Name: high-speed optical diagnostics of a supersonic ping-pong cannon
Uploaded: 2023-03-24T13:10:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High-Speed Optical Diagnostics of a Supersonic Ping-Pong Cannon at JoVE.com

Bu çalışma, IUSE: EHR programının bir parçası olarak NSF Lisans Eğitimi Bölümü (ödül # 2021157) tarafından desteklenmektedir.

1. Masa tenisi topunun (PPC) yapımı ve montajı
<ol><li>PPC'nin tüm bileşenlerini Şekil 1'e göre birleştirin.</li>
	<li>Topun iç kısmında optik problamaya izin vermek için topun yanlarına iki adet yüksek netlikte akrilik pencere yerleştirin.<ol><li>Topun çıkışına yakın PVC'nin zıt taraflarından iki 1/2 delik açın.</li>
		<li>Bir lazer oymacı kullanarak kalın akrilik pencerelerde iki 1/8 hazırlayın. Üç ek svg dosyasını indirin. NOT: "JoVE_...

<ol>
	<li>Peterson, R. W., Pulford, B. N., Stein, K. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+ping-pong+cannon:+A+closer+look.">The ping-pong cannon: A closer look.</a> The Physics Teacher. 43 (1), 22-25 (2005).</li><li>Olson, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+shock+waves+in+expansion+tube+accelerators.">The role of shock waves in expansion tube accelerators.</a> American Journal of Physics. 74 (12), 1071-1076 (2006).</li><li>Cockman, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+vacuum+bazooka.">Improved vacuum bazooka.</a> The Physics Teacher. 41 (4), 246-247 (2003).</li><li>Ayars, E., Buchholtz, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+the+vacuum+cannon.">Analysis of the vacuum cannon.</a> American Journal of Physics. 72 (7), 961-963 (2004).</li><li>Thuecks, D. J., Demas, H. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modeling+the+effect+of+air-intake+aperture+size+in+the+ping-pong+ball+cannon.">Modeling the effect of air-intake aperture size in the ping-pong ball cannon.</a> American Journal of Physics. 87 (2), 136-140 (2019).</li><li>Liepmann, H. W., Roshko, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Elements of gas dynamics. , (1957).</li><li>Settles, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Schlieren and shadowgraph techniques. , (2001).</li><li>Geisert, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+single+mirror+schlieren+optical+system.">A single mirror schlieren optical system.</a> American Journal of Physics. 52 (5), 467 (1984).</li><li>French, R. M., Gorrepati, V., Alcorta, E., Jackson, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+mechanics+of+a+ping-pong+ball+gun.">The mechanics of a ping-pong ball gun.</a> Experimental Techniques. 32 (1), 24-30 (2008).</li><li>French, M., Zehrung, C., Stratton, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+supersonic+ping-pong+gun.">A supersonic ping-pong gun.</a> arXiv. , (2013).</li><li>French, F., Choudhuri, R., Stratton, J., Zehrung, C., Huston, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+modular+supersonic+ping-pong+gun.">A modular supersonic ping-pong gun.</a> arXiv. , (2018).</li><li>Fredrick, C. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Complementary+studies+on+supersonic+nozzle+flow:+heterodyne+interferometry,+high-speed+video+shadowgraphy,+and+numerical+simulation.">Complementary studies on supersonic nozzle flow: heterodyne interferometry, high-speed video shadowgraphy, and numerical simulation.</a> WIT Transactions on Modelling and Simulation. 59, 223-234 (2015).</li></ol>

Top hızlarının ölçümü ve topun çıkışına yakın şok yayılımının karakterizasyonu için optik teşhis ile birlikte bir PPC ve bir SSPPC'nin inşası için bir yöntem sunduk. Standart PPC, 80 PVC boru çizelgesinde 1,5'lik 2 m'lik bir kesit ile inşa edilmiştir. Boru, her iki ucunda flanşlar, hızlı bağlanan vakum bağlantı parçaları ve lazer teşhisi için çıkışın yakınında akrilik pencerelerle donatılmıştır. PPC'nin ayrıntılı bir şeması Şekil 1'de gö...

