Name: Forfatter Spotlight: Afsløring af neural kodning og mekanismer for visuel behandling i den overlegne kolliculus
Uploaded: 2023-04-21T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Unveiling Neural Coding and Mechanisms of Visual Processing in the Superior Colliculus at JoVE.com

Dette arbejde er støttet af National Natural Science Foundation of China (32271060). Y.-t.L. designede forskningen, udførte eksperimentet, analyserede dataene og skrev manuskriptet. Z.L. og R.W. udførte eksperimentet.

Alle eksperimentelle procedurer blev udført i overensstemmelse med dyrevelfærdsretningslinjerne og godkendt af IACUC ved Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing.
BEMÆRK: Tidslinjen for denne protokol er som følger: 1) lav sugekoppen; 2) injicere virussen; 3) implanter hovedpladen; 4) implanter stikket efter 3 uger; 5) Efter en ~ 3 dages genopretning og tilvænning på løbebåndet skal du udføre to-foton / vidvinkelbilleddannelse.
1. Klargøring af ...

To-foton og vidvinkel calciumbilleddannelse i den overlegne kolliculus

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T., Turan, Z., Meister, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+architecture+of+motion+direction+in+the+mouse+superior+colliculus.">Functional architecture of motion direction in the mouse superior colliculus.</a> Current Biology. 30 (17), 3304-3315 (2020).</li><li>Gribizis, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visual+cortex+gains+independence+from+peripheral+drive+before+eye+opening.">Visual cortex gains independence from peripheral drive before eye opening.</a> Neuron. 104 (4), 711-723 (2019).</li><li>Inayat, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurons+in+the+most+superficial+lamina+of+the+mouse+superior+colliculus+are+highly+selective+for+stimulus+direction.">Neurons in the most superficial lamina of the mouse superior colliculus are highly selective for stimulus direction.</a> The Journal of Neuroscience. 35 (20), 7992-8003 (2015).</li><li>Barchini, J., Shi, X., Chen, H., Cang, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bidirectional+encoding+of+motion+contrast+in+the+mouse+superior+colliculus.">Bidirectional encoding of motion contrast in the mouse superior colliculus.</a> eLife. 7, 35261 (2018).</li><li>Savier, E. 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Kritiske trin i protokollen Det mest kritiske trin er kraniotomien i trin 5.2 og 5.3. For det første er knoglen 0,5 mm bagved lambdaen tyk og har blodkar indeni, hvilket kan forårsage blødning under boreprocessen. Tilstrækkeligt gelskum bør være forberedt for at stoppe blødningen. For det andet er der en god chance for angiorrhexis, når knoglen fjernes lige over den tværgående sinus. Til fejlfinding er en alternativ tilgang at tynde knoglen inde i ovalen og fjerne den stykke for stykke. Et a...

Den overlegne colliculus (SC) er et vigtigt visuelt center hos alle hvirveldyr. Hos pattedyr modtager den direkte input fra nethinden og den visuelle cortex1. Mens optisk optagelse er blevet anvendt i vid udstrækning på cortex 2,3,4,5, hindres dens anvendelse i SC af dårlig optisk adgang 6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17 ,18,19. Målet med denne protokol er at give detaljer om to komplementære metoder til optisk optagelse af den neurale aktivitet i SC.
SC er placeret under cortex og tværgående sinus, hvilket begrænser optisk adgang til de kollikulære neuroner. En metode til at overvinde denne begrænsning er at aspirere den overliggende cortex og udsætte den forreste laterale SC 7,9,10,13,14,19. Men fordi SC modtager kortikale input, kan en sådan operation påvirke, hvordan SC-neuronerne reagerer på visuelle stimuli. For at overvinde denne begrænsning beskriver vi her en alternativ protokol til at afbilde det overfladiske lag af den bageste mediale SC med et siliciumstik, mens cortex forbliver intakt 8,11. Specifikt for at opnå enkeltcelleopløsning anvendte vi to-fotonmikroskopi til billedcalciumresponser i den bageste mediale SC hos vildtypemus. For at opnå bred dækning anvendte vi desuden vidvinkelmikroskopi til at afbilde hele SC af en mutant mus, hvis bageste cortex ikke har udviklet20.
De to metoder, der er beskrevet i denne protokol, supplerer hinanden. To-foton calciumbilleddannelse uden ablering af cortex er egnet til registrering af neural aktivitet ved enkeltcelleopløsning med intakte kortikale indgange. Wide-field calciumbilleddannelse er velegnet til registrering af neural aktivitet i hele SC, mens den rumlige opløsning ofres.

