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lindane</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>58-89-9</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#948;-BHC</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>319-86-8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heptachlor</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>76-44-8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aldrin</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>309-00-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heptachlor epoxide</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1024-57-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#945;-Endosulfan</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>959-98-8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4,4&#39;-DDE-d8 (IS)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>93952-19-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4,4&#39;-DDE</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>72-55-9</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dieldrin</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>60-57-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Endrin</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>72-20-8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#946;-Endosulfan</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>33213-65-9</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4,4&#39;-DDD</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>72-54-8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Endosulfan sulfate</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1031-07-8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4,4&#39;-DDT</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>50-29-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Endrin ketone</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>53494-70-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methoxychlor</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>72-43-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

analysis of organochlorine pesticides in a soil sample by a modified quechers approach using ammonium formate

目前，QuEChERS方法代表了全球使用最广泛的样品制备方案，用于分析官方和非官方实验室中各种基质中的农药残留。使用甲酸铵的QuEChERS方法以前已被证明与原始版本和两个正式版本相比是有利的。一方面，每克样品只需添加0.5 g甲酸铵，就足以诱导相分离，实现良好的分析性能。另一方面，甲酸铵减少了常规分析中的维护需求。本研究采用改进的甲酸铵QuEChERS方法同时分析农业土壤中的有机氯农药（OCP）残留。具体而言，将10 g样品用10 mL水水合，然后用10 mL乙腈萃取。接下来，使用5g甲酸铵进行相分离。离心后，上清液用无水硫酸镁、伯仲胺和十八烷基硅烷进行分散固相萃取净化步骤。采用气相色谱-质谱联用法进行分析。使用甲酸铵的QuEChERS方法被证明是从土壤样品中提取OCP残留物的成功替代方案。

分析方法在线性、基质效应、回收率和重复性方面进行了全面验证。
线性评估使用六种浓度水平（5 μg/kg、10 μg/kg、50 μg/kg、100 μg/kg、200 μg/kg和400 μg/kg）加标空白样品的基质匹配校准曲线进行线性评估。所有OCP的决定系数（R2）均高于或等于0.99。最低校准水平（LCL）设定为5微克/千克，符合为食品应用监测目的确定的最大允许限值10微克/千克11。</p...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Analysis of Organochlorine Pesticides in a Soil Sample by a Modified QuEChERS Approach Using Ammonium Formate at JoVE.com

Analysis of Organochlorine Pesticides in a Soil Sample by a Modified QuEChERS Approach Using Ammonium Formate

本协议描述了利用甲酸铵在QuEChERS中进行相分配，以及气相色谱-质谱法，以成功测定土壤样品中的有机氯农药残留。

使用甲酸铵的改进QuEChERS方法分析土壤样品中的有机氯农药

Currently, the QuEChERS method represents the most widely used sample preparation protocol worldwide for analyzing pesticide residues in a broad variety ...

使用甲酸铵的QuEChERS方法是原始方法的成功替代品，也是从土壤样品中提取有机氯农药的两个官方版本。每克样品只需添加0.5克甲酸铵，就足以诱导水和乙腈层之间的相分离，并实现良好的分析性能。要开始样品制备，请在50毫升离心管中称取10克土壤样品。向土壤样品中加入50微升浓度为每升20毫克的内标或IS溶液，以获得每公斤土壤100微克的IS。加入10毫升水，使用自动摇床以10克摇动试管五分钟。然后，加入10毫升乙腈，并以10g摇动试管五分钟。接下来，加入五克甲酸铵，用手用力摇动试管一分钟，然后以 1800 g 离心五分钟。为了净化，通过分散固相萃取，将一毫升乙腈提取物转移到含有无水硫酸镁，伯仲胺和十八烷基硅烷的离心管中。涡旋试管30秒，并以1800g离心5分钟。离心后，将 200 μL 提取物转移到装有 300 mL 熔融插入物的适当标记的自动进样器小瓶中，并使用 GC/MS 系统进行仪器分析。在无分流模式下，使用单四极杆质谱仪在 GC/MS 系统中注入 1.5 微升样品，使用自动进样器在 280 摄氏度下进样。所研究的有机氯农药（OCPs）的基质效应分布显示，正基质效应百分比对应于信号增强，负百分比对应于信号抑制。介于负20%至20%之间的值表示软基质效应，而介于负20至负50%和20至50%之间的值对应于中等基质效应。强矩阵效应由高于50或低于负50的百分比值表示。对不同加标水平下所有农药的总体回收率的评估表明，大多数研究的口服避孕药的平均回收率为70%至120%，相对标准差（RSD）值低于20%。这种替代方法可用于LC-MS分析农药，这将更加有趣，因为甲酸铵是正电喷雾电离电离的辅助剂。

