Name: gathering self-initiated rat behavioral data to characterize post-stroke deficits
Uploaded: 2024-03-15T12:40:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Gathering Self-Initiated Rat Behavioral Data to Characterize Post-Stroke Deficits at JoVE.com

这项工作部分由北德克萨斯大学（UNT）的Beatrice H. Barrett捐赠基金资助，用于研究神经操作关系。我们感谢神经可塑性和修复实验室所有成员的投入和帮助，特别是 Valerie Rojas、Mary Kate Moore、Cameron Scallon 和 Hannah McGee。

所有程序和动物护理均已获得北德克萨斯大学机构动物护理和使用委员会 （IACUC） 的批准，并遵守美国国立卫生研究院关于实验动物护理和使用指南。本研究中使用的成年雄性和雌性Long-Evans大鼠（400-800g，1.5岁）被饲养在菌落笼中。
1、设备准备
<ol><li>根据设计文件和施工说明获取或组装独鼠闸机 （ORT）（见 补充文件1 和 补充编码文件1</stron...

<ol>
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T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+sorting+system+with+automated+gates+permits+individual+operant+experiments+with+mice+from+a+social+home+cage.">A sorting system with automated gates permits individual operant experiments with mice from a social home cage.</a> Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 196 (2), 276-280 (2011).</li><li>Rivalan, M., Munawar, H., Fuchs, A., Winter, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+automated,+experimenter-free+method+for+the+standardised,+operant+cognitive+testing+of+rats.">An automated, experimenter-free method for the standardised, operant cognitive testing of rats.</a> PLOS One. 12 (1), e0169476 (2017).</li><li>Deacon, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Housing,+husbandry+and+handling+of+rodents+for+behavioral+experiments.">Housing, husbandry and handling of rodents for behavioral experiments.</a> Nature Protocols. 1 (2), 936-946 (2006).</li><li>Lang, C. E., Lohse, K. R., Birkenmeier, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dose+and+timing+in+neurorehabilitation:+Prescribing+motor+therapy+after+stroke.">Dose and timing in neurorehabilitation: Prescribing motor therapy after stroke.</a> Current Opinion in Neurology. 28 (6), 549 (2015).</li><li>Butcher, G., Becker, A., Davidson, A., Baltazar, M., Armshaw, J., Cruz, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inventing+a+supercage+for+rats.">Inventing a supercage for rats.</a> , (2019).</li><li>Davidson, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Engineering+an+enriched+environment+operant+chamber+and+its+implications.">Engineering an enriched environment operant chamber and its implications.</a> , (2019).</li><li>Windle, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+analysis+of+four+different+methods+of+producing+focal+cerebral+ischemia+with+endothelin-1+in+the+rat.">An analysis of four different methods of producing focal cerebral ischemia with endothelin-1 in the rat.</a> Experimental Neurology. 201 (2), 324-334 (2006).</li><li>Reppucci, C. J., Veenema, A. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+social+versus+food+preference+test:+A+behavioral+paradigm+for+studying+competing+motivated+behaviors+in+rodents.">The social versus food preference test: A behavioral paradigm for studying competing motivated behaviors in rodents.</a> MethodsX. 7, 101119 (2020).</li><li>Borland, J. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+operant+task+to+assess+social+reward+and+motivation+in+rodents.">A novel operant task to assess social reward and motivation in rodents.</a> Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 287, 80-88 (2017).</li><li>Tzschentke, T. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Review+on+cpp:+Measuring+reward+with+the+conditioned+place+preference+(cpp)+paradigm:+Update+of+the+last+decade.">Review on cpp: Measuring reward with the conditioned place preference (cpp) paradigm: Update of the last decade.</a> Addiction Biology. 12 (3-4), 227-462 (2007).</li><li>Salamone, J. D., Correa, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurobiology+and+pharmacology+of+activational+and+effort-related+aspects+of+motivation:+Rodent+studies.">Neurobiology and pharmacology of activational and effort-related aspects of motivation: Rodent studies.</a> Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences. 22, 114-120 (2018).</li><li>Shull, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bouts,+changeovers,+and+units+of+operant+behavior.">Bouts, changeovers, and units of operant behavior.</a> European Journal of Behavior Analysis. 12 (1), 49-72 (2011).</li><li>Gottlieb, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+bidirectional+impact+of+sleep+and+circadian+rhythm+dysfunction+in+human+ischaemic+stroke:+A+systematic+review.">The bidirectional impact of sleep and circadian rhythm dysfunction in human ischaemic stroke: A systematic review.</a> Sleep Medicine Reviews. 45, 54-69 (2019).</li><li>Lo, E. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Circadian+biology+and+stroke.">Circadian biology and stroke.</a> Stroke. 52 (6), 2180-2190 (2021).</li><li>Meng, H., Liu, T., Borjigin, J., Wang, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ischemic+stroke+destabilizes+circadian+rhythms.">Ischemic stroke destabilizes circadian rhythms.</a> Journal of Circadian Rhythms. 6 (1), 1-13 (2008).</li><li>Stern, R. A., Bachman, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Depressive+symptoms+following+stroke.">Depressive symptoms following stroke.</a> The American Journal of Psychiatry. 148 (3), 351-356 (1991).</li><li>Rapolien&#279;, J., Endzelyt&#279;, E., Jasevi&#269;ien&#279;, I., Savickas, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stroke+patients+motivation+influence+on+the+effectiveness+of+occupational+therapy.">Stroke patients motivation influence on the effectiveness of occupational therapy.</a> Rehabilitation Research and Practice. 2018, (2018).</li><li>Robinson, R. G., Jorge, R. 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该协议有多种用途。首先，也是最广泛的，ORT 的开发目的是在社会、丰富的住房环境中实现自动化的单主题行为培训和数据收集。虽然这项研究测试了收集典型行为测量并在中风背景下详细阐述它们的想法，但其他应用和行为任务也可以这样做。即使是在此验证中收集的度量，也可以根据需要进行调整，以包括替代强化计划、替代行为等。 其次，这项研究评估了该系统收集与中风后熟练伸展能?...