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			<td>Christopher A. Walsh Lab</td>
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calcium imaging in mouse superior colliculus

Den overlegne colliculus (SC), en evolutionært bevaret midterhjernestruktur hos alle hvirveldyr, er det mest sofistikerede visuelle center før fremkomsten af hjernebarken. Den modtager direkte input fra ~ 30 typer retinale ganglionceller (RGC'er), hvor hver koder for en specifik visuel funktion. Det er fortsat uklart, om SC blot arver retinale træk, eller om der forekommer yderligere og potentielt de novo-behandling i SC. For at afsløre den neurale kodning af visuel information i SC giver vi her en detaljeret protokol til optisk registrering af visuelle reaktioner med to komplementære metoder i vågne mus. Den ene metode bruger to-fotonmikroskopi til at afbilde calciumaktivitet ved enkeltcelleopløsning uden at ablere den overliggende cortex, mens den anden bruger vidvinkelmikroskopi til at afbilde hele SC af en mutant mus, hvis cortex stort set er uudviklet. Denne protokol beskriver disse to metoder, herunder dyreforberedelse, viral injektion, hovedpladeimplantation, stikimplantation, dataindsamling og dataanalyse. De repræsentative resultater viser, at to-foton calciumbilleddannelse afslører visuelt fremkaldte neuronale reaktioner ved enkeltcelleopløsning, og wide-field calciumbilleddannelse afslører neural aktivitet på tværs af hele SC. Ved at kombinere disse to metoder kan man afsløre den neurale kodning i SC på forskellige skalaer, og en sådan kombination kan også anvendes på andre hjerneområder.

The superior colliculus (SC) is an important visual center in all vertebrates. In mammals, it receives direct inputs from the retina and the visual cortex1. While optical recording has been widely applied to the cortex2,3,4,5, its application in the SC is hindered by poor optical accesss6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19. The goal of this protocol is to provide details about two complementary methods for optical recording of the neural activity in the SC.
The SC is located beneath the cortex and transverse sinus, which limits optical access to the collicular neurons. One approach to overcome this limitation is to aspirate the overlaying cortex and expose the anterior-lateral SC7,9,10,13,14,19. However, because the SC receives cortical inputs, such an operation might affect how the SC neurons respond to visual stimuli. To overcome this limitation, we detail here an alternative protocol to image the superficial layer of the posterior-medial SC with a silicon plug, while leaving the cortex intact8,11. Specifically, to achieve single-cell resolution, we applied two-photon microscopy to image calcium responses in the posterior-medial SC of wild-type mice. In addition, to achieve broad coverage, we applied wide-field microscopy to image the entire SC of a mutant mouse whose posterior cortex has not developed20.
The two methods described in this protocol are complementary to each other. The two-photon calcium imaging without ablating the cortex is appropriate for recording neural activity at&#160;single-cell resolution with intact cortical inputs. The wide-field calcium imaging is appropriate for recording neural activity in the entire SC while sacrificing spatial resolution.

Forfatter Spotlight: Afsløring af neural kodning og mekanismer for visuel behandling i den overlegne kolliculus 

Calciumbilleddannelse i mus overlegen colliculus

My research focuses on neural coding and mechanisms for visual processing. We are trying to answer how various information is encoded in the brain, especially in the superior colliculus under the underlying neuro-mechanisms. To understand visual processing, scientists combine various approaches, including neuronal morphology, antegrade and retrograde tracing, IL sequencing, neuro modeling, machine learning, is understood well.The challenge is to remove the skull over the SSA, cutting and left in the bone in one larger piece, is likