Name: high-speed optical diagnostics of a supersonic ping-pong cannon
Uploaded: 2023-03-24T13:10:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High-Speed Optical Diagnostics of a Supersonic Ping-Pong Cannon at JoVE.com

Este trabajo es apoyado por la División de Educación de Pregrado de NSF (premio # 2021157) como parte del programa IUSE: EHR

1. Construcción y montaje del cañón de ping-pong (PPC)
<ol><li>Ensamble todos los componentes del PPC de acuerdo con la Figura 1.</li>
	<li>Inserte dos ventanas de acrílico de alta claridad en los lados del cañón para permitir el sondeo óptico a través del interior del cañón.<ol><li>Perfore dos 1/2 agujeros a través de lados opuestos del PVC cerca de la salida del cañón.</li>
		<li>Prepare dos 1/8 en ventanas gruesas de acrílico usando un grabador láser. Des...

<ol>
	<li>Peterson, R. W., Pulford, B. N., Stein, K. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+ping-pong+cannon:+A+closer+look.">The ping-pong cannon: A closer look.</a> The Physics Teacher. 43 (1), 22-25 (2005).</li><li>Olson, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+shock+waves+in+expansion+tube+accelerators.">The role of shock waves in expansion tube accelerators.</a> American Journal of Physics. 74 (12), 1071-1076 (2006).</li><li>Cockman, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+vacuum+bazooka.">Improved vacuum bazooka.</a> The Physics Teacher. 41 (4), 246-247 (2003).</li><li>Ayars, E., Buchholtz, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+the+vacuum+cannon.">Analysis of the vacuum cannon.</a> American Journal of Physics. 72 (7), 961-963 (2004).</li><li>Thuecks, D. J., Demas, H. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modeling+the+effect+of+air-intake+aperture+size+in+the+ping-pong+ball+cannon.">Modeling the effect of air-intake aperture size in the ping-pong ball cannon.</a> American Journal of Physics. 87 (2), 136-140 (2019).</li><li>Liepmann, H. W., Roshko, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Elements of gas dynamics. , (1957).</li><li>Settles, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Schlieren and shadowgraph techniques. , (2001).</li><li>Geisert, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+single+mirror+schlieren+optical+system.">A single mirror schlieren optical system.</a> American Journal of Physics. 52 (5), 467 (1984).</li><li>French, R. M., Gorrepati, V., Alcorta, E., Jackson, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+mechanics+of+a+ping-pong+ball+gun.">The mechanics of a ping-pong ball gun.</a> Experimental Techniques. 32 (1), 24-30 (2008).</li><li>French, M., Zehrung, C., Stratton, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+supersonic+ping-pong+gun.">A supersonic ping-pong gun.</a> arXiv. , (2013).</li><li>French, F., Choudhuri, R., Stratton, J., Zehrung, C., Huston, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+modular+supersonic+ping-pong+gun.">A modular supersonic ping-pong gun.</a> arXiv. , (2018).</li><li>Fredrick, C. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Complementary+studies+on+supersonic+nozzle+flow:+heterodyne+interferometry,+high-speed+video+shadowgraphy,+and+numerical+simulation.">Complementary studies on supersonic nozzle flow: heterodyne interferometry, high-speed video shadowgraphy, and numerical simulation.</a> WIT Transactions on Modelling and Simulation. 59, 223-234 (2015).</li></ol>

Hemos presentado un método para la construcción de un PPC y un SSPPC junto con diagnósticos ópticos para la medición de velocidades de bola y para la caracterización de la propagación de choques cerca de la salida del cañón. El PPC estándar está construido con una sección de 2 m de 1,5 en tubería de PVC anexo 80. La tubería está equipada con bridas en cada extremo, accesorios de vacío de conexión rápida y ventanas de acrílico cerca de la salida para el diagnóstico láser. Un esquema detallado del PPC ...

El PPC es una demostración de física popular utilizada para mostrar la inmensa presión del aire a la que las personas están continuamente expuestas 1,2,3,4,5. La demostración consiste en la colocación de una pelota de ping-pong en una sección de tubería que tiene un diámetro interior que es aproximadamente igual al diámetro de la pelota. La tubería se sella en cada extremo con cinta adhesiva y se evacua a una presión interna de menos de 2 Torr. La cinta en un extremo de la tubería está perforada, lo que permite que el aire entre en el cañón y hace que la bola experimente aceleraciones máximas de aproximadamente 5,000 g. La bola, que se acelera solo por la presión atmosférica, sale del cañón a una velocidad de aproximadamente 300 m / s después de viajar 2 m.
Aunque el PPC se opera comúnmente como una simple demostración de la presión atmosférica, también es un aparato que exhibe una física compleja de flujo compresible, lo que ha dado lugar a numerosos proyectos estudiantiles abiertos. La dinámica de la pelota está influenciada por factores secundarios como la fricción de la pared, la fuga de aire alrededor de la pelota y la formación de ondas de choque por la bola que acelera. La aceleración sustancial de la pelota introduce una onda de compresión de gran amplitud que viaja por el tubo frente a la bola. Estas compresiones viajan más rápido que la velocidad del sonido local, lo que resulta en una inclinación de la onda de compresión y la eventual formación de una onda de choque6. Trabajos previos han estudiado la rápida acumulación de presión a la salida del tubo debido a las reflexiones de la onda de choque entre la bola y la salida grabada del tubo y el desprendimiento resultante de la cinta antes de la salida de la bola2. El vídeo de alta velocidad utilizando una técnica de imagen schlieren de un solo espejo ha revelado la respuesta de la cinta a las ondas de choque reflectantes y el eventual desprendimiento de la cinta a la salida del PPC 7,8 (Video 1). Por lo tanto, el PPC sirve como una simple demostración de la presión del aire que intriga a audiencias de todas las edades y como un dispositivo que exhibe física de fluidos compleja, que se puede estudiar con gran detalle en un entorno de laboratorio.
Con el PPC estándar, las velocidades de la pelota de ping-pong están limitadas por la velocidad del sonido. Esta versión básica del PPC está cubierta en el alcance de este documento, junto con un cañón modificado utilizado para impulsar la pelota a velocidades supersónicas. En trabajos previos de French et al., las velocidades supersónicas de las pelotas de ping-pong se han logrado utilizando un flujo impulsado por la presión a través de una boquilla convergente-divergente 9,10,11. El SSPPC presentado aquí utiliza una tubería presurizada (conductor) para proporcionar un diferencial de presión más grande en la pelota de ping-pong que el proporcionado solo por la presión atmosférica. Se utiliza un diafragma delgado de poliéster para separar el tubo conductor del tubo evacuado (accionado) que contiene la bola. Este diafragma se rompe bajo suficiente presión del medidor (generalmente 5-70 psi, dependiendo del grosor del diafragma), acelerando así la pelota de ping-pong a velocidades de hasta Mach 1.4. La pelota de ping-pong supersónica produce una onda de choque estacionaria, como se puede ver utilizando técnicas de imagen de gráficos de sombra de alta velocidad 7,12 (Video 2).
Se utiliza un láser HeNe de baja potencia (clase II) para llevar a cabo estudios de diagnóstico óptico sobre el rendimiento del cañón. El rayo láser HeNe se divide en dos caminos, con un camino que atraviesa un conjunto de ventanas de acrílico cerca de la salida del cañón y el segundo camino que atraviesa justo después de la salida del cañón. Cada camino termina en un fotorreceptor, y la señal se muestra en un osciloscopio de doble canal. La traza del osciloscopio registrada durante el disparo del cañón revela información sobre la velocidad de la pelota de ping-pong acelerada y el flujo compresible y las ondas de choque que preceden a la salida de la pelota del cañón. La velocidad de la pelota de ping-pong de 40 mm de diámetro en cada ubicación del haz está directamente relacionada con el tiempo que la bola bloquea la viga. Se logra una configuración de detección de choques sensible de "filo de cuchillo" cubriendo la mitad del detector con un trozo de cinta aislante negra y colocando el borde de la cinta en el centro del haz2. Con esta configuración, las ligeras desviaciones del rayo láser He-Ne, producidas por el índice de gradientes de refracción inducido por flujo compresible, son claramente visibles como picos de voltaje en la traza del osciloscopio. Las ondas de choque que viajan hacia la salida del cañón y las ondas de choque reflejadas desvían el haz en direcciones opuestas y, por lo tanto, se identifican por un pico de voltaje positivo o negativo.
Aquí, proporcionamos instrucciones para la construcción y utilización de un PPC y SSPPC optimizados, así como técnicas de diagnóstico óptico (Figura 1, Figura 2 y Figura 3). Las técnicas y mediciones ópticas de diagnóstico han sido desarrolladas a través de años previos de estudio 1,2.

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high-speed optical diagnostics of a supersonic ping-pong cannon

El cañón de ping-pong tradicional (PPC) es un aparato educativo que lanza una pelota de ping-pong por una tubería evacuada a velocidades casi sónicas utilizando solo la presión atmosférica. El SSPPC, una versión aumentada del PPC, alcanza velocidades supersónicas acelerando la pelota con una presión superior a la atmosférica. Proporcionamos instrucciones para la construcción y utilización de un PPC y SSPPC optimizados.
Los diagnósticos ópticos se implementan con el propósito de investigar la dinámica del cañón. Un láser HeNe que se envía a través de dos ventanas de acrílico cerca de la salida de la tubería termina en un sensor fotorreceptor. Un microprocesador mide el tiempo que el haz es obstruido por la pelota de ping-pong para calcular automáticamente la velocidad de la pelota. Los resultados se presentan inmediatamente en una pantalla LCD. 
Una configuración óptica de filo de cuchilla proporciona un medio altamente sensible para detectar ondas de choque al cortar una fracción del haz HeNe en el sensor. Las ondas de choque causan desviaciones del haz inducidas por la refracción, que se observan como pequeños picos de voltaje en la señal eléctrica del fotorreceptor. 
Los métodos presentados son altamente reproducibles y ofrecen la oportunidad de una mayor investigación en un entorno de laboratorio.

Aquí, proporcionamos instrucciones para la construcción y utilización de un PPC y un SSPPC, junto con la implementación del diagnóstico óptico para la caracterización de choques y mediciones de velocidad. También se proporcionan resultados experimentales representativos. Los sistemas completos de PPC y SSPPC, junto con los accesorios necesarios, se muestran en la Figura 1 y la Figura 2. El SSPPC es una versión aumentada del PPC, donde una sección de tu...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High-Speed Optical Diagnostics of a Supersonic Ping-Pong Cannon at JoVE.com

High-Speed Optical Diagnostics of a Supersonic Ping-Pong Cannon

Describimos un método para la construcción de un cañón supersónico de ping-pong (SSPPC) junto con técnicas de diagnóstico óptico para la medición de las velocidades de la bola y la caracterización de las ondas de choque propagadoras durante el disparo del cañón.

Diagnóstico óptico de alta velocidad de un cañón supersónico de ping-pong

The traditional ping-pong cannon (PPC) is an educational apparatus that launches a ping-pong ball down an evacuated pipe to nearly sonic speeds using ...

