Name: high-speed optical diagnostics of a supersonic ping-pong cannon
Uploaded: 2023-03-24T13:10:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High-Speed Optical Diagnostics of a Supersonic Ping-Pong Cannon at JoVE.com

Este trabalho é apoiado pela Divisão de Ensino de Graduação da NSF (prêmio # 2021157) como parte do programa IUSE: EHR

1. Construção e montagem do canhão de pingue-pongue (PPC)
<ol><li>Monte todos os componentes do PPC de acordo com a Figura 1.</li>
	<li>Insira duas janelas de acrílico de alta claridade nas laterais do canhão para permitir a sondagem óptica em todo o interior do canhão.<ol><li>Faça dois furos 1/2 em lados opostos do PVC perto da saída do canhão.</li>
		<li>Prepare dois 1/8 em janelas grossas de acrílico usando um gravador a laser. Faça o download dos três arqu...

<ol>
	<li>Peterson, R. W., Pulford, B. N., Stein, K. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+ping-pong+cannon:+A+closer+look.">The ping-pong cannon: A closer look.</a> The Physics Teacher. 43 (1), 22-25 (2005).</li><li>Olson, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+shock+waves+in+expansion+tube+accelerators.">The role of shock waves in expansion tube accelerators.</a> American Journal of Physics. 74 (12), 1071-1076 (2006).</li><li>Cockman, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+vacuum+bazooka.">Improved vacuum bazooka.</a> The Physics Teacher. 41 (4), 246-247 (2003).</li><li>Ayars, E., Buchholtz, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+the+vacuum+cannon.">Analysis of the vacuum cannon.</a> American Journal of Physics. 72 (7), 961-963 (2004).</li><li>Thuecks, D. J., Demas, H. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modeling+the+effect+of+air-intake+aperture+size+in+the+ping-pong+ball+cannon.">Modeling the effect of air-intake aperture size in the ping-pong ball cannon.</a> American Journal of Physics. 87 (2), 136-140 (2019).</li><li>Liepmann, H. W., Roshko, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Elements of gas dynamics. , (1957).</li><li>Settles, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Schlieren and shadowgraph techniques. , (2001).</li><li>Geisert, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+single+mirror+schlieren+optical+system.">A single mirror schlieren optical system.</a> American Journal of Physics. 52 (5), 467 (1984).</li><li>French, R. M., Gorrepati, V., Alcorta, E., Jackson, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+mechanics+of+a+ping-pong+ball+gun.">The mechanics of a ping-pong ball gun.</a> Experimental Techniques. 32 (1), 24-30 (2008).</li><li>French, M., Zehrung, C., Stratton, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+supersonic+ping-pong+gun.">A supersonic ping-pong gun.</a> arXiv. , (2013).</li><li>French, F., Choudhuri, R., Stratton, J., Zehrung, C., Huston, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+modular+supersonic+ping-pong+gun.">A modular supersonic ping-pong gun.</a> arXiv. , (2018).</li><li>Fredrick, C. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Complementary+studies+on+supersonic+nozzle+flow:+heterodyne+interferometry,+high-speed+video+shadowgraphy,+and+numerical+simulation.">Complementary studies on supersonic nozzle flow: heterodyne interferometry, high-speed video shadowgraphy, and numerical simulation.</a> WIT Transactions on Modelling and Simulation. 59, 223-234 (2015).</li></ol>

Apresentamos um método para a construção de um CPP e um CPSS, juntamente com diagnósticos ópticos para a medição das velocidades das esferas e para a caracterização da propagação do choque próximo à saída do canhão. O PPC padrão é construído com uma seção de 2 m de 1,5 em tubo de PVC de programação 80. O tubo é equipado com flanges em cada extremidade, conexões de vácuo de conexão rápida e janelas de acrílico perto da saída para diagnóstico a laser. Um esquema detalhado do CPP é mostrado na...