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

Untargeted Metabolomics from Biological Sources Using Ultraperformance Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS)

Untargeted Metabolomics from Biological Sources Using Ultraperformance Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry UPLC-HRMS

不相关的代谢组学，生物源使用超高效液相色谱 - 高分辨质谱（UPLC-HRMS）

Here we present a workflow to analyze the metabolic profiles for biological samples of interest including; cells, serum, or tissue. The sample is first ...

科研

化学

Covalent Binding of BMP-2 on Surfaces Using a Self-assembled Monolayer Approach

BMP-2的共价结合利用表面上的自组装单层膜法

Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) is a growth factor embedded in the extracellular matrix of bone tissue. BMP-2 acts as trigger of mesenchymal cell ...

Dependence of Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Results on Pulse Energies and Timing Parameters Using Soil Simulants

对脉冲能量和时序参数使用土壤仿制品激光诱导击穿光谱结果依赖

The  dependence of some LIBS detection capabilities on lower pulse energies (&lt;100  mJ) and timing parameters were examined using synthetic silicate ...

An Inverse Analysis Approach to the Characterization of Chemical Transport in Paints

一个反分析方法化工运输的油漆表征

The ability to directly characterize chemical transport and interactions that occur within a material (i.e., subsurface dynamics) is a vital component in ...

Electrochemically and Bioelectrochemically Induced Ammonium Recovery

电化学和Bioelectrochemically诱导铵恢复

Streams such as urine and manure can contain high levels of ammonium, which could be recovered for reuse in agriculture or chemistry. The extraction of ...

Transport of Surface-modified Carbon Nanotubes through a Soil Column

表面修饰碳纳米管通过土柱运输

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are widely manufactured nanoparticles, which are being utilized in a number of consumer products, such as sporting goods, ...

Ethylene Polymerizations Using Parallel Pressure Reactors and a Kinetic Analysis of Chain Transfer Polymerization

乙烯聚合中使用并联电抗器的压力和链转移聚合的动力学分析

We demonstrate a method for high-throughput catalyst screening using a parallel pressure reactor starting from the initial synthesis of a nickel ...

Construction and Systematical Symmetric Studies of a Series of Supramolecular Clusters with Binary or Ternary Ammonium Triphenylacetates

建筑和超分子集群与二元或三元铵Triphenylacetates一系列的体制性对称研究

Functions of clusters in nano or sub-nano scale significantly depend on not only kinds of their components but also arrangements, or symmetry, of their ...

Glycan Node Analysis: A Bottom-up Approach to Glycomics

聚糖节点分析：自下而上的方法，以糖原组学

Synthesized in a non-template-driven process by enzymes called glycosyltransferases, glycans are key players in various significant intra- and ...

Rapid High-throughput Species Identification of Botanical Material Using Direct Analysis in Real Time High Resolution Mass Spectrometry

植物材料的快速高通量物种鉴定实时高分辨质谱法直接分析

We demonstrate that direct analysis in real time-high resolution mass spectrometry can be used to produce mass spectral profiles of botanical material, ...