Proporcionamos instrucciones para construir y operar un cañón de ping pong supersónico junto con técnicas de diagnóstico óptico para medir las velocidades de la pelota y detectar ondas de choque. La configuración del filo óptico de la cuchilla es altamente sensible a las pequeñas desviaciones transversales de un rayo láser y proporciona un medio para detectar las ondas de choque asociadas con el cañón. Para comenzar, alimente los receptores de fotos y el módulo láser conectándolos a una fuente de alimentación limitada de corriente de 15 voltios y a una fuente de alimentación láser.Luego, conecte los receptores de fotos a los dos canales del osciloscopio usando cables BNC. Para la configuración de diagnóstico óptico, coloque el láser perpendicular al cañón fabricado con el primer haz atravesando las ventanas de acrílico dentro de la tubería, y el segundo justo fuera de la salida del cañón. Coloque cinta aislante negra sobre la mitad del sensor del receptor de fotos, creando una configuración de detección de choques con filo de cuchillo.Para evitar el recorte, ajuste la posición del haz en el borde de la cuchilla para que el voltaje de referencia sea aproximadamente el 50% del máximo. A continuación, ajuste la configuración del osciloscopio para recopilar 20 millones de puntos de datos. Utilice la perilla de escala horizontal para establecer la velocidad de adquisición de datos en 500 megahercios.Gire la perilla del gatillo para disparar a una tensión ligeramente por debajo de la línea de base establecida adquirida del receptor de fotos. Antes de disparar el PPC, use protección para los oídos y los ojos. Inserte una pelota de ping pong en la salida del cañón y sople ligeramente en el extremo del cañón hasta que golpee el accesorio de vacío cerca de la entrada de la tubería.Selle la brida de salida del cañón y la tapa de acrílico con dos piezas de cinta cuadrada. Asegúrese de que el rayo láser esté centrado en el filo de la cuchilla, que el gatillo esté colocado correctamente y que el contenedor de captura esté seguro. Encienda la bomba de vacío para evacuar la tubería a una presión absoluta reducida de menos de dos Torr.Una vez que se alcance un vacío suficiente, use una punta de cabeza ancha para perforar la cinta en la entrada. Después de disparar, apague la bomba de vacío y retire cualquier cinta restante de la brida de salida y la tapa de acrílico. Para disparar el PPC supersónico, cierre la válvula que conecta la tubería del controlador al compresor de aire y llene el tanque del compresor de aire.Sopla la pelota, como se demostró anteriormente. Después de sellar la brida de salida PPC supersónica, inserte un diafragma de poliéster precortado delgado entre dos juntas de goma y colóquelas entre el controlador del cañón y las secciones accionadas. Conecte las dos secciones con cuatro abrazaderas de leva.Una vez que se reduce la presión en la tubería, libere la presión del compresor de aire en la tubería conductora, permitiendo que la presión aumente hasta que el diafragma se rompa y el aire comprimido dentro de la tubería del controlador llene la tubería impulsada evacuada. Después del disparo supersónico de PPC, apague el compresor de aire y la bomba de vacío. Retire el diafragma de poliéster roto y la cinta del cañón.La onda de choque de propagación, reflejada a lo largo del proceso de disparo del cañón, estaba representada por un cambio en el voltaje con respecto al tiempo. Un pico positivo o negativo demuestra la dirección de la onda de choque en la señal, y la velocidad se calculó a través del ancho de pulso cuadrado, producido por la bola que corta el haz. Se utilizó un microprocesador para procesar la señal del haz que atraviesa el interior de la tubería para calcular y mostrar automáticamente la velocidad de la bola cerca de la salida del cañón.Las trazas del osciloscopio demostraron el disparo de doble canal del PPC supersónico. La traza superior representa el haz que atraviesa el interior del cañón, cerca de la salida. Mientras que la traza inferior corresponde al rayo que atraviesa el camino de la pelota de ping pong después de salir del cañón.Una señal de corte indicaba que la bola pasaba y obstruía cada haz. La gráfica del diferencial de presión frente al número de Mach reveló que los diafragmas de 0.001 y 0.002 pulgadas de espesor se rompen a un diferencial de presión suficiente para acelerar la pelota de ping pong a una velocidad supersónica. La velocidad de la bola era consistentemente mayor que Mach 1.3 con un diafragma de 0.002 pulgadas de espesor.El cañón de ping pong supersónico presentado y el diagnóstico óptico mejorarán el valor del cañón, tanto como dispositivo de demostración como aparato para experimentos de laboratorio de seguimiento.

high-speed-optical-diagnostics-of-a-supersonic-ping-pong-cannon

Research

Education

JoVE Core

JoVE Journal

Mechanical Engineering

Engineering

Unit 1

Kinematics of a Particle

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

Construction and Testing of Coin Cells of Lithium Ion Batteries

Rechargeable lithium ion batteries have wide applications in electronics, where customers always demand more capacity and longer lifetime. Lithium ion batteries have also been considered to be used in electric and hybrid vehicles1 or even electrical grid stabilization systems2. All these applications simulate a dramatic increase in the research and development of battery materials3-7, including new materials3,8, doping9, nanostructuring10-13, coatings or surface modifications14-17 and novel binders18. Consequently, an increasing number of physicists, chemists and materials scientists have recently ventured into this area. Coin cells are widely used in research laboratories to test new battery materials; even for the research and development that target large-scale and high-power applications, small coin cells are often used to test the capacities and rate capabilities of new materials in the initial stage. 
 In 2010, we started a National Science Foundation (NSF) sponsored research project to investigate the surface adsorption and disordering in battery materials (grant no. DMR-1006515). In the initial stage of this project, we have struggled to learn the techniques of assembling and testing coin cells, which cannot be achieved without numerous help of other researchers in other universities (through frequent calls, email exchanges and two site visits). Thus, we feel that it is beneficial to document, by both text and video, a protocol of assembling and testing a coin cell, which will help other new researchers in this field. This effort represents the "Broader Impact" activities of our NSF project, and it will also help to educate and inspire students.
In this video article, we document a protocol to assemble a CR2032 coin cell with a LiCoO2 working electrode, a Li counter electrode, and (the mostly commonly used) polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binder. To ensure new learners to readily repeat the protocol, we keep the protocol as specific and explicit as we can. However, it is important to note that in specific research and development work, many parameters adopted here can be varied. First, one can make coin cells of different sizes and test the working electrode against a counter electrode other than Li. Second, the amounts of C black and binder added into the working electrodes are often varied to suit the particular purpose of research; for example, large amounts of C black or even inert powder were added to the working electrode to test the "intrinsic" performance of cathode materials14. Third, better binders (other than PVDF) have also developed and used18. Finally, other types of electrolytes (instead of LiPF6) can also be used; in fact, certain high-voltage electrode materials will require the uses of special electrolytes7.

A protocol to construct and test coin cells of lithium ion batteries is described. The specific procedures of making a working electrode, preparing a counter electrode, assembling a cell inside a glovebox and testing the cell are presented.

Construcción y verificación de las células de la moneda de baterías de ion de litio

Rechargeable lithium ion batteries have wide applications in electronics, where customers always demand more capacity and longer lifetime.  Lithium ion ...

Investigación

Ingeniería

Fabricating Metamaterials Using the Fiber Drawing Method

Metamaterials are man-made composite materials, fabricated by assembling components much smaller than the wavelength at which they operate 1. They owe their electromagnetic properties to the structure of their constituents, instead of the atoms that compose them. For example, sub-wavelength metal wires can be arranged to possess an effective electric permittivity that is either positive or negative at a given frequency, in contrast to the metals themselves 2. This unprecedented control over the behaviour of light can potentially lead to a number of novel devices, such as invisibility cloaks 3, negative refractive index materials 4, and lenses that resolve objects below the diffraction limit 5. However, metamaterials operating at optical, mid-infrared and terahertz frequencies are conventionally made using nano- and micro-fabrication techniques that are expensive and produce samples that are at most a few centimetres in size 6-7. Here we present a fabrication method to produce hundreds of meters of metal wire metamaterials in fiber form, which exhibit a terahertz plasmonic response 8. We combine the stack-and-draw technique used to produce microstructured polymer optical fiber 9 with the Taylor-wire process 10, using indium wires inside polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) tubes. PMMA is chosen because it is an easy to handle, drawable dielectric with suitable optical properties in the terahertz region; indium because it has a melting temperature of 156.6 &deg;C which is appropriate for codrawing with PMMA. We include an indium wire of 1 mm diameter and 99.99% purity in a PMMA tube with 1 mm inner diameter (ID) and 12 mm outside diameter (OD) which is sealed at one end. The tube is evacuated and drawn down to an outer diameter of 1.2 mm. The resulting fiber is then cut into smaller pieces, and stacked into a larger PMMA tube. This stack is sealed at one end and fed into a furnace while being rapidly drawn, reducing the diameter of the structure by a factor of 10, and increasing the length by a factor of 100. Such fibers possess features on the micro- and nano- scale, are inherently flexible, mass-producible, and can be woven to exhibit electromagnetic properties that are not found in nature. They represent a promising platform for a number of novel devices from terahertz to optical frequencies, such as invisible fibers, woven negative refractive index cloths, and super-resolving lenses.

Metamaterials at terahertz frequencies offer unique opportunities, but are challenging to fabricate in bulk. We adapt the fabrication procedure for microstructured polymer optical fibers to inexpensively fabricate metamaterials potentially on an industrial scale. We produce polymethylmethacrylate fibers containing ~10 &mu;m diameter indium wires separated by ~100 &mu;m, which exhibit a terahertz plasmonic response.

Los metamateriales Fabricacion mediante el método de dibujo de fibra

Metamaterials are man-made composite materials, fabricated by assembling components much smaller than the wavelength at which they operate 1. They owe ...

Optical Trapping of Nanoparticles

Optical trapping is a technique for immobilizing and manipulating small objects in a gentle way using light, and it has been widely applied in trapping and manipulating small biological particles. Ashkin and co-workers first demonstrated optical tweezers using a single focused beam1. The single beam trap can be described accurately using the perturbative gradient force formulation in the case of small Rayleigh regime particles1. In the perturbative regime, the optical power required for trapping a particle scales as the inverse fourth power of the particle size. High optical powers can damage dielectric particles and cause heating. For instance, trapped latex spheres of 109 nm in diameter were destroyed by a 15 mW beam in 25 sec1, which has serious implications for biological matter2,3.
A self-induced back-action (SIBA) optical trapping was proposed to trap 50 nm polystyrene spheres in the non-perturbative regime4. In a non-perturbative regime, even a small particle with little permittivity contrast to the background can influence significantly the ambient electromagnetic field and induce a large optical force. As a particle enters an illuminated aperture, light transmission increases dramatically because of dielectric loading. If the particle attempts to leave the aperture, decreased transmission causes a change in momentum outwards from the hole and, by Newton's Third Law, results in a force on the particle inwards into the hole, trapping the particle. The light transmission can be monitored; hence, the trap can become a sensor. The SIBA trapping technique can be further improved by using a double-nanohole structure.
The double-nanohole structure has been shown to give a strong local field enhancement5,6. Between the two sharp tips of the double-nanohole, a small particle can cause a large change in optical transmission, thereby inducing a large optical force. As a result, smaller nanoparticles can be trapped, such as 12 nm silicate spheres7 and 3.4 nm hydrodynamic radius bovine serum albumin proteins8. In this work, the experimental configuration used for nanoparticle trapping is outlined. First, we detail the assembly of the trapping setup which is based on a Thorlabs Optical Tweezer Kit. Next, we explain the nanofabrication procedure of the double-nanohole in a metal film, the fabrication of the microfluidic chamber and the sample preparation. Finally, we detail the data acquisition procedure and provide typical results for trapping 20 nm polystyrene nanospheres.

The following setup approach details low power optical trapping of dielectric nanoparticles using a double-nanohole in metal film.

Trampas ópticas de las nanopartículas

Optical trapping is a technique for immobilizing and manipulating small objects in a gentle way using light, and it has been widely applied in trapping ...

High-resolution, High-speed, Three-dimensional Video Imaging with Digital Fringe Projection Techniques

Digital fringe projection (DFP) techniques provide dense 3D measurements of dynamically changing surfaces.&#160;Like the human eyes and brain, DFP uses triangulation between matching points in two views of the same scene at different angles to compute depth.&#160;However, unlike a stereo-based method, DFP uses a digital video projector to replace one of the cameras1. The projector rapidly projects a known sinusoidal pattern onto the subject, and the surface of the subject distorts these patterns in the camera&#8217;s field of view. Three distorted patterns (fringe images) from the camera can be used to compute the depth using triangulation.
Unlike other 3D measurement methods, DFP techniques lead to systems that tend to be faster, lower in equipment cost, more flexible, and easier to develop.&#160;DFP systems can also achieve the same measurement resolution as the camera.&#160;For this reason, DFP and other digital structured light techniques have recently been the focus of intense research (as summarized in1-5). Taking advantage of DFP, the graphics processing unit, and optimized algorithms, we have developed a system capable of 30&#160;Hz 3D video data acquisition, reconstruction, and display for over 300,000 measurement points per frame6,7.&#160;Binary defocusing DFP methods can achieve even greater speeds8.
Diverse applications can benefit from DFP techniques. Our collaborators have used our systems for facial function analysis9, facial animation10, cardiac mechanics studies11, and fluid surface measurements, but many other potential applications exist.&#160;This video will teach the fundamentals of DFP techniques and illustrate the design and operation of a binary defocusing DFP system.

This video describes the fundamentals of digital fringe projection techniques, which provide dense 3D measurements of dynamically changing surfaces.&#160;It also demonstrates the design and operation of a high-speed binary defocusing system based on these techniques.

De alta resolución, de alta velocidad, tridimensional de imágenes de vídeo con técnicas de proyección digital de Fringe

Digital fringe projection (DFP) techniques provide dense 3D measurements of dynamically changing surfaces.&#160;Like the human eyes and brain, DFP uses ...

Construction of a High Resolution Microscope with Conventional and Holographic Optical Trapping Capabilities

High resolution microscope systems with optical traps allow for precise manipulation of various refractive objects, such as dielectric beads 1 or cellular organelles 2,3, as well as for high spatial and temporal resolution readout of their position relative to the center of the trap. The system described herein has one such "traditional" trap operating at 980 nm. It additionally provides a second optical trapping system that uses a commercially available holographic package to simultaneously create and manipulate complex trapping patterns in the field of view of the microscope 4,5 at a wavelength of 1,064 nm. The combination of the two systems allows for the manipulation of multiple refractive objects at the same time while simultaneously conducting high speed and high resolution measurements of motion and force production at nanometer and piconewton scale.

The system described herein employs a traditional optical trap as well as an independent holographic optical trapping line, capable of creating and manipulating multiple traps. This allows for the creation of complex geometric arrangements of refractive particles while also permitting simultaneous high-speed, high-resolution measurements of the activity of biological enzymes.

Construcción de un microscopio de alta resolución con capacidades de captura óptica convencional y holográfica

High resolution microscope systems with optical traps allow for precise manipulation of various refractive objects, such as dielectric beads 1 or cellular ...

High-speed Particle Image Velocimetry Near Surfaces

Multi-dimensional and transient flows play a key role in many areas of science, engineering, and health sciences but are often not well understood. The complex nature of these flows may be studied using particle image velocimetry (PIV), a laser-based imaging technique for optically accessible flows. Though many forms of PIV exist that extend the technique beyond the original planar two-component velocity measurement capabilities, the basic PIV system consists of a light source (laser), a camera, tracer particles, and analysis algorithms. The imaging and recording parameters, the light source, and the algorithms are adjusted to optimize the recording for the flow of interest and obtain valid velocity data. 
Common PIV investigations measure two-component velocities in a plane at a few frames per second. However, recent developments in instrumentation have facilitated high-frame rate (&gt; 1 kHz) measurements capable of resolving transient flows with high temporal resolution. Therefore, high-frame rate measurements have enabled investigations on the evolution of the structure and dynamics of highly transient flows. These investigations play a critical role in understanding the fundamental physics of complex flows.
A detailed description for performing high-resolution, high-speed planar PIV to study a transient flow near the surface of a flat plate is presented here. Details for adjusting the parameter constraints such as image and recording properties, the laser sheet properties, and processing algorithms to adapt PIV for any flow of interest are included.

A procedure for studying transient flows near boundaries using high-resolution, high-speed particle image velocimetry (PIV) is described here. PIV is a non-intrusive measurement technique applicable to any optically accessible flow by optimizing several parameter constraints such as the image and recording properties, the laser sheet properties, and analysis algorithms.

Alta velocidad velocímetro de partículas cerca de superficies

Multi-dimensional and transient flows play a key role in many areas of science, engineering, and health sciences but are often not well understood. The ...

Visualization of High Speed Liquid Jet Impaction on a Moving Surface

Two apparatuses for examining liquid jet impingement on a high-speed moving surface are described: an air cannon device (for examining surface speeds between 0 and 25 m/sec) and a spinning disk device (for examining surface speeds between 15 and 100 m/sec). The air cannon linear traverse is a pneumatic energy-powered system that is designed to accelerate a metal rail surface mounted on top of a wooden projectile. A pressurized cylinder fitted with a solenoid valve rapidly releases pressurized air into the barrel, forcing the projectile down the cannon barrel. The projectile travels beneath a spray nozzle, which impinges a liquid jet onto its metal upper surface, and the projectile then hits a stopping mechanism. A camera records the jet impingement, and a pressure transducer records the spray nozzle backpressure. The spinning disk set-up consists of a steel disk that reaches speeds of 500 to 3,000 rpm via a variable frequency drive (VFD) motor. A spray system similar to that of the air cannon generates a liquid jet that impinges onto the spinning disc, and cameras placed at several optical access points record the jet impingement. Video recordings of jet impingement processes are recorded and examined to determine whether the outcome of impingement is splash, splatter, or deposition. The apparatuses are the first that involve the high speed impingement of low-Reynolds-number liquid jets on high speed moving surfaces. In addition to its rail industry applications, the described technique may be used for technical and industrial purposes such as steelmaking and may be relevant to high-speed 3D printing.

Two experimental devices for examining liquid jet impingement on a high-speed moving surface are described: an air cannon device and a spinning disk device. The apparatuses are used to determine optimal approaches to the application of liquid friction modifier (LFM) onto rail tracks for top-of-rail friction control.

Visualización de alta velocidad Liquid Jet impactación sobre una superficie móvil

Two apparatuses for examining liquid jet impingement on a high-speed moving surface are described: an air cannon device (for examining surface speeds ...

Fabrication and Operation of a Nano-Optical Conveyor Belt

The technique of using focused laser beams to trap and exert forces on small particles has enabled many pivotal discoveries in the nanoscale biological and physical sciences over the past few decades. The progress made in this field invites further study of even smaller systems and at a larger scale, with tools that could be distributed more easily and made more widely available. Unfortunately, the fundamental laws of diffraction limit the minimum size of the focal spot of a laser beam, which makes particles smaller than a half-wavelength in diameter hard to trap and generally prevents an operator from discriminating between particles which are closer together than one half-wavelength. This precludes the optical manipulation of many closely-spaced nanoparticles and&#160;limits the&#160;resolution of optical-mechanical systems. Furthermore, manipulation using focused beams requires beam-forming or steering optics, which can be very bulky and expensive. To address these limitations in the system scalability of conventional optical trapping our lab has devised an alternative technique which utilizes near-field optics to move particles across a chip. Instead of focusing laser beams in the far-field, the optical near field of plasmonic resonators produces the necessary local optical intensity enhancement to overcome the restrictions of diffraction and manipulate particles at higher resolution. Closely-spaced resonators produce strong optical traps which can be addressed to mediate the hand-off of particles from one to the next in a conveyor-belt-like fashion. Here, we describe how to design and produce a conveyor belt using a gold surface patterned with plasmonic C-shaped resonators and how to operate it with polarized laser light to achieve super-resolution nanoparticle manipulation and transport. The nano-optical conveyor belt chip can be produced using lithography techniques and easily packaged and distributed.

The scalability and resolution of conventional optical manipulation techniques are limited by diffraction. We circumvent the diffraction limit and describe a method of optically transporting nanoparticles across a chip using a gold surface patterned with a path of closely spaced C-shaped plasmonic resonators.

Fabricación y operación de una banda transportadora nano-óptica

The technique of using focused laser beams to trap and exert forces on small particles has enabled many pivotal discoveries in the nanoscale biological ...

Writing Bragg Gratings in Multicore Fibers

Fiber Bragg gratings in multicore fibers can be used as compact and robust filters in astronomical and other research and commercial applications. Strong suppression at a single wavelength requires that all cores have matching transmission profiles. These gratings cannot be inscribed using the same method as for single-core fibers because the curved surface of the cladding acts as a lens, focusing the incoming UV laser beam and causing variations in exposure between cores. Therefore we use an additional optical element to ensure that the beam shape does not change while passing through the cross-section of the multicore fiber. This consists of a glass capillary tube which has been polished flat on one side, which is then placed over the section of the fiber to be inscribed. The laser beam enters the fiber through the flat surface of the capillary tube and hence maintains its original dimensions. This paper demonstrates the improvements in core-to-core uniformity for a 7-core fiber using this method. The technique can be generalized to larger multicore fibers.

We describe a technique for inscribing identical fiber Bragg gratings into each core of a multicore fiber. This is achieved by introducing an additional surface into the optical path to mitigate lensing by the curved surface of the fiber cladding.

La escritura de Bragg en fibras Multicore

Fiber Bragg gratings in multicore fibers can be used as compact and robust filters in astronomical and other research and commercial applications. Strong ...

Compact Lens-less Digital Holographic Microscope for MEMS Inspection and Characterization

A micro-electro-mechanical-system (MEMS) is a widely used component in many industries, including energy, biotechnology, medical, communications, and automotive. However, effective inspection and characterization metrology systems are needed to ensure the functional reliability of MEMS. This study presents a system based on digital holography as a tool for MEMS metrology. Digital holography has gained increasing attention in the past 20 years. With the fast development and decreasing cost of sensor arrays, resolution of such systems has increased broadening potential applications. Thus, it has attracted attention from both research and industry sides as a potential reliable tool for industrial metrology. Indeed, by recording the interference pattern between an object beam (which contains sample height information) and a reference beam on a CCD camera, one can retrieve the quantitative phase information of an object. However, most of digital holographic systems are bulky and thus not easy to implement on industry production lines. The novelty of the system presented is that it is lens-less and thus very compact. In this study, it is shown that the Compact Digital Holographic Microscope (CDHM) can be used to evaluate several characteristics typically consider as criteria in MEMS inspections. The surface profiles of MEMS in both static and dynamic conditions are presented. Comparison with AFM is investigated to validate the accuracy of the CDHM.

We present a compact reflection digital holographic system (CDHM) for inspection and characterization of MEMS devices. A lens-less design using a diverging input wave providing natural geometrical magnification is demonstrated. Both static and dynamic studies are presented.

Compacto holográfica microscopio digital Lente menos por MEMS Inspección y Caracterización

A micro-electro-mechanical-system (MEMS) is a widely used component in many industries, including energy, biotechnology, medical, communications, and ...