A CPP é uma demonstração física popular usada para mostrar a imensa pressão do ar à qual as pessoas estão continuamente expostas 1,2,3,4,5. A demonstração envolve a colocação de uma bola de pingue-pongue em uma seção de tubo que tem um diâmetro interno que é aproximadamente igual ao diâmetro da bola. O tubo é selado em cada extremidade com fita adesiva e evacuado para uma pressão interna inferior a 2 Torr. A fita em uma das extremidades do tubo é perfurada, o que permite que o ar entre no canhão e faz com que a bola experimente acelerações máximas de aproximadamente 5.000 g's. A bola, que é acelerada apenas pela pressão atmosférica, sai do canhão a uma velocidade de aproximadamente 300 m/s depois de viajar 2 m.
Embora o PPC seja comumente operado como uma simples demonstração da pressão atmosférica, ele também é um aparelho que exibe física complexa de escoamentos compressíveis, o que resultou em inúmeros projetos abertos de estudantes. A dinâmica da bola é influenciada por fatores secundários, como o atrito da parede, o vazamento de ar ao redor da bola e a formação de ondas de choque pela bola em aceleração. A aceleração substancial da bola introduz uma onda de compressão de grande amplitude que viaja pelo tubo na frente da bola. Essas compressões viajam mais rápido do que a velocidade do som local, resultando em um aumento da onda de compressão e na eventual formação de uma onda de choque6. Trabalhos anteriores estudaram o rápido acúmulo de pressão na saída do tubo devido aos reflexos da onda de choque entre a bola e a saída do tubo e o consequente descolamento da fita antes da saída da bola2. O vídeo de alta velocidade utilizando a técnica de imagem de schlieren de espelho único revelou a resposta da fita às ondas de choque refletindo e o eventual descolamento da fita na saída do CPP 7,8 (Vídeo 1). Assim, o PPC serve tanto como uma simples demonstração da pressão do ar que intriga públicos de todas as idades quanto como um dispositivo exibindo física complexa de fluidos, que pode ser estudada em grande detalhe em um ambiente de laboratório.
Com o PPC padrão, as velocidades da bola de pingue-pongue são limitadas pela velocidade do som. Esta versão básica do PPC é abordada no escopo deste artigo, juntamente com um canhão modificado usado para impulsionar a bola a velocidades supersônicas. Em trabalhos anteriores de French et al., as velocidades supersônicas da bola de pingue-pongue foram alcançadas utilizando o fluxo acionado por pressão através de um bocal convergente-divergente 9,10,11. O SSPPC aqui apresentado utiliza um tubo pressurizado (driver) para fornecer um diferencial de pressão maior na bola de pingue-pongue do que é fornecido apenas pela pressão atmosférica. Um diafragma fino de poliéster é utilizado para separar o tubo condutor do tubo evacuado (acionado) que contém a esfera. Este diafragma rompe-se sob pressão suficiente (geralmente 5-70 psi, dependendo da espessura do diafragma), acelerando assim a bola de pingue-pongue para velocidades de até Mach 1,4. A bola supersônica de pingue-pongue produz uma onda de choque estacionária, como pode ser visto usando técnicas de imagem de shadowgraph de alta velocidade 7,12 (Vídeo 2).
Um laser HeNe de baixa potência (classe II) é usado para realizar estudos de diagnóstico óptico sobre o desempenho do canhão. O feixe de laser HeNe é dividido em dois caminhos, com um caminho atravessando um conjunto de janelas de acrílico perto da saída do canhão e o segundo caminho atravessando logo após a saída do canhão. Cada caminho termina em um fotorreceptor, e o sinal é exibido em um osciloscópio de canal duplo. O traço do osciloscópio registrado durante o disparo do canhão revela informações sobre a velocidade da bola de pingue-pongue acelerada e o fluxo compressível e as ondas de choque que precedem a saída da bola do canhão. A velocidade da bola de pingue-pongue de 40 mm de diâmetro em cada local do feixe está diretamente relacionada ao tempo em que a bola bloqueia o feixe. Uma configuração sensível de detecção de choque "ponta de faca" é obtida cobrindo metade do detector com um pedaço de fita elétrica preta e posicionando a borda da fita no centro do feixe2. Com esta configuração, pequenas deflexões do feixe de laser He-Ne, produzidas pelo índice compressível induzido pelo fluxo de gradientes de refração, são claramente visíveis como picos de tensão no traçado do osciloscópio. As ondas de choque que viajam em direção à saída do canhão e as ondas de choque refletidas desviam o feixe em direções opostas e, portanto, são identificadas por um pico de tensão positivo ou negativo.
Aqui, fornecemos instruções para a construção e utilização de um CPP e CPSS otimizados, bem como técnicas de diagnóstico óptico (Figura 1, Figura 2 e Figura 3). As técnicas e medidas ópticas diagnósticas foram desenvolvidas em anos anteriores de estudo 1,2.