PPC, insanların sürekli olarak maruz kaldığı muazzam hava basıncını göstermek için kullanılan popüler bir fizik gösterisidir 1,2,3,4,5. Gösterim, bir pinpon topunun, topun çapına yaklaşık olarak eşit bir iç çapa sahip bir boru bölümüne yerleştirilmesini içerir. Boru her iki ucunda bantla kapatılır ve 2 Torr'dan daha düşük bir iç basınca tahliye edilir. Borunun bir ucundaki bant delinir, bu da havanın topa girmesine izin verir ve topun yaklaşık 5.000 g'lık tepe ivmelenmeleri yaşamasına neden olur. Sadece atmosferik basınçla hızlanan top, 2 m ilerledikten sonra yaklaşık 300 m/s hızla toptan çıkar.
PPC genellikle atmosferik basıncın basit bir gösterimi olarak çalıştırılmasına rağmen, aynı zamanda çok sayıda açık uçlu öğrenci projesiyle sonuçlanan karmaşık sıkıştırılabilir akış fiziği sergileyen bir cihazdır. Topun dinamikleri, duvar sürtünmesi, topun etrafındaki havanın sızması ve hızlanan top tarafından şok dalgalarının oluşumu gibi ikincil faktörlerden etkilenir. Topun önemli ölçüde hızlanması, topun önündeki tüpten aşağı doğru ilerleyen büyük genlikli bir sıkıştırma dalgası ortaya çıkarır. Bu sıkıştırmalar yerel ses hızından daha hızlı hareket eder, bu da sıkıştırma dalgasının dikleşmesine ve sonunda bir şok dalgası6'nın oluşmasına neden olur. Önceki çalışmalar, top ile tüpün bantlanmış çıkışı arasındaki şok dalgasının yansımaları ve topun çıkışından önce bandın ayrılması nedeniyle tüpün çıkışında hızlı basınç birikimini incelemiştir2. Tek aynalı schlieren görüntüleme tekniğini kullanan yüksek hızlı video, bandın yansıtıcı şok dalgalarına tepkisini ve PPC 7,8'in çıkışında bandın nihai olarak ayrıldığını ortaya koymuştur (Video 1). Bu nedenle, PPC hem her yaştan izleyicinin ilgisini çeken basit bir hava basıncı gösterimi hem de laboratuvar ortamında ayrıntılı olarak incelenebilen karmaşık akışkan fiziği sergileyen bir cihaz olarak hizmet vermektedir.
Standart PPC ile, pinpon topu hızları ses hızı ile sınırlıdır. PPC'nin bu temel versiyonu, topu süpersonik hızlara çıkarmak için kullanılan modifiye edilmiş bir topla birlikte bu makalenin kapsamında ele alınmıştır. French ve ark. tarafından yapılan önceki çalışmalarda, süpersonik pinpon topu hızları, yakınsak-uzaklaşan bir nozul 9,10,11'den basınca dayalı akış kullanılarak elde edilmiştir. Burada sunulan SSPPC, pinpon topu üzerinde tek başına atmosferik basınç tarafından sağlanandan daha büyük bir basınç farkı sağlamak için basınçlı (sürücü) bir boru kullanır. Sürücü borusunu, topu içeren tahliye edilmiş (tahrikli) borudan ayırmak için ince bir polyester diyafram kullanılır. Bu diyafram yeterli ölçüm basıncı altında yırtılır (diyafram kalınlığına bağlı olarak genellikle 5-70 psi), böylece pinpon topunu Mach 1.4'e kadar hızlanmak üzere hızlandırır. Süpersonik pinpon topu, yüksek hızlı gölgegraf görüntüleme teknikleri 7,12 kullanılarak görülebileceği gibi, ayakta duran bir şok dalgası üretir (Video 2).
Düşük güçlü (sınıf II) HeNe lazer, topun performansı üzerine optik teşhis çalışmaları yapmak için kullanılır. HeNe lazer ışını iki yola ayrılır, bir yol topun çıkışına yakın bir dizi akrilik pencereden geçer ve ikinci yol topun çıkışından hemen geçer. Her yol bir fotoalıcıda sona erer ve sinyal çift kanallı bir osiloskopta görüntülenir. Topun ateşlenmesi sırasında kaydedilen osiloskop izi, hem hızlandırılmış pinpon topunun hızı hem de topun toptan çıkışından önceki sıkıştırılabilir akış ve şok dalgaları hakkında bilgi verir. Her bir ışın konumundaki 40 mm çapındaki pinpon topunun hızı, topun kirişi bloke ettiği zamanla doğrudan ilgilidir. Hassas bir "bıçak kenarı" şok algılama kurulumu, dedektörün yarısını bir parça siyah elektrik bandı ile kaplayarak ve bandın kenarını ışın2'nin ortasına yerleştirerek elde edilir. Bu kurulumla, sıkıştırılabilir akışa bağlı kırılma gradyanları indeksi tarafından üretilen He-Ne lazer ışınının hafif sapmaları, osiloskop izi üzerindeki voltaj artışları olarak açıkça görülebilir. Top çıkışına doğru ilerleyen şok dalgaları ve yansıyan şok dalgaları ışını zıt yönlere saptırır ve bu nedenle pozitif veya negatif voltaj artışı ile tanımlanır.
Burada, optimize edilmiş bir PPC ve SSPPC'nin yanı sıra optik tanı tekniklerinin oluşturulması ve kullanımı için talimatlar sunuyoruz (Şekil 1, Şekil 2 ve Şekil 3). Optik tanı teknikleri ve ölçümleri, önceki çalışma yıllarında geliştirilmiştir 1,2.