使用大鼠模型进行行为训练和测试在无数研究领域中都很重要，从认知过程的探索到疾病状态等等1.通常，这种训练和测试是在一对一的课程中对单个动物进行的，研究人员手动将动物从笼子中取出，并暂时将它们放置在某种设备中。不幸的是，这种方法存在一些困难和局限性。首先，行为测试对研究人员来说可能需要花费大量时间，而当需要培训时，时间要求就变得更大了。其次，这种方法会自动影响甚至可能混淆所获取的数据，正如在其他地方所确定的那样2.在考虑富集相关变量时，这些混杂因素尤为突出。具体来说，实验室大鼠传统上被饲养在小笼子里，这些笼子只够容纳一到两只老鼠3，如果没有提供跑轮，它们可能会一辈子没有有意义的锻炼机会。此外，孤立的住房可能是大鼠等社会物种的主要压力来源4.其中一些与福利相关的缺点可能会影响大鼠的生理学 5,6，这可能会抢占物种典型行为表达的发展4 并影响应用于人类环境的啮齿动物模型的质量。
近年来，研究人员一直在寻求几种类型的解决方案来解决这些问题。最简单的解决方案是自动化行为测试和训练7,8,9,10，从而消除了单个研究人员关注单个动物的要求。另一个解决方案是将动物自动转移到实验室11,12，进一步消除了对人类参与的需要。最后，已经探索了几种设置，这些设置允许动物与其他动物一起被安置在笼子里，并有更多的探索和丰富空间13.尽管有这些优点，但这种菌落设置可能会限制或复杂化收集个体差异化行为数据的努力（尽管请参阅使用计算机视觉的努力）14,15。如果需要个体行为数据，那么从群体笼养中识别和检索动物以进行行为会话也可能更加困难或复杂。目前，很少有系统用于从（富集）殖民地收集个体行为数据 16,17,18。
这些缺点可能会特别影响对获得性脑损伤行为影响的研究。首先，很明显，人类的存在和/或性别以及处理方式会影响啮齿动物的行为 2,19，这些变量可能会对大鼠之前的行为产生不同的影响。中风后。其次，中风后的人类行为结果可能会因自愿减少对推荐剂量的康复锻炼的参与而恶化20.目前，啮齿动物实验往往不会对这种环境进行建模，因为老鼠不能自由选择参与或放弃行为会话。
本文介绍了一种协议，旨在促进在富集菌落笼框架内的个体行为测试。这种做法不仅解决了当前做法的制约因素，而且为探索创新措施开辟了途径。已经开发出一种单鼠旋转门（ORT），可以将其固定在蜂群笼子上，使动物能够独立进入行为室并开始自己的训练和测试课程。该系统价格实惠;每个ORT都可以以低成本组装（可以使用3D打印机）。过去，该系统的验证是使用基本的操作室进行的，表明可以在没有实验者在场的情况下持续训练动物执行简单的操作杠杆按压16。然而，这种配置是否适用于其他方案的问题仍未解决。目的是验证先前建立的 ORT 殖民地笼子设置的有效性，用于训练和量化与中风后运动障碍相关的熟练伸展行为。该配置用于生成中风研究中通常不会探索的新变量。这些变量包括熟练达到任务的绩效指标和自我启动的测量，这可能与动机和决策有关。此外，中风诱导的在整个 24 小时内每日自我启动的昼夜节律模式的变化被有效检测。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>3D printer&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Consult with local makerspace</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>bolt</td>
			<td>Boltdepot</td>
			<td>1346</td>
			<td>6-32 or 8-32 by&#160; 0.5&#34;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>bolt</td>
			<td>Boltdepot</td>
			<td>1348</td>
			<td>6-32 or 8-32 by&#160; 0.75&#34;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>door hinge</td>
			<td>XJS (Amazon)</td>
			<td>43398-16234</td>
			<td>1&#34; cabinet stainless steel door hinge set; Optional (if &#34;perfect hinge&#34; is not printed)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>drill</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Any electric drill works</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>extension spring</td>
			<td>Nieko (Amazon)</td>
			<td>50456A</td>
			<td>Choose and adjust spring based on ORT sized and desired tension</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>granulated sugar</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>lock nuts</td>
			<td>Boltdepot</td>
			<td>2551</td>
			<td>6-32 or 8-32</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>measuring tape</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>microcontroller</td>
			<td>Arduino</td>
			<td>A000066</td>
			<td>Arduino Uno</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>microswitch</td>
			<td>Sparkfun</td>
			<td>KW4-Z5F</td>
			<td>mini microswitch (SPDT-roller lever)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>One Rat Turnstile (ORT)</td>
			<td>Vulintus</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Contact company to request quote if not self-assembling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Operant Chambers as desired for behavioral assessment: For this experiment we used automated isometric pull chambers from Vulintus&#160;</td>
			<td>Vulintus</td>
			<td>No cat #: contact Vulintus</td>
			<td>Contact Vulintus for quote</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PLA filament&#160;</td>
			<td>OVERTURE (Amazon)</td>
			<td>UK-MATTEPLA17511</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>plexiglass</td>
			<td>Lesnlok (Amazon)</td>
			<td>B09P74K7BR</td>
			<td>clear, 1/8&#34; thickness, Cut to size</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>plexiglass cutter</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>python program</td>
			<td>Python Software Foundation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>software available on request</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RFID reader</td>
			<td>Priority 1 Design</td>
			<td>RFIDRW-E-USB</td>
			<td>With antenna</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RFID tag</td>
			<td>Unified Information Devices</td>
			<td>UC-1485-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>rod</td>
			<td>Boltdepot</td>
			<td>23632</td>
			<td>cut to &#62; 3.5&#34;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rotary tool</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used to bore hole in apparatus and colony caging for ORT; any hardware usable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sand paper</td>
			<td>HSYMQ (Amazon)</td>
			<td>TOMPOL-1118-1915-11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>socket wrench set</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Any socket wrench set works</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>soldering iron</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>super glue</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>234790</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>wire</td>
			<td>Plusivo (Amazon)</td>
			<td>EAN0721248989789</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

gathering self-initiated rat behavioral data to characterize post-stroke deficits

大鼠模型中的行为测试经常用于多种目的，包括心理、生物医学和行为研究。许多传统方法涉及在实验中单个研究人员和每只动物之间进行单独的、一对一的测试会话。对于研究人员来说，这种设置可能非常耗时，并且它们的存在可能会以不需要的方式影响行为数据。此外，用于大鼠研究的传统笼子缺乏通常对该物种来说典型的富集、锻炼和社会化，这种情况也可能扭曲行为数据的结果。克服这些限制对于一些研究应用可能是值得的，包括获得性脑损伤的研究。在这里，提出了一种示例方法，用于在没有人类在场的情况下自动训练和测试蜂群笼中的个体大鼠行为。射频识别可用于为个体大鼠定制疗程。该系统的验证是在测量中风前后熟练前肢运动性能的示例环境中进行的。测量了中风后行为障碍的传统特征和系统启用的新措施，包括成功率、拉力的各个方面、回合分析、启动率和模式、会话持续时间和昼夜节律模式。这些变量可以自动收集，几乎没有限制;尽管该装置取消了对暴露、时间和实践的实验控制，但验证在动物与动物之间的这些变量中产生了合理的一致性。

这些动物在一个菌落笼中用四只雌性大鼠和在另一个菌落笼中的四只雄性大鼠进行训练和测试。所有大鼠都在四天或更短的时间内学会了通过ORTs。在大约 6 周的训练中，四只雌性大鼠在 120 g 力要求下达到了 >85% 的成功率，雄性大鼠在 10 周内达到了相同的标准（相比之下，与剥夺大鼠的标准训练相比大约 3 周）7。由于在第 2 周到第 6 周之间出现多个硬件和软件故障，需要持续进...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Gathering Self-Initiated Rat Behavioral Data to Characterize Post-Stroke Deficits at JoVE.com

Gathering Self-Initiated Rat Behavioral Data to Characterize Post-Stroke Deficits

提出了一种系统，用于从社会群体笼环境中自发的个体行为会话中获取数据。该系统的功效通过自动化熟练伸展评估得到证明，可以表征中风后运动障碍、与动机相关的潜在行为改变、昼夜节律变化和其他创新的因变量。

收集自发的大鼠行为数据以表征中风后缺陷

Behavioral testing in rat models is frequently utilized for diverse purposes, including psychological, biomedical, and behavioral research. Many ...

这项研究旨在通过使动物能够生活在丰富的殖民地住房中，来解决基于行为的实验中的典型局限性。目标是促进自发的行为测试和培训，并展示该方法如何生成有效的个体化数据，包括典型的和新颖的中风后因变量。对于进行行为实验的研究人员来说，有几个挑战，包括花时间进行行为训练，并尽量减少与人类处理啮齿动物和剥夺食物、运动和社交互动相关的任何潜在混淆。希望该协议的研究结果表明，追求自动化、无人类和/或生态丰富的方法来收集行为数据的效用。我们希望这将鼓励其他研究人员利用这种高通量方法来探索新的变量和一系列实验范式。首先，获得一个预组装的单鼠旋转门或 ORT。将射频识别器或 RFID 阅读器连接到 ORT，然后将 RFID 天线固定到 ORT 管上。将 ORT 连接到行为装置和菌落笼之间。安装 RFID 系统以在动物通过 ORT 时读取它们。将相同大小的大鼠队列引入菌落笼。训练大鼠通过ORT定期进入行为装置。接下来，将投票手柄引入熟练的触及设备中。在Arduino程序中，要将拉柄设置为最高灵敏度，请转到RAT。H 文件并定义启动拉动所需的力阈值。每天将控制杆缩回 0.25 至 0.5 毫米，直到达到腔室外 1 至 1.25 厘米的最终位置。启动百分位数训练计划，逐步增加激活手柄所需的拉力。一旦大鼠可靠地达到 120 克拉力的最终标准范围，就删除百分位数训练程序并将手柄激活标准固定为 120 克。将中风诱导的大鼠在传统笼子中恢复三到七天。恢复后，将大鼠送回蜂群笼中，并将ORT连接到熟练的伸展装置上。在 120 克的拉力要求下完成行为测试，直到收集到足够的数据来评估中风后缺陷。在熟练的伸展评估中，观察到中风诱导后大鼠的成功率、每次拉动的平均力和每次拉力的显着变化。中风没有影响会话的启动。女性开始的疗程一直比男性多，中风后的比率没有变化。相比之下，大多数大鼠表现出增加的腔室持续时间，可能是由于回合成功率降低。中风影响了男性和女性全天会话分布的昼夜节律模式。在中风之前，动物主要在光照周期的早期和雌性在黑暗周期开始之前参与这项任务。中风后，男性和女性都转向在整个光周期中逐渐增加参与。转化中风研究目前利用各种关键行为测定，但大多数需要劳动密集型和一对一的测试以及偶尔的动物训练。此外，由于检测主要以实验或启动的会话和任务为特征，因此很少捕获自启动变量。与典型的行为训练和测试方法相比，该协议提供了几个优点。它解决了与人工操作相关的混淆问题，减少了研究人员的日常劳动，实现了多种富集来源，甚至提供了昼夜节律和启动变量的新测量方法。

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

Behavioral Phenotyping of Murine Disease Models with the Integrated Behavioral Station (INBEST)

Behavioral Phenotyping of Murine Disease Models with the Integrated Behavioral Station INBEST

小鼠疾病模型的集成行为车站行为表型（INBEST）

Due to rapid advances in genetic engineering, small rodents have become the preferred subjects in many disciplines of biomedical research. In studies of ...

科研

行为学

A Procedure to Observe Context-induced Renewal of Pavlovian-conditioned Alcohol-seeking Behavior in Rats

一个过程来观察大鼠巴甫洛夫空调酒精寻求行为的背景下引发的重建

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate ...

Assessing the Multiple Dimensions of Engagement to Characterize Learning: A Neurophysiological Perspective

评估参与的多维度来表征学习：神经生理学角度

In a recent theoretical synthesis on the concept of engagement, Fredricks, Blumenfeld and Paris1 defined engagement by its multiple dimensions: ...

A Mouse Model of Subchronic and Mild Social Defeat Stress for Understanding Stress-induced Behavioral and Physiological Deficits

亚慢性和温和的社会失败应激的小鼠模型理解应激诱导行为和生理赤字

Stressful life events often increase the incidence of depression in humans. To study the mechanisms of depression, the development of animal models of ...

Detecting Behavioral Deficits in Rats After Traumatic Brain Injury

颅脑损伤后大鼠行为缺陷的检测

With the increasing incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in both civilian and military populations, TBI is now considered a chronic disease; however, ...

Modeling Verbal Behavior Deficits with the Stimulus Control Ratio Equation, SCoRE

使用刺激控制比率方程对言语行为缺陷建模,SCoRE

Verbal operant analyses are the extension of functional analysis technology to the field of verbal behavior, of particular relevance to autism spectrum ...

A Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Technique for Inducing Post-stroke Depression in Rats

一种中脑动脉闭塞技术在大鼠脑卒中后抑郁中的诱导

Post-stroke depression (PSD) is the most recurrent of all psychiatric complications resulting from an ischemic stroke. A greater majority (about 60%) of ...

Behavioral Approaches to Studying Innate Stress in Zebrafish

斑马鱼内生应激研究的行为方法

Responding appropriately to stressful stimuli is essential for survival of an organism. Extensive research has been done on a wide spectrum of ...

An Instrumented Pull Test to Characterize Postural Responses

一种表征姿势反应的仪器拉力测试

Impairment of postural reflexes, termed postural instability, is a common and disabling deficit in Parkinson's disease. To assess postural reflexes, ...