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high-speed optical diagnostics of a supersonic ping-pong cannon

O canhão de pingue-pongue tradicional (PPC) é um aparato educacional que lança uma bola de pingue-pongue por um tubo evacuado a velocidades quase sônicas usando apenas a pressão atmosférica. O SSPPC, uma versão aumentada do PPC, atinge velocidades supersônicas acelerando a bola com pressão maior do que a atmosférica. Fornecemos instruções para a construção e utilização de um PPC e SSPPC otimizados.
Diagnósticos ópticos são implementados com o propósito de investigar a dinâmica do canhão. Um laser HeNe que é enviado através de duas janelas de acrílico perto da saída do tubo é terminado em um sensor fotorreceptor. Um microprocessador mede o tempo que o feixe é obstruído pela bola de pingue-pongue para calcular automaticamente a velocidade da bola. Os resultados são imediatamente apresentados em um display LCD. 
Uma configuração óptica de ponta de faca fornece um meio altamente sensível de detectar ondas de choque, cortando uma fração do feixe HeNe no sensor. As ondas de choque causam deflexões induzidas por refração do feixe, que são observadas como pequenos picos de tensão no sinal elétrico do fotorreceptor. 
Os métodos apresentados são altamente reprodutíveis e oferecem a oportunidade de investigações adicionais em laboratório.

Aqui, fornecemos instruções para a construção e utilização de um PPC e um SSPPC, juntamente com a implementação do diagnóstico óptico para caracterização de choques e medições de velocidade. Resultados experimentais representativos também são fornecidos. Os sistemas completos do PPC e SSPPC, juntamente com os acessórios necessários, são mostrados na Figura 1 e na Figura 2. O SSPPC é uma versão aumentada do PPC, onde uma seção pressurizada ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High-Speed Optical Diagnostics of a Supersonic Ping-Pong Cannon at JoVE.com

High-Speed Optical Diagnostics of a Supersonic Ping-Pong Cannon

Descrevemos um método para a construção de um canhão supersônico de pingue-pongue (SSPPC) juntamente com técnicas de diagnóstico óptico para a medição da velocidade da bola e a caracterização da propagação de ondas de choque durante o disparo do canhão.

Diagnóstico óptico de alta velocidade de um canhão de pingue-pongue supersônico

The traditional ping-pong cannon (PPC) is an educational apparatus that launches a ping-pong ball down an evacuated pipe to nearly sonic speeds using ...