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high-speed optical diagnostics of a supersonic ping-pong cannon

Geleneksel pinpon topu (PPC), tahliye edilmiş bir borudan bir pinpon topunu yalnızca atmosferik basıncı kullanarak neredeyse sonik hızlara fırlatan bir eğitim cihazıdır. PPC'nin artırılmış bir versiyonu olan SSPPC, topu atmosferik basınçtan daha büyük bir şekilde hızlandırarak süpersonik hızlara ulaşır. Optimize edilmiş bir PPC ve SSPPC'nin yapımı ve kullanımı için talimatlar sağlıyoruz.
Optik teşhis, top dinamiklerini araştırmak amacıyla uygulanır. Borunun çıkışına yakın iki akrilik pencereden gönderilen HeNe lazer, bir fotoalıcı sensörü üzerinde sonlandırılır. Bir mikroişlemci, topun hızını otomatik olarak hesaplamak için ışının pinpon topu tarafından engellendiği zamanı ölçer. Sonuçlar hemen bir LCD ekranda sunulur. 
Optik bıçak kenarı kurulumu, sensördeki HeNe ışınının bir kısmını keserek şok dalgalarını tespit etmek için son derece hassas bir araç sağlar. Şok dalgaları, fotoalıcıdan gelen elektrik sinyalinde küçük voltaj artışları olarak gözlenen ışının kırılmaya bağlı sapmalarına neden olur. 
Sunulan yöntemler yüksek oranda tekrarlanabilir ve laboratuvar ortamında daha fazla araştırma fırsatı sunmaktadır.

Burada, bir PPC ve bir SSPPC'nin inşası ve kullanımı ile şok karakterizasyonu ve hız ölçümleri için optik teşhisin uygulanması için talimatlar sunuyoruz. Temsili deneysel sonuçlar da verilmektedir. PPC ve SSPPC'nin tamamlanan sistemleri, gerekli aksesuarlarla birlikte Şekil 1 ve Şekil 2'de gösterilmiştir. SSPPC, borunun tahrik edilen borusuna tahrikli, basınçlı bir bölümünün bağlandığı PPC'nin artırılmış bir versiyonudur. Şok da...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High-Speed Optical Diagnostics of a Supersonic Ping-Pong Cannon at JoVE.com

High-Speed Optical Diagnostics of a Supersonic Ping-Pong Cannon

Süpersonik bir pinpon topunun (SSPPC) yapımı için bir yöntemin, top hızlarının ölçülmesi için optik teşhis teknikleri ve topun ateşlenmesi sırasında yayılan şok dalgalarının karakterizasyonu için bir yöntem açıklıyoruz.

Süpersonik Ping-Pong Topunun Yüksek Hızlı Optik Teşhisi

The traditional ping-pong cannon (PPC) is an educational apparatus that launches a ping-pong ball down an evacuated pipe to nearly sonic speeds using ...

Top hızlarını ölçmek ve şok dalgalarını tespit etmek için optik teşhis teknikleriyle birlikte süpersonik bir ping pong topu inşa etmek ve çalıştırmak için talimatlar sunuyoruz. Optik bıçak kenarı kurulumu, bir lazer ışınının küçük, çapraz sapmalarına karşı oldukça hassastır ve topla ilişkili şok dalgalarını tespit etmek için bir araç sağlar. Başlamak için, fotoğraf alıcılarını ve lazer modülünü 15 voltluk bir akım sınırlı güç kaynağına ve lazer güç kaynağına bağlayarak güçlendirin.Ardından, BNC kablolarını kullanarak fotoğraf alıcılarını osiloskopun iki kanalına bağlayın. Optik teşhis kurulumu için, lazeri fabrikasyon topa dik olarak, ilk ışın borunun içindeki akrilik pencerelerden geçecek ve ikincisi top çıkışının hemen dışına yerleştirin. Fotoğraf alıcısı sensörünün yarısının üzerine siyah elektrik bandı yerleştirerek bıçak ucu darbe algılama kurulumu oluşturun.Kırpmayı önlemek için, bıçak kenarındaki kiriş konumunu, taban çizgisi voltajı maksimumun yaklaşık %50'si olacak şekilde ayarlayın. Ardından, 20 milyon veri noktası toplamak için osiloskoptaki ayarları yapın. Veri toplama hızını 500 megahertz olarak ayarlamak için yatay ölçek düğmesini kullanın.Fotoğraf alıcısından alınan ayarlanan taban çizgisinin biraz altındaki bir voltaja takılmak için tetik düğmesini çevirin. PPC'yi ateşlemeden önce, kulak ve göz koruması kullanın. Topun çıkışına bir pinpon topu yerleştirin ve boru girişinin yakınındaki vakum bağlantısına çarpana kadar topun ucuna hafifçe üfleyin.Topun çıkış flanşını ve akrilik kapağını iki parça kare bant kullanarak kapatın. Lazer ışınının bıçak kenarında ortalandığından, tetiğin doğru şekilde yerleştirildiğinden ve yakalama kabının güvenli olduğundan emin olun. Boruyu iki Torr'dan daha düşük bir mutlak basınca tahliye etmek için vakum pompasını açın.Yeterli bir vakuma ulaşıldığında, girişteki bandı delmek için geniş başlı bir uç kullanın. Ateşledikten sonra, vakum pompasını kapatın ve kalan bandı çıkış flanşından ve akrilik kapaktan çıkarın. Süpersonik PPC'yi ateşlemek için, sürücü borusunu hava kompresörüne bağlayan valfi kapatın ve hava kompresörü tankını doldurun.Daha önce gösterildiği gibi topu üfleyin. Süpersonik PPC çıkış flanşını kapattıktan sonra, iki lastik contanın arasına ince bir önceden kesilmiş polyester diyafram yerleştirin ve bunları topun sürücüsü ve tahrikli bölümler arasına yerleştirin. Dört kam kelepçesi kullanarak iki bölümü bağlayın.Borudaki basınç azaldıktan sonra, hava kompresöründen gelen basıncı sürücü borusuna bırakarak diyafram kopana ve sürücü borusu içindeki basınçlı hava tahliye edilen tahrik borusunu doldurana kadar basıncın artmasını sağlayın. Süpersonik PPC ateşlemesinden sonra, hava kompresörünü ve vakum pompasını kapatın. Yırtılmış polyester diyaframı ve bandı toptan çıkarın.Top ateşleme süreci boyunca yansıyan yayılan şok dalgası, zamana göre voltajdaki bir değişiklikle temsil edildi. Pozitif veya negatif bir başak, sinyaldeki şok dalgasının yönünü gösterir ve hız, kirişi kesen top tarafından üretilen kare darbe genişliği üzerinden hesaplanır. Top çıkışının yakınındaki top hızını otomatik olarak hesaplamak ve görüntülemek için borunun içini geçen ışından gelen sinyali işlemek için bir mikroişlemci kullanıldı.Osiloskop izleri, süpersonik PPC'nin çift kanallı ateşlenmesini gösterdi. Üst iz, çıkışın yakınında, topun içinden geçen kirişi temsil eder. Oysa alt iz, toptan çıktıktan sonra pinpon topu yolunu geçen kirişe karşılık gelir.Bir kesme sinyali, topun geçtiğini ve her bir kirişi engellediğini gösterdi. Mach sayısına karşı basınç farkı grafiği, 0.001 ve 0.002 inç kalınlığındaki diyaframların, pinpon topunu süpersonik hıza hızlandırmak için yeterli basınç farkında koptuğunu ortaya koydu. Top hızı, 0.002 inç kalınlığında bir diyaframla Mach 1.3'ten sürekli olarak daha yüksekti.Sunulan süpersonik ping pong topu ve optik teşhis, hem bir gösteri cihazı hem de takip eden laboratuvar deneyleri için bir aparat olarak topun değerini artıracaktır.

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Unit 1

Kinematics of a Particle

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

Construction and Testing of Coin Cells of Lithium Ion Batteries

Rechargeable lithium ion batteries have wide applications in electronics, where customers always demand more capacity and longer lifetime. Lithium ion batteries have also been considered to be used in electric and hybrid vehicles1 or even electrical grid stabilization systems2. All these applications simulate a dramatic increase in the research and development of battery materials3-7, including new materials3,8, doping9, nanostructuring10-13, coatings or surface modifications14-17 and novel binders18. Consequently, an increasing number of physicists, chemists and materials scientists have recently ventured into this area. Coin cells are widely used in research laboratories to test new battery materials; even for the research and development that target large-scale and high-power applications, small coin cells are often used to test the capacities and rate capabilities of new materials in the initial stage. 
 In 2010, we started a National Science Foundation (NSF) sponsored research project to investigate the surface adsorption and disordering in battery materials (grant no. DMR-1006515). In the initial stage of this project, we have struggled to learn the techniques of assembling and testing coin cells, which cannot be achieved without numerous help of other researchers in other universities (through frequent calls, email exchanges and two site visits). Thus, we feel that it is beneficial to document, by both text and video, a protocol of assembling and testing a coin cell, which will help other new researchers in this field. This effort represents the "Broader Impact" activities of our NSF project, and it will also help to educate and inspire students.
In this video article, we document a protocol to assemble a CR2032 coin cell with a LiCoO2 working electrode, a Li counter electrode, and (the mostly commonly used) polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binder. To ensure new learners to readily repeat the protocol, we keep the protocol as specific and explicit as we can. However, it is important to note that in specific research and development work, many parameters adopted here can be varied. First, one can make coin cells of different sizes and test the working electrode against a counter electrode other than Li. Second, the amounts of C black and binder added into the working electrodes are often varied to suit the particular purpose of research; for example, large amounts of C black or even inert powder were added to the working electrode to test the "intrinsic" performance of cathode materials14. Third, better binders (other than PVDF) have also developed and used18. Finally, other types of electrolytes (instead of LiPF6) can also be used; in fact, certain high-voltage electrode materials will require the uses of special electrolytes7.

A protocol to construct and test coin cells of lithium ion batteries is described. The specific procedures of making a working electrode, preparing a counter electrode, assembling a cell inside a glovebox and testing the cell are presented.

İnşaat ve Lityum İyon pillerin Coin Hücre Testi

Rechargeable lithium ion batteries have wide applications in electronics, where customers always demand more capacity and longer lifetime.  Lithium ion ...

Mühendislik

Fabricating Metamaterials Using the Fiber Drawing Method

Metamaterials are man-made composite materials, fabricated by assembling components much smaller than the wavelength at which they operate 1. They owe their electromagnetic properties to the structure of their constituents, instead of the atoms that compose them. For example, sub-wavelength metal wires can be arranged to possess an effective electric permittivity that is either positive or negative at a given frequency, in contrast to the metals themselves 2. This unprecedented control over the behaviour of light can potentially lead to a number of novel devices, such as invisibility cloaks 3, negative refractive index materials 4, and lenses that resolve objects below the diffraction limit 5. However, metamaterials operating at optical, mid-infrared and terahertz frequencies are conventionally made using nano- and micro-fabrication techniques that are expensive and produce samples that are at most a few centimetres in size 6-7. Here we present a fabrication method to produce hundreds of meters of metal wire metamaterials in fiber form, which exhibit a terahertz plasmonic response 8. We combine the stack-and-draw technique used to produce microstructured polymer optical fiber 9 with the Taylor-wire process 10, using indium wires inside polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) tubes. PMMA is chosen because it is an easy to handle, drawable dielectric with suitable optical properties in the terahertz region; indium because it has a melting temperature of 156.6 &deg;C which is appropriate for codrawing with PMMA. We include an indium wire of 1 mm diameter and 99.99% purity in a PMMA tube with 1 mm inner diameter (ID) and 12 mm outside diameter (OD) which is sealed at one end. The tube is evacuated and drawn down to an outer diameter of 1.2 mm. The resulting fiber is then cut into smaller pieces, and stacked into a larger PMMA tube. This stack is sealed at one end and fed into a furnace while being rapidly drawn, reducing the diameter of the structure by a factor of 10, and increasing the length by a factor of 100. Such fibers possess features on the micro- and nano- scale, are inherently flexible, mass-producible, and can be woven to exhibit electromagnetic properties that are not found in nature. They represent a promising platform for a number of novel devices from terahertz to optical frequencies, such as invisible fibers, woven negative refractive index cloths, and super-resolving lenses.

Metamaterials at terahertz frequencies offer unique opportunities, but are challenging to fabricate in bulk. We adapt the fabrication procedure for microstructured polymer optical fibers to inexpensively fabricate metamaterials potentially on an industrial scale. We produce polymethylmethacrylate fibers containing ~10 &mu;m diameter indium wires separated by ~100 &mu;m, which exhibit a terahertz plasmonic response.

Fiber Çizim Yöntemi Kullanma Fabricating meta malzeme

Metamaterials are man-made composite materials, fabricated by assembling components much smaller than the wavelength at which they operate 1. They owe ...

Optical Trapping of Nanoparticles

Optical trapping is a technique for immobilizing and manipulating small objects in a gentle way using light, and it has been widely applied in trapping and manipulating small biological particles. Ashkin and co-workers first demonstrated optical tweezers using a single focused beam1. The single beam trap can be described accurately using the perturbative gradient force formulation in the case of small Rayleigh regime particles1. In the perturbative regime, the optical power required for trapping a particle scales as the inverse fourth power of the particle size. High optical powers can damage dielectric particles and cause heating. For instance, trapped latex spheres of 109 nm in diameter were destroyed by a 15 mW beam in 25 sec1, which has serious implications for biological matter2,3.
A self-induced back-action (SIBA) optical trapping was proposed to trap 50 nm polystyrene spheres in the non-perturbative regime4. In a non-perturbative regime, even a small particle with little permittivity contrast to the background can influence significantly the ambient electromagnetic field and induce a large optical force. As a particle enters an illuminated aperture, light transmission increases dramatically because of dielectric loading. If the particle attempts to leave the aperture, decreased transmission causes a change in momentum outwards from the hole and, by Newton's Third Law, results in a force on the particle inwards into the hole, trapping the particle. The light transmission can be monitored; hence, the trap can become a sensor. The SIBA trapping technique can be further improved by using a double-nanohole structure.
The double-nanohole structure has been shown to give a strong local field enhancement5,6. Between the two sharp tips of the double-nanohole, a small particle can cause a large change in optical transmission, thereby inducing a large optical force. As a result, smaller nanoparticles can be trapped, such as 12 nm silicate spheres7 and 3.4 nm hydrodynamic radius bovine serum albumin proteins8. In this work, the experimental configuration used for nanoparticle trapping is outlined. First, we detail the assembly of the trapping setup which is based on a Thorlabs Optical Tweezer Kit. Next, we explain the nanofabrication procedure of the double-nanohole in a metal film, the fabrication of the microfluidic chamber and the sample preparation. Finally, we detail the data acquisition procedure and provide typical results for trapping 20 nm polystyrene nanospheres.

The following setup approach details low power optical trapping of dielectric nanoparticles using a double-nanohole in metal film.

Nanopartiküllerin Optik Yakalama

Optical trapping is a technique for immobilizing and manipulating small objects in a gentle way using light, and it has been widely applied in trapping ...

High-resolution, High-speed, Three-dimensional Video Imaging with Digital Fringe Projection Techniques

Digital fringe projection (DFP) techniques provide dense 3D measurements of dynamically changing surfaces.&#160;Like the human eyes and brain, DFP uses triangulation between matching points in two views of the same scene at different angles to compute depth.&#160;However, unlike a stereo-based method, DFP uses a digital video projector to replace one of the cameras1. The projector rapidly projects a known sinusoidal pattern onto the subject, and the surface of the subject distorts these patterns in the camera&#8217;s field of view. Three distorted patterns (fringe images) from the camera can be used to compute the depth using triangulation.
Unlike other 3D measurement methods, DFP techniques lead to systems that tend to be faster, lower in equipment cost, more flexible, and easier to develop.&#160;DFP systems can also achieve the same measurement resolution as the camera.&#160;For this reason, DFP and other digital structured light techniques have recently been the focus of intense research (as summarized in1-5). Taking advantage of DFP, the graphics processing unit, and optimized algorithms, we have developed a system capable of 30&#160;Hz 3D video data acquisition, reconstruction, and display for over 300,000 measurement points per frame6,7.&#160;Binary defocusing DFP methods can achieve even greater speeds8.
Diverse applications can benefit from DFP techniques. Our collaborators have used our systems for facial function analysis9, facial animation10, cardiac mechanics studies11, and fluid surface measurements, but many other potential applications exist.&#160;This video will teach the fundamentals of DFP techniques and illustrate the design and operation of a binary defocusing DFP system.

This video describes the fundamentals of digital fringe projection techniques, which provide dense 3D measurements of dynamically changing surfaces.&#160;It also demonstrates the design and operation of a high-speed binary defocusing system based on these techniques.

Digital fringe projection (DFP) techniques provide dense 3D measurements of dynamically changing surfaces.&#160;Like the human eyes and brain, DFP uses ...

Construction of a High Resolution Microscope with Conventional and Holographic Optical Trapping Capabilities

High resolution microscope systems with optical traps allow for precise manipulation of various refractive objects, such as dielectric beads 1 or cellular organelles 2,3, as well as for high spatial and temporal resolution readout of their position relative to the center of the trap. The system described herein has one such "traditional" trap operating at 980 nm. It additionally provides a second optical trapping system that uses a commercially available holographic package to simultaneously create and manipulate complex trapping patterns in the field of view of the microscope 4,5 at a wavelength of 1,064 nm. The combination of the two systems allows for the manipulation of multiple refractive objects at the same time while simultaneously conducting high speed and high resolution measurements of motion and force production at nanometer and piconewton scale.

The system described herein employs a traditional optical trap as well as an independent holographic optical trapping line, capable of creating and manipulating multiple traps. This allows for the creation of complex geometric arrangements of refractive particles while also permitting simultaneous high-speed, high-resolution measurements of the activity of biological enzymes.

Geleneksel ve Holografik Optik Yakalama Yetenekleri ile bir Yüksek Çözünürlüklü Mikroskop İnşaatı

High resolution microscope systems with optical traps allow for precise manipulation of various refractive objects, such as dielectric beads 1 or cellular ...

High-speed Particle Image Velocimetry Near Surfaces

Multi-dimensional and transient flows play a key role in many areas of science, engineering, and health sciences but are often not well understood. The complex nature of these flows may be studied using particle image velocimetry (PIV), a laser-based imaging technique for optically accessible flows. Though many forms of PIV exist that extend the technique beyond the original planar two-component velocity measurement capabilities, the basic PIV system consists of a light source (laser), a camera, tracer particles, and analysis algorithms. The imaging and recording parameters, the light source, and the algorithms are adjusted to optimize the recording for the flow of interest and obtain valid velocity data. 
Common PIV investigations measure two-component velocities in a plane at a few frames per second. However, recent developments in instrumentation have facilitated high-frame rate (&gt; 1 kHz) measurements capable of resolving transient flows with high temporal resolution. Therefore, high-frame rate measurements have enabled investigations on the evolution of the structure and dynamics of highly transient flows. These investigations play a critical role in understanding the fundamental physics of complex flows.
A detailed description for performing high-resolution, high-speed planar PIV to study a transient flow near the surface of a flat plate is presented here. Details for adjusting the parameter constraints such as image and recording properties, the laser sheet properties, and processing algorithms to adapt PIV for any flow of interest are included.

A procedure for studying transient flows near boundaries using high-resolution, high-speed particle image velocimetry (PIV) is described here. PIV is a non-intrusive measurement technique applicable to any optically accessible flow by optimizing several parameter constraints such as the image and recording properties, the laser sheet properties, and analysis algorithms.

Yüzeyler Yakın yüksek hızlı Partikül imaj velosimetri

Multi-dimensional and transient flows play a key role in many areas of science, engineering, and health sciences but are often not well understood. The ...

Visualization of High Speed Liquid Jet Impaction on a Moving Surface

Two apparatuses for examining liquid jet impingement on a high-speed moving surface are described: an air cannon device (for examining surface speeds between 0 and 25 m/sec) and a spinning disk device (for examining surface speeds between 15 and 100 m/sec). The air cannon linear traverse is a pneumatic energy-powered system that is designed to accelerate a metal rail surface mounted on top of a wooden projectile. A pressurized cylinder fitted with a solenoid valve rapidly releases pressurized air into the barrel, forcing the projectile down the cannon barrel. The projectile travels beneath a spray nozzle, which impinges a liquid jet onto its metal upper surface, and the projectile then hits a stopping mechanism. A camera records the jet impingement, and a pressure transducer records the spray nozzle backpressure. The spinning disk set-up consists of a steel disk that reaches speeds of 500 to 3,000 rpm via a variable frequency drive (VFD) motor. A spray system similar to that of the air cannon generates a liquid jet that impinges onto the spinning disc, and cameras placed at several optical access points record the jet impingement. Video recordings of jet impingement processes are recorded and examined to determine whether the outcome of impingement is splash, splatter, or deposition. The apparatuses are the first that involve the high speed impingement of low-Reynolds-number liquid jets on high speed moving surfaces. In addition to its rail industry applications, the described technique may be used for technical and industrial purposes such as steelmaking and may be relevant to high-speed 3D printing.

Two experimental devices for examining liquid jet impingement on a high-speed moving surface are described: an air cannon device and a spinning disk device. The apparatuses are used to determine optimal approaches to the application of liquid friction modifier (LFM) onto rail tracks for top-of-rail friction control.

Bir Hareketli Yüzeyde Yüksek Hızlı Sıvı Jet birikiminin Görselleştirme

Two apparatuses for examining liquid jet impingement on a high-speed moving surface are described: an air cannon device (for examining surface speeds ...

Fabrication and Operation of a Nano-Optical Conveyor Belt

The technique of using focused laser beams to trap and exert forces on small particles has enabled many pivotal discoveries in the nanoscale biological and physical sciences over the past few decades. The progress made in this field invites further study of even smaller systems and at a larger scale, with tools that could be distributed more easily and made more widely available. Unfortunately, the fundamental laws of diffraction limit the minimum size of the focal spot of a laser beam, which makes particles smaller than a half-wavelength in diameter hard to trap and generally prevents an operator from discriminating between particles which are closer together than one half-wavelength. This precludes the optical manipulation of many closely-spaced nanoparticles and&#160;limits the&#160;resolution of optical-mechanical systems. Furthermore, manipulation using focused beams requires beam-forming or steering optics, which can be very bulky and expensive. To address these limitations in the system scalability of conventional optical trapping our lab has devised an alternative technique which utilizes near-field optics to move particles across a chip. Instead of focusing laser beams in the far-field, the optical near field of plasmonic resonators produces the necessary local optical intensity enhancement to overcome the restrictions of diffraction and manipulate particles at higher resolution. Closely-spaced resonators produce strong optical traps which can be addressed to mediate the hand-off of particles from one to the next in a conveyor-belt-like fashion. Here, we describe how to design and produce a conveyor belt using a gold surface patterned with plasmonic C-shaped resonators and how to operate it with polarized laser light to achieve super-resolution nanoparticle manipulation and transport. The nano-optical conveyor belt chip can be produced using lithography techniques and easily packaged and distributed.

The scalability and resolution of conventional optical manipulation techniques are limited by diffraction. We circumvent the diffraction limit and describe a method of optically transporting nanoparticles across a chip using a gold surface patterned with a path of closely spaced C-shaped plasmonic resonators.

Bir Nano-Optik Konveyör Bant imalatı ve İşletilmesi

The technique of using focused laser beams to trap and exert forces on small particles has enabled many pivotal discoveries in the nanoscale biological ...

Writing Bragg Gratings in Multicore Fibers

Fiber Bragg gratings in multicore fibers can be used as compact and robust filters in astronomical and other research and commercial applications. Strong suppression at a single wavelength requires that all cores have matching transmission profiles. These gratings cannot be inscribed using the same method as for single-core fibers because the curved surface of the cladding acts as a lens, focusing the incoming UV laser beam and causing variations in exposure between cores. Therefore we use an additional optical element to ensure that the beam shape does not change while passing through the cross-section of the multicore fiber. This consists of a glass capillary tube which has been polished flat on one side, which is then placed over the section of the fiber to be inscribed. The laser beam enters the fiber through the flat surface of the capillary tube and hence maintains its original dimensions. This paper demonstrates the improvements in core-to-core uniformity for a 7-core fiber using this method. The technique can be generalized to larger multicore fibers.

We describe a technique for inscribing identical fiber Bragg gratings into each core of a multicore fiber. This is achieved by introducing an additional surface into the optical path to mitigate lensing by the curved surface of the fiber cladding.

Çok çekirdekli Fibers Bragg Izgaralar Yazma

Fiber Bragg gratings in multicore fibers can be used as compact and robust filters in astronomical and other research and commercial applications. Strong ...

Compact Lens-less Digital Holographic Microscope for MEMS Inspection and Characterization

A micro-electro-mechanical-system (MEMS) is a widely used component in many industries, including energy, biotechnology, medical, communications, and automotive. However, effective inspection and characterization metrology systems are needed to ensure the functional reliability of MEMS. This study presents a system based on digital holography as a tool for MEMS metrology. Digital holography has gained increasing attention in the past 20 years. With the fast development and decreasing cost of sensor arrays, resolution of such systems has increased broadening potential applications. Thus, it has attracted attention from both research and industry sides as a potential reliable tool for industrial metrology. Indeed, by recording the interference pattern between an object beam (which contains sample height information) and a reference beam on a CCD camera, one can retrieve the quantitative phase information of an object. However, most of digital holographic systems are bulky and thus not easy to implement on industry production lines. The novelty of the system presented is that it is lens-less and thus very compact. In this study, it is shown that the Compact Digital Holographic Microscope (CDHM) can be used to evaluate several characteristics typically consider as criteria in MEMS inspections. The surface profiles of MEMS in both static and dynamic conditions are presented. Comparison with AFM is investigated to validate the accuracy of the CDHM.

We present a compact reflection digital holographic system (CDHM) for inspection and characterization of MEMS devices. A lens-less design using a diverging input wave providing natural geometrical magnification is demonstrated. Both static and dynamic studies are presented.

MEMS Muayene ve Karakterizasyonu için kompakt Lens az Dijital Holografik Mikroskop

A micro-electro-mechanical-system (MEMS) is a widely used component in many industries, including energy, biotechnology, medical, communications, and ...