Name: versatile technique to produce a hierarchical design in nanoporous gold
Uploaded: 2023-02-10T12:45:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Versatile Technique to Produce a Hierarchical Design in Nanoporous Gold at JoVE.com

这项工作得到了NIGMS（GM111835）的奖励。

1. 在金线上构建具有分层双峰结构的纳米多孔金涂层 - 合金化
<ol><li>将电化学电池组装在 5 mL 烧杯中。使用带有三个孔的基于特氟龙的盖子来容纳三电极设置。 注意：特氟龙是制造盖子的流行材料，因为它不会与其他化学物质发生反应。</li>
	<li>将铂丝对电极、Ag/AgCl（饱和 KCl）参比电极和直径为 0.2 mm、长度为 5.0 mm 的金线方便地用作工作电极（见 材料表）放在盖子?...

<ol>
	<li>Fang, M., Dong, G., Wei, R., Ho, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hierarchical+nanostructures:+design+for+sustainable+water+splitting.">Hierarchical nanostructures: design for sustainable water splitting.</a> Advanced Energy Materials. 7 (23), 1700559 (2017).</li><li>Inayat, A., Reinhardt, B., Uhlig, H., Einicke, W. -. D., Enke, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Silica+monoliths+with+hierarchical+porosity+obtained+from+porous+glasses.">Silica monoliths with hierarchical porosity obtained from porous glasses.</a> Chemical Society Reviews. 42 (9), 3753-3764 (2013).</li><li>Yang, X. -. 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J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methods+to+generate+structurally+hierarchical+architectures+in+nanoporous+coinage+metals.">Methods to generate structurally hierarchical architectures in nanoporous coinage metals.</a> Coatings. 11 (12), 1440-1456 (2021).</li><li>Matharu, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nanoporous-gold-based+electrode+morphology+libraries+for+investigating+structure-property+relationships+in+nucleic+acid+based+electrochemical+biosensors.">Nanoporous-gold-based electrode morphology libraries for investigating structure-property relationships in nucleic acid based electrochemical biosensors.</a> ACS Applied Materials &amp; Interfaces. 9 (15), 12959-12966 (2017).</li><li>Bollella, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Porous+gold:+A+new+frontier+for+enzyme-based+electrodes.">Porous gold: A new frontier for enzyme-based electrodes.</a> Nanomaterials. 10 (4), 722-740 (2020).</li><li>Khan, R. K., Yadavalli, V. K., Collinson, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flexible+nanoporous+gold+electrodes+for+electroanalysis+in+complex+matrices.">Flexible nanoporous gold electrodes for electroanalysis in complex matrices.</a> ChemElectroChem. 6 (17), 4660-4665 (2019).</li><li>Sondhi, P., Stine, K. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrodeposition+of+nanoporous+gold+thin+films.">Electrodeposition of nanoporous gold thin films.</a> in Nanofibers-Synthesis, Properties and Applications. , 1-21 (2020).</li><li>Fujita, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hierarchical+nanoporous+metals+as+a+path+toward+the+ultimate+three-dimensional+functionality.">Hierarchical nanoporous metals as a path toward the ultimate three-dimensional functionality.</a> Science and Technology of Advanced Materials. 18 (1), 724-740 (2017).</li><li>Biener, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nanoporous+plasmonic+metamaterials.">Nanoporous plasmonic metamaterials.</a> Advanced Materials. 20 (6), 1211-1217 (2008).</li><li>Zhang, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fabrication+and+characterization+of+nanoporous+gold+composites+through+chemical+dealloying+of+two+phase+Al-Au+alloys.">Fabrication and characterization of nanoporous gold composites through chemical dealloying of two phase Al-Au alloys.</a> Journal of Materials Chemistry. 19 (33), 6042-6050 (2009).</li><li>Zhu, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toward+digitally+controlled+catalyst+architectures:+Hierarchical+nanoporous+gold+via+3D+printing.">Toward digitally controlled catalyst architectures: Hierarchical nanoporous gold via 3D printing.</a> Science Advances. 4 (8), (2018).</li><li>Artymowicz, D. M., Erlebacher, J., Newman, R. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Relationship+between+the+parting+limit+for+de-alloying+and+a+particular+geometric+high-density+site+percolation+threshold.">Relationship between the parting limit for de-alloying and a particular geometric high-density site percolation threshold.</a> Philosophical Magazine. 89 (21), 1663-1693 (2009).</li><li>Sondhi, P., Neupane, D., Bhattarai, J. K., Demchenko, A. V., Stine, K. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Facile+fabrication+of+hierarchically+nanostructured+gold+electrode+for+bio-electrochemical+applications.">Facile fabrication of hierarchically nanostructured gold electrode for bio-electrochemical applications.</a> Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry. 924, 116865 (2022).</li><li>Cerovic, K., Hutchison, H., Sandenbergh, R. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinetics+of+gold+and+a+gold-10%+silver+alloy+dissolution+in+aqueous+cyanide+in+the+presence+of+lead.">Kinetics of gold and a gold-10% silver alloy dissolution in aqueous cyanide in the presence of lead.</a> Minerals Engineering. 18 (6), 585-590 (2005).</li><li>Ciabatti, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gold+part-ing+with+nitric+acid+in+gold-silver+alloys.">Gold part-ing with nitric acid in gold-silver alloys.</a> Substantia. 3 (1), 53-60 (2019).</li><li>Reyes-Cruz, V., Ponce-de-Le&#243;n, C., Gonz&#225;lez, I., Oropeza, M. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrochemical+deposition+of+silver+and+gold+from+cyanide+leaching+solutions.">Electrochemical deposition of silver and gold from cyanide leaching solutions.</a> Hydrometallurgy. 65 (2-3), 187-203 (2002).</li></ol>

使用涉及合金化、部分脱合金、热处理和酸蚀刻的多步骤程序，展示了具有双尺寸孔和更高活性电化学表面积的分层NPG。
在合金化中，金属前驱体的标准电位会影响它们在电沉积过程中的反应性。液体溶液中的金和银离子在电沉积16，17期间减少。
以下半细胞反应17 描述了氰化金和银盐溶液的...

An erratum was issued for:&#160;<a href="https://www.jove.com/t/65065">Versatile Technique to Produce a Hierarchical Design in Nanoporous Gold</a>. The Authors section was updated from:
Palak Sondhi1 
Dharmendra Neupane2 
Jay K. Bhattarai3 
Hafsah Ali1 
Alexei V. Demchenko4 
Keith J. Stine1 
1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Saint Louis 
2Food and Drug Administration 
3Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals Company 
4Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University
to:
Palak Sondhi1 
Dharmendra Neupane1 
Jay K. Bhattarai2 
Hafsah Ali1 
Alexei V. Demchenko3 
Keith J. Stine1 
1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Saint Louis 
2Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals Company 
3Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University

An erratum was issued for:&#160;<a href="https://www.jove.com/t/65065">Versatile Technique to Produce a Hierarchical Design in Nanoporous Gold</a>. The Authors section was updated.

Erratum: Versatile Technique to Produce a Hierarchical Design in Nanoporous Gold

在自然界中经常看到，分层多孔结构已被在纳米尺度上模仿，以改变材料的物理特性以提高性能1。各种长度尺度的相互连接的结构元件是多孔材料分层结构的特征2。脱合金纳米多孔金属通常具有单峰孔径分布;因此，已经设计了多种技术来生产具有两个独立孔径范围的分层双峰多孔结构3。材料设计方法的两个基本目标，即功能化的大比表面积和快速传输途径，它们是不同的，并且本质上相互冲突，通过具有结构层次结构的功能材料来实现4，5。
电化学传感器的性能由电极形态决定，因为纳米基质的孔径对于分子传输和捕获至关重要。已经发现小孔有助于复杂样品中的靶标识别，而较大的孔可增强靶分子的可及性，从而增加传感器的检测范围6。基于模板的制造、电镀、自下而上的合成化学、薄膜溅射沉积7、基于聚二甲基硅氧烷载体的复杂柔性基质8、各种金属的合金化和低贵金属的选择性蚀刻和电沉积是经常用于将纳米结构引入电极的一些方法。创建多孔结构的最佳方法之一是脱合金程序。由于溶解速率的差异，牺牲金属（贵金属含量较低）会显着影响电极的最终形态。孔隙和韧带的互连网络来自创建纳米多孔金（NPG）结构的有效过程，其中贵金属含量较低的成分选择性地从起始合金中溶解出来，其余原子重组和巩固9。 
Ding和Erlebacher用于制造这些纳米结构的脱钙/电镀/再脱合金的方法涉及首先使用硝酸对由金和银组成的前驱体合金进行化学脱钙，然后在较高温度下加热，具有单个孔径分布以创建上层分层，并使用第二次脱合金去除剩余的银以产生较低的分层水平。该方法适用于薄膜10。Biener等人建议使用三元合金，三元合金由两种反应性相对较高的贵金属组成，一次被侵蚀掉一种;Cu和Ag最初从Cu-Ag-Au材料中去除，留下双峰结构的低密度NPG样品11。长程有序结构不是通过使用三元合金概述的程序生产的。通过提取Zhang等人采用的Al-Au母合金的一个相，产生了更大的孔隙，该母合金产生了最小阶数为12的双峰结构。据报道，通过使用包括拆卸散装材料和将基本组件组合成更大结构的加工途径，通过控制几个长度尺度，已经创建了一个有序的分层结构。在这种情况下，通过直接墨水书写（DIW），合金化和脱合金13制成了分层NPG结构。
本文提出了一种采用各种Au-Ag合金成分制备多级双峰纳米多孔金（hb-NPG）结构的两步脱合金方法。从理论上讲，低于该反应元素的活性元素量是分质极限。表面扩散动力学受分化极限或脱合金阈值的轻微影响，对于二元合金中反应性更强的组分的电解溶解，该阈值通常在 50 到 60 原子百分比之间。Au：Ag合金中Ag的大原子分数对于成功合成hb-NPG是必要的，因为在接近分型极限14的低浓度下，电化学和化学脱合金过程都无法成功完成。
这种方法的好处是可以严格控制结构和孔径。协议中的每个步骤对于微调典型的孔隙率长度尺度和韧带之间的典型距离至关重要15.为了调节离子界面扩散和溶解的速率，要仔细校准施加的电压。为了防止脱合金过程中开裂，控制了银的溶解速率。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Argon gas compressed</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific Compay</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine serum albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (St.Louis, MO)</td>
			<td>A9418</td>
			<td>&#62; 98% purity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Counter electrode (Platinum wire)</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>43288-BU</td>
			<td>0.5 mm diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digital Lab furnace</td>
			<td>Barnstead Thermolyne 47,900</td>
			<td>F47915</td>
			<td>used for annealing at high temperatures</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digital Potentiostat/galvanostat</td>
			<td>EG&#38;G Princeton Applied Research</td>
			<td>273A</td>
			<td>PowerPULSE software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (St.Louis, MO)</td>
			<td>CAS-64-17-5</td>
			<td>HPLC/spectrophotometric grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetuin from fetal calf serum</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (St.Louis, MO)</td>
			<td>F2379</td>
			<td>lyophilized powder</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gold wire roll</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences (Fort Washington, PA)</td>
			<td>73100</td>
			<td>0.2 mm diameter, 10 ft, 99.9%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrochloric acid</td>
			<td>Fisher Chemical</td>
			<td>A144C-212</td>
			<td>36.5-38%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrogen peroxide</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific (Pittsburg, PA)</td>
			<td>CAS-7732-18-5</td>
			<td>30%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kimwipes</td>
			<td>KIMTECH Science brand, Kimberly-Clark professional</td>
			<td>34120</td>
			<td>4.4 x 8.2 in</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nitric acid</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific (Pittsburg, PA)</td>
			<td>A2008-212</td>
			<td>trace metal grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Parafilm</td>
			<td>Bemis PM996</td>
			<td>13-374-10</td>
			<td>4 IN. x 125 FT.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Peroxidase from horseradish (HRP)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (St.Louis, MO)</td>
			<td>9003-99-0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PharMed silicone tubing</td>
			<td>Norton</td>
			<td>AY242606&#160;</td>
			<td>1/32&#34; Inner Diameter, 5/32&#34; Outer Diameter, 1/16&#34; Wall Thickness, 25&#39; Length</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium dicyanoargentate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (St.Louis, MO)</td>
			<td>379166</td>
			<td>99.96%, 10 G</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium dicyanoaurate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (St.Louis, MO)</td>
			<td>389867</td>
			<td>99.98%, 1 G</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PowerSuite software</td>
			<td>EG&#38;G Princeton Applied Research</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>comes with the instrument</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PTFE tape</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>15-078-261</td>
			<td>1&#34; wide 600&#34; long</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reference electrode (Ag/AgCl)</td>
			<td>Princeton Applied Research&#160;</td>
			<td>K0265</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Apreo 2C</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher scientific</td>
			<td>APREO 2 SEM</td>
			<td>equipped with Color SEM technology</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Simplicity UV system</td>
			<td>Millipore corporation, Boston, MA, USA</td>
			<td>SIMSV00WW</td>
			<td>for generating Milli-Q water(18.2 M&#937; cm at 25 &#176;C)&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Borohydride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (St.Louis, MO)</td>
			<td>213462</td>
			<td>100 G</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Carbonate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (St.Louis, MO)</td>
			<td>452882</td>
			<td>enzyme grade, &#62;99%, 100 G</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stir bar</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>14-512-153</td>
			<td>5 x 2 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sulphuric acid</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific (Pittsburg, PA)</td>
			<td>A300C-212</td>
			<td>certified ACS plus</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Supracil quartz cuvette</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific (Pittsburg, PA)</td>
			<td>14-385-902C</td>
			<td>10 mm light path, volume capacity 1 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UV-Visible Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td>Varian Cary 50</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

versatile technique to produce a hierarchical design in nanoporous gold

在生物传感器、致动器、药物负载和释放领域产生可变孔径、简单的表面改性以及广泛的商业用途以及催化剂的开发无疑加速了纳米多孔金（NPG）基纳米材料在研发中的使用。本文描述了通过采用电化学合金化、化学脱合金技术和退火等分步程序生成多级双峰纳米多孔金 （hb-NPG） 的过程，以产生大孔和介孔。这样做是为了通过创建双连续固体/空隙形态来提高NPG的效用。可用于表面改性的面积通过较小的孔隙而增强，而分子传递则受益于较大孔隙的网络。双峰结构是一系列制造步骤的结果，使用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）将双峰结构可视化为尺寸小于100nm的孔网络，并通过韧带连接到数百纳米大小的较大孔。使用循环伏安法（CV）评估hb-NPG的电化学活性表面积，重点是脱合金和退火在创建必要结构中发挥的关键作用。采用溶液去除技术测量不同蛋白质的吸附，揭示了hb-NPG在蛋白质负载方面的更好性能。通过改变表面积与体积比，创建的hb-NPG电极为生物传感器开发提供了巨大的潜力。该手稿讨论了一种创建hb-NPG表面结构的可扩展方法，因为它们为小分子的固定提供了较大的表面积，并改善了运输途径以实现更快的反应。

韧带大小和韧带间隙调整对于制造的电极至关重要。通过优化Au/Ag比率来创建具有双尺寸孔隙的结构是本研究的第一步，同时利用表面形态，粗糙度因子和负载能力进行表征。与传统NPG相比，双峰孔结构表现出更高的电化学表面积，粗糙度因子和蛋白质负载能力15。
hb-NPG在化学脱合金后显示出开放的，连接的韧带和孔隙网络。在这里，较大的孔由较高的层次?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Versatile Technique to Produce a Hierarchical Design in Nanoporous Gold at JoVE.com

Versatile Technique to Produce a Hierarchical Design in Nanoporous Gold

通过结合电化学和化学脱合金，可以生产具有分层和双峰孔径分布的纳米多孔金。随着脱合金过程的推进，可以通过EDS-SEM检查 来 监测合金的成分。材料的负载能力可以通过研究蛋白质对材料的吸附来确定。

在纳米多孔金中产生分层设计的多功能技术

The potential to generate variable pore sizes, simplistic surface modification, and a breadth of commercial uses in the fields of biosensors, actuators, ...

我们的协议提供了一种生产纳米多孔金电极的方法，该方法具有较大孔的分层孔径分布，以增强分子的传输和较小的孔以增加表面积。逐步方案的主要优点在于严格控制脱合金过程中的银溶解速率，这决定了电极的最终形态。医疗保健系统可能受益于生产的电极设计。更快，更精确的诊断将是可能的，因为双峰多孔结构提供了大表面积和易于分子移动。首先，将电化学电池组装在五毫升烧杯中。使用带有三个孔的基于特氟龙的盖子来容纳三电极设置。在每个盖孔中放置一根铂丝作为对电极，氯化银作为参比电极，将一根金丝作为工作电极，保持工作电极和对电极之间的距离为0.7厘米。在水中制备氰化银钾和氰化金钾各50毫摩尔溶液。在5毫升烧杯中加入0.5毫升氰化金钾溶液和4.5毫升氰化银钾盐溶液。将磁力搅拌棒插入电化学电池中，并以300RPM的搅拌速度混合溶液，直到观察到氩气冒泡。使用硅胶管使氩气通过电解质溶液循环以去除溶解氧。组装电化学电池后，将恒电位仪与连接到相应电极的鳄鱼夹连接起来。打开恒电位仪后，使用软件利用计时安培法进行电极沉积。使用所需的参数配置软件。将电位设置为负一伏的固定值，持续 600 秒。按运行以完成工作电极上的合金沉积。对于脱合金，如前所述配置电化学电池，并使用四毫升一种普通硝酸作为电解质溶液进行部分脱合金。一旦溶液均匀循环并将恒电位仪连接到正确的电极，在计时安培软件中，将电位设置为 0.6 伏，持续 600 秒。按运行完成工作电极上沉积合金的脱合金。对于退火过程，将脱合金丝保存在玻璃小瓶中。打开炉子，将玻璃瓶放入炉内，将温度设置为600摄氏度三个小时。该过程完成后，关闭炉子，取出小瓶，让它冷却至室温。要完全脱合金，请将部分脱合金的退火线浸入四毫升浓硝酸中，并将其放在通风橱中过夜。第二天，从小瓶中取出硝酸。然后用去离子水冲洗，然后用乙醇冲洗，制备分层双峰纳米多孔金或分层双峰MPG涂层线。干燥后，使用扫描电子显微镜观察线材。分层双峰MPG的扫描电子显微照片显示化学脱合金后韧带和孔隙的开放连接网络。较大的孔由较高的层次结构表示，较低的层次结构表示较小的孔隙。创建分层双峰MPG的每个步骤的颜色编码元素映射揭示了银和金的存在。以插图形式显示的循环伏安图描绘了 90% 银合金中的 10% 金。通过化学脱合金产生的结构显示出少量的氧化金还原。结合化学和电化学脱合金的双峰结构显示出更明显的氧化金还原峰，表明表面积增加。从合金化、脱合金、退火、化学脱合金开始遵循协议的顺序很重要，严格控制合金化和脱合金过程中的时间和电位同样重要。这种方法使得创建电化学分层设计成为可能，并且可以在未来扩展为工业用途的单体，并为糖蛋白创建电化学生物传感器。

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

Synthesis and Exfoliation of Discotic Zirconium Phosphates to Obtain Colloidal Liquid Crystals

合成与盘状磷酸盐锆剥落获取胶体液晶

Due to their abundance in natural clay and potential applications in advanced materials, discotic nanoparticles are of interest to scientists and ...

科研

化学

Hydroquinone Based Synthesis of Gold Nanorods

金纳米棒基于对苯二酚合成

Gold nanorods are an important kind of nanoparticles characterized by peculiar plasmonic properties. Despite their widespread use in nanotechnology, the ...

Synthesis of Hierarchical ZnO/CdSSe Heterostructure Nanotrees

分层的ZnO / CdSSe异质Nanotrees的合成

A two-step chemical vapor deposition procedure is here employed to prepare tree-like hierarchical ZnO/CdSSe hetero-nanostructures. The structures are ...

Rapid Nanoprobe Signal Enhancement by In Situ Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis

Rapid Nanoprobe Signal Enhancement by In Situ Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis

原位金纳米粒子合成快速 Nanoprobe 信号增强

The use of nanoprobes such as gold, silver, silica or iron-oxide nanoparticles as detection reagents in bioanalytical assays can enable high sensitivity ...

Surface Properties of Synthesized Nanoporous Carbon and Silica Matrices

合成纳米碳和二氧化硅矩阵的表面性能

In this work, we report the synthesis and characterization of ordered nanoporous carbon material (also called ordered mesoporous carbon material [OMC]) ...

Synthesis and Characterization of Amphiphilic Gold Nanoparticles

两栖金纳米粒子的合成与表征

Gold nanoparticles covered with a mixture of 1-octanethiol (OT) and 11-mercapto-1-undecane sulfonic acid (MUS) have been extensively studied because of ...

Hierarchical and Programmable One-Pot Oligosaccharide Synthesis

分层和可编程单罐寡糖合成

This article presents a general experimental protocol for programmable one-pot oligosaccharide synthesis and demonstrates how to use Auto-CHO software for ...

Versatile CO2 Transformations into Complex Products: A One-pot Two-step Strategy

Versatile CO2 Transformations into Complex Products: A One-pot Two-step Strategy

多功能 CO2转化为复杂产品：单罐两步战略

CO2 transformations using a one-pot two-step method are presented herein. The purpose of the method is to give access to a variety of value-added products ...