Fornecemos instruções para construir e operar um canhão de pingue-pongue supersônico, juntamente com técnicas de diagnóstico óptico para medir velocidades de bola e detectar ondas de choque. A configuração da ponta da faca óptica é altamente sensível a pequenas deflexões transversais de um feixe de laser e fornece um meio para detectar ondas de choque associadas ao canhão. Para começar, ligue os receptores fotográficos e o módulo laser conectando-os a uma fonte de alimentação limitada de corrente de 15 volts e a uma fonte de alimentação a laser.Em seguida, conecte os receptores fotográficos aos dois canais do osciloscópio usando cabos BNC. Para a configuração do diagnóstico óptico, coloque o laser perpendicularmente ao canhão fabricado com o primeiro feixe atravessando as janelas de acrílico dentro do tubo e o segundo fora da saída do canhão. Coloque fita elétrica preta sobre a metade do sensor do receptor de fotos, criando uma configuração de detecção de choque na borda da faca.Para evitar o corte, ajuste a posição do feixe na borda da faca para que a tensão basal seja de aproximadamente 50% do máximo. Em seguida, ajuste as configurações no osciloscópio para coletar 20 milhões de pontos de dados. Use o botão de escala horizontal para definir a taxa de aquisição de dados para 500 mega-hertz.Gire o botão de gatilho para disparar a uma tensão ligeiramente abaixo da linha de base definida adquirida do receptor de fotos. Antes de disparar o PPC, use proteção auricular e ocular. Insira uma bola de pingue-pongue na saída do canhão e sopre levemente na extremidade do canhão até atingir o encaixe de vácuo perto da entrada do tubo.Sele a flange de saída do canhão e a tampa de acrílico usando dois pedaços de fita quadrada. Verifique se o feixe de laser está centralizado na borda da faca, se o gatilho está posicionado corretamente e se o recipiente de captura está seguro. Ligue a bomba de vácuo para evacuar o tubo para uma pressão absoluta reduzida de menos de dois Torr.Uma vez atingido um vácuo suficiente, use uma ponta de cabeça larga para perfurar a fita na entrada. Após a dispara, desligue a bomba de vácuo e remova qualquer fita restante da flange de saída e da tampa de acrílico. Para acionar o PPC supersônico, feche a válvula que conecta o tubo do driver ao compressor de ar e encha o tanque do compressor de ar.Sopre a bola, como demonstrado anteriormente. Depois de selar o flange de saída supersônico PPC, insira um fino diafragma de poliéster pré-cortado entre duas juntas de borracha e coloque-as entre o driver do canhão e as seções acionadas. Conecte as duas seções usando quatro abraçadeiras de came.Uma vez que a pressão é reduzida no tubo, libere a pressão do compressor de ar para o tubo do motorista, permitindo que a pressão aumente até que o diafragma se rompa e o ar comprimido dentro do tubo do motorista encha o tubo acionado evacuado. Após o disparo do PPC supersônico, desligue o compressor de ar e a bomba de vácuo. Remova o diafragma e a fita de poliéster rompidos do canhão.A onda de choque propagante, refletida durante todo o processo de disparo dos canhões, foi representada por uma mudança na tensão em relação ao tempo. Uma ponta positiva ou negativa demonstra a direção da onda de choque no sinal, e a velocidade foi calculada através da largura de pulso quadrada, produzida pela bola cortando o feixe. Um microprocessador foi usado para processar o sinal do feixe que atravessa o interior do tubo para calcular e exibir automaticamente a velocidade da bola perto da saída do canhão.Os traços do osciloscópio demonstraram o disparo de canal duplo do PPC supersônico. O traço superior representa a viga que atravessa o interior do canhão, perto da saída. Já o traço inferior corresponde ao feixe que atravessa o caminho da bola de pingue-pongue após sair do canhão.Um sinal de corte indicava que a bola passava e obstruía cada trave. O gráfico do diferencial de pressão versus o número de Mach revelou que diafragmas de 0,001 e 0,002 polegadas de espessura se rompem com diferencial de pressão suficiente para acelerar a bola de pingue-pongue à velocidade supersônica. A velocidade da bola foi consistentemente maior do que Mach 1.3 com um diafragma de 0,002 polegada de espessura.O canhão de pingue-pongue supersônico apresentado e o diagnóstico óptico aumentarão o valor do canhão, tanto como um dispositivo de demonstração quanto como um aparelho para experimentos laboratoriais subsequentes.

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Unit 1

Kinematics of a Particle

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

Construction and Testing of Coin Cells of Lithium Ion Batteries

Rechargeable lithium ion batteries have wide applications in electronics, where customers always demand more capacity and longer lifetime. Lithium ion batteries have also been considered to be used in electric and hybrid vehicles1 or even electrical grid stabilization systems2. All these applications simulate a dramatic increase in the research and development of battery materials3-7, including new materials3,8, doping9, nanostructuring10-13, coatings or surface modifications14-17 and novel binders18. Consequently, an increasing number of physicists, chemists and materials scientists have recently ventured into this area. Coin cells are widely used in research laboratories to test new battery materials; even for the research and development that target large-scale and high-power applications, small coin cells are often used to test the capacities and rate capabilities of new materials in the initial stage. 
 In 2010, we started a National Science Foundation (NSF) sponsored research project to investigate the surface adsorption and disordering in battery materials (grant no. DMR-1006515). In the initial stage of this project, we have struggled to learn the techniques of assembling and testing coin cells, which cannot be achieved without numerous help of other researchers in other universities (through frequent calls, email exchanges and two site visits). Thus, we feel that it is beneficial to document, by both text and video, a protocol of assembling and testing a coin cell, which will help other new researchers in this field. This effort represents the "Broader Impact" activities of our NSF project, and it will also help to educate and inspire students.
In this video article, we document a protocol to assemble a CR2032 coin cell with a LiCoO2 working electrode, a Li counter electrode, and (the mostly commonly used) polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binder. To ensure new learners to readily repeat the protocol, we keep the protocol as specific and explicit as we can. However, it is important to note that in specific research and development work, many parameters adopted here can be varied. First, one can make coin cells of different sizes and test the working electrode against a counter electrode other than Li. Second, the amounts of C black and binder added into the working electrodes are often varied to suit the particular purpose of research; for example, large amounts of C black or even inert powder were added to the working electrode to test the "intrinsic" performance of cathode materials14. Third, better binders (other than PVDF) have also developed and used18. Finally, other types of electrolytes (instead of LiPF6) can also be used; in fact, certain high-voltage electrode materials will require the uses of special electrolytes7.

A protocol to construct and test coin cells of lithium ion batteries is described. The specific procedures of making a working electrode, preparing a counter electrode, assembling a cell inside a glovebox and testing the cell are presented.

Construção e Teste de Pilhas da moeda de baterias de lítio

Rechargeable lithium ion batteries have wide applications in electronics, where customers always demand more capacity and longer lifetime.  Lithium ion ...

Engenharia

Fabricating Metamaterials Using the Fiber Drawing Method

Metamaterials are man-made composite materials, fabricated by assembling components much smaller than the wavelength at which they operate 1. They owe their electromagnetic properties to the structure of their constituents, instead of the atoms that compose them. For example, sub-wavelength metal wires can be arranged to possess an effective electric permittivity that is either positive or negative at a given frequency, in contrast to the metals themselves 2. This unprecedented control over the behaviour of light can potentially lead to a number of novel devices, such as invisibility cloaks 3, negative refractive index materials 4, and lenses that resolve objects below the diffraction limit 5. However, metamaterials operating at optical, mid-infrared and terahertz frequencies are conventionally made using nano- and micro-fabrication techniques that are expensive and produce samples that are at most a few centimetres in size 6-7. Here we present a fabrication method to produce hundreds of meters of metal wire metamaterials in fiber form, which exhibit a terahertz plasmonic response 8. We combine the stack-and-draw technique used to produce microstructured polymer optical fiber 9 with the Taylor-wire process 10, using indium wires inside polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) tubes. PMMA is chosen because it is an easy to handle, drawable dielectric with suitable optical properties in the terahertz region; indium because it has a melting temperature of 156.6 &deg;C which is appropriate for codrawing with PMMA. We include an indium wire of 1 mm diameter and 99.99% purity in a PMMA tube with 1 mm inner diameter (ID) and 12 mm outside diameter (OD) which is sealed at one end. The tube is evacuated and drawn down to an outer diameter of 1.2 mm. The resulting fiber is then cut into smaller pieces, and stacked into a larger PMMA tube. This stack is sealed at one end and fed into a furnace while being rapidly drawn, reducing the diameter of the structure by a factor of 10, and increasing the length by a factor of 100. Such fibers possess features on the micro- and nano- scale, are inherently flexible, mass-producible, and can be woven to exhibit electromagnetic properties that are not found in nature. They represent a promising platform for a number of novel devices from terahertz to optical frequencies, such as invisible fibers, woven negative refractive index cloths, and super-resolving lenses.

Metamaterials at terahertz frequencies offer unique opportunities, but are challenging to fabricate in bulk. We adapt the fabrication procedure for microstructured polymer optical fibers to inexpensively fabricate metamaterials potentially on an industrial scale. We produce polymethylmethacrylate fibers containing ~10 &mu;m diameter indium wires separated by ~100 &mu;m, which exhibit a terahertz plasmonic response.

Os metamateriais usando o método de fabricação Desenho de Fibra

Metamaterials are man-made composite materials, fabricated by assembling components much smaller than the wavelength at which they operate 1. They owe ...

Optical Trapping of Nanoparticles

Optical trapping is a technique for immobilizing and manipulating small objects in a gentle way using light, and it has been widely applied in trapping and manipulating small biological particles. Ashkin and co-workers first demonstrated optical tweezers using a single focused beam1. The single beam trap can be described accurately using the perturbative gradient force formulation in the case of small Rayleigh regime particles1. In the perturbative regime, the optical power required for trapping a particle scales as the inverse fourth power of the particle size. High optical powers can damage dielectric particles and cause heating. For instance, trapped latex spheres of 109 nm in diameter were destroyed by a 15 mW beam in 25 sec1, which has serious implications for biological matter2,3.
A self-induced back-action (SIBA) optical trapping was proposed to trap 50 nm polystyrene spheres in the non-perturbative regime4. In a non-perturbative regime, even a small particle with little permittivity contrast to the background can influence significantly the ambient electromagnetic field and induce a large optical force. As a particle enters an illuminated aperture, light transmission increases dramatically because of dielectric loading. If the particle attempts to leave the aperture, decreased transmission causes a change in momentum outwards from the hole and, by Newton's Third Law, results in a force on the particle inwards into the hole, trapping the particle. The light transmission can be monitored; hence, the trap can become a sensor. The SIBA trapping technique can be further improved by using a double-nanohole structure.
The double-nanohole structure has been shown to give a strong local field enhancement5,6. Between the two sharp tips of the double-nanohole, a small particle can cause a large change in optical transmission, thereby inducing a large optical force. As a result, smaller nanoparticles can be trapped, such as 12 nm silicate spheres7 and 3.4 nm hydrodynamic radius bovine serum albumin proteins8. In this work, the experimental configuration used for nanoparticle trapping is outlined. First, we detail the assembly of the trapping setup which is based on a Thorlabs Optical Tweezer Kit. Next, we explain the nanofabrication procedure of the double-nanohole in a metal film, the fabrication of the microfluidic chamber and the sample preparation. Finally, we detail the data acquisition procedure and provide typical results for trapping 20 nm polystyrene nanospheres.

The following setup approach details low power optical trapping of dielectric nanoparticles using a double-nanohole in metal film.

Captura óptica de nanopartículas

Optical trapping is a technique for immobilizing and manipulating small objects in a gentle way using light, and it has been widely applied in trapping ...

High-resolution, High-speed, Three-dimensional Video Imaging with Digital Fringe Projection Techniques

Digital fringe projection (DFP) techniques provide dense 3D measurements of dynamically changing surfaces.&#160;Like the human eyes and brain, DFP uses triangulation between matching points in two views of the same scene at different angles to compute depth.&#160;However, unlike a stereo-based method, DFP uses a digital video projector to replace one of the cameras1. The projector rapidly projects a known sinusoidal pattern onto the subject, and the surface of the subject distorts these patterns in the camera&#8217;s field of view. Three distorted patterns (fringe images) from the camera can be used to compute the depth using triangulation.
Unlike other 3D measurement methods, DFP techniques lead to systems that tend to be faster, lower in equipment cost, more flexible, and easier to develop.&#160;DFP systems can also achieve the same measurement resolution as the camera.&#160;For this reason, DFP and other digital structured light techniques have recently been the focus of intense research (as summarized in1-5). Taking advantage of DFP, the graphics processing unit, and optimized algorithms, we have developed a system capable of 30&#160;Hz 3D video data acquisition, reconstruction, and display for over 300,000 measurement points per frame6,7.&#160;Binary defocusing DFP methods can achieve even greater speeds8.
Diverse applications can benefit from DFP techniques. Our collaborators have used our systems for facial function analysis9, facial animation10, cardiac mechanics studies11, and fluid surface measurements, but many other potential applications exist.&#160;This video will teach the fundamentals of DFP techniques and illustrate the design and operation of a binary defocusing DFP system.

This video describes the fundamentals of digital fringe projection techniques, which provide dense 3D measurements of dynamically changing surfaces.&#160;It also demonstrates the design and operation of a high-speed binary defocusing system based on these techniques.

De alta resolução, de alta velocidade, de imagens de vídeo tridimensional com Franja Digital Técnicas de Projeção

Digital fringe projection (DFP) techniques provide dense 3D measurements of dynamically changing surfaces.&#160;Like the human eyes and brain, DFP uses ...

Construction of a High Resolution Microscope with Conventional and Holographic Optical Trapping Capabilities

High resolution microscope systems with optical traps allow for precise manipulation of various refractive objects, such as dielectric beads 1 or cellular organelles 2,3, as well as for high spatial and temporal resolution readout of their position relative to the center of the trap. The system described herein has one such "traditional" trap operating at 980 nm. It additionally provides a second optical trapping system that uses a commercially available holographic package to simultaneously create and manipulate complex trapping patterns in the field of view of the microscope 4,5 at a wavelength of 1,064 nm. The combination of the two systems allows for the manipulation of multiple refractive objects at the same time while simultaneously conducting high speed and high resolution measurements of motion and force production at nanometer and piconewton scale.

The system described herein employs a traditional optical trap as well as an independent holographic optical trapping line, capable of creating and manipulating multiple traps. This allows for the creation of complex geometric arrangements of refractive particles while also permitting simultaneous high-speed, high-resolution measurements of the activity of biological enzymes.

Construção de um microscópio de alta resolução com recursos de captura óptica convencional e holográfico

High resolution microscope systems with optical traps allow for precise manipulation of various refractive objects, such as dielectric beads 1 or cellular ...

High-speed Particle Image Velocimetry Near Surfaces

Multi-dimensional and transient flows play a key role in many areas of science, engineering, and health sciences but are often not well understood. The complex nature of these flows may be studied using particle image velocimetry (PIV), a laser-based imaging technique for optically accessible flows. Though many forms of PIV exist that extend the technique beyond the original planar two-component velocity measurement capabilities, the basic PIV system consists of a light source (laser), a camera, tracer particles, and analysis algorithms. The imaging and recording parameters, the light source, and the algorithms are adjusted to optimize the recording for the flow of interest and obtain valid velocity data. 
Common PIV investigations measure two-component velocities in a plane at a few frames per second. However, recent developments in instrumentation have facilitated high-frame rate (&gt; 1 kHz) measurements capable of resolving transient flows with high temporal resolution. Therefore, high-frame rate measurements have enabled investigations on the evolution of the structure and dynamics of highly transient flows. These investigations play a critical role in understanding the fundamental physics of complex flows.
A detailed description for performing high-resolution, high-speed planar PIV to study a transient flow near the surface of a flat plate is presented here. Details for adjusting the parameter constraints such as image and recording properties, the laser sheet properties, and processing algorithms to adapt PIV for any flow of interest are included.

A procedure for studying transient flows near boundaries using high-resolution, high-speed particle image velocimetry (PIV) is described here. PIV is a non-intrusive measurement technique applicable to any optically accessible flow by optimizing several parameter constraints such as the image and recording properties, the laser sheet properties, and analysis algorithms.

Alta velocidade da partícula Velocimetry Imagem perto de superfícies

Multi-dimensional and transient flows play a key role in many areas of science, engineering, and health sciences but are often not well understood. The ...

Visualization of High Speed Liquid Jet Impaction on a Moving Surface

Two apparatuses for examining liquid jet impingement on a high-speed moving surface are described: an air cannon device (for examining surface speeds between 0 and 25 m/sec) and a spinning disk device (for examining surface speeds between 15 and 100 m/sec). The air cannon linear traverse is a pneumatic energy-powered system that is designed to accelerate a metal rail surface mounted on top of a wooden projectile. A pressurized cylinder fitted with a solenoid valve rapidly releases pressurized air into the barrel, forcing the projectile down the cannon barrel. The projectile travels beneath a spray nozzle, which impinges a liquid jet onto its metal upper surface, and the projectile then hits a stopping mechanism. A camera records the jet impingement, and a pressure transducer records the spray nozzle backpressure. The spinning disk set-up consists of a steel disk that reaches speeds of 500 to 3,000 rpm via a variable frequency drive (VFD) motor. A spray system similar to that of the air cannon generates a liquid jet that impinges onto the spinning disc, and cameras placed at several optical access points record the jet impingement. Video recordings of jet impingement processes are recorded and examined to determine whether the outcome of impingement is splash, splatter, or deposition. The apparatuses are the first that involve the high speed impingement of low-Reynolds-number liquid jets on high speed moving surfaces. In addition to its rail industry applications, the described technique may be used for technical and industrial purposes such as steelmaking and may be relevant to high-speed 3D printing.

Two experimental devices for examining liquid jet impingement on a high-speed moving surface are described: an air cannon device and a spinning disk device. The apparatuses are used to determine optimal approaches to the application of liquid friction modifier (LFM) onto rail tracks for top-of-rail friction control.

Visualização de alta velocidade líquido Jet impactação sobre uma superfície móvel

Two apparatuses for examining liquid jet impingement on a high-speed moving surface are described: an air cannon device (for examining surface speeds ...

Fabrication and Operation of a Nano-Optical Conveyor Belt

The technique of using focused laser beams to trap and exert forces on small particles has enabled many pivotal discoveries in the nanoscale biological and physical sciences over the past few decades. The progress made in this field invites further study of even smaller systems and at a larger scale, with tools that could be distributed more easily and made more widely available. Unfortunately, the fundamental laws of diffraction limit the minimum size of the focal spot of a laser beam, which makes particles smaller than a half-wavelength in diameter hard to trap and generally prevents an operator from discriminating between particles which are closer together than one half-wavelength. This precludes the optical manipulation of many closely-spaced nanoparticles and&#160;limits the&#160;resolution of optical-mechanical systems. Furthermore, manipulation using focused beams requires beam-forming or steering optics, which can be very bulky and expensive. To address these limitations in the system scalability of conventional optical trapping our lab has devised an alternative technique which utilizes near-field optics to move particles across a chip. Instead of focusing laser beams in the far-field, the optical near field of plasmonic resonators produces the necessary local optical intensity enhancement to overcome the restrictions of diffraction and manipulate particles at higher resolution. Closely-spaced resonators produce strong optical traps which can be addressed to mediate the hand-off of particles from one to the next in a conveyor-belt-like fashion. Here, we describe how to design and produce a conveyor belt using a gold surface patterned with plasmonic C-shaped resonators and how to operate it with polarized laser light to achieve super-resolution nanoparticle manipulation and transport. The nano-optical conveyor belt chip can be produced using lithography techniques and easily packaged and distributed.

The scalability and resolution of conventional optical manipulation techniques are limited by diffraction. We circumvent the diffraction limit and describe a method of optically transporting nanoparticles across a chip using a gold surface patterned with a path of closely spaced C-shaped plasmonic resonators.

Fabricação e operação de uma Correia Transportadora Nano-óptica

The technique of using focused laser beams to trap and exert forces on small particles has enabled many pivotal discoveries in the nanoscale biological ...

Writing Bragg Gratings in Multicore Fibers

Fiber Bragg gratings in multicore fibers can be used as compact and robust filters in astronomical and other research and commercial applications. Strong suppression at a single wavelength requires that all cores have matching transmission profiles. These gratings cannot be inscribed using the same method as for single-core fibers because the curved surface of the cladding acts as a lens, focusing the incoming UV laser beam and causing variations in exposure between cores. Therefore we use an additional optical element to ensure that the beam shape does not change while passing through the cross-section of the multicore fiber. This consists of a glass capillary tube which has been polished flat on one side, which is then placed over the section of the fiber to be inscribed. The laser beam enters the fiber through the flat surface of the capillary tube and hence maintains its original dimensions. This paper demonstrates the improvements in core-to-core uniformity for a 7-core fiber using this method. The technique can be generalized to larger multicore fibers.

We describe a technique for inscribing identical fiber Bragg gratings into each core of a multicore fiber. This is achieved by introducing an additional surface into the optical path to mitigate lensing by the curved surface of the fiber cladding.

Escrevendo redes de Bragg em fibras Multicore

Fiber Bragg gratings in multicore fibers can be used as compact and robust filters in astronomical and other research and commercial applications. Strong ...

Compact Lens-less Digital Holographic Microscope for MEMS Inspection and Characterization

A micro-electro-mechanical-system (MEMS) is a widely used component in many industries, including energy, biotechnology, medical, communications, and automotive. However, effective inspection and characterization metrology systems are needed to ensure the functional reliability of MEMS. This study presents a system based on digital holography as a tool for MEMS metrology. Digital holography has gained increasing attention in the past 20 years. With the fast development and decreasing cost of sensor arrays, resolution of such systems has increased broadening potential applications. Thus, it has attracted attention from both research and industry sides as a potential reliable tool for industrial metrology. Indeed, by recording the interference pattern between an object beam (which contains sample height information) and a reference beam on a CCD camera, one can retrieve the quantitative phase information of an object. However, most of digital holographic systems are bulky and thus not easy to implement on industry production lines. The novelty of the system presented is that it is lens-less and thus very compact. In this study, it is shown that the Compact Digital Holographic Microscope (CDHM) can be used to evaluate several characteristics typically consider as criteria in MEMS inspections. The surface profiles of MEMS in both static and dynamic conditions are presented. Comparison with AFM is investigated to validate the accuracy of the CDHM.

We present a compact reflection digital holographic system (CDHM) for inspection and characterization of MEMS devices. A lens-less design using a diverging input wave providing natural geometrical magnification is demonstrated. Both static and dynamic studies are presented.

Compact Lens-less Digital Holographic Microscope de Inspeção MEMS e Caracterização

A micro-electro-mechanical-system (MEMS) is a widely used component in many industries, including energy, biotechnology, medical, communications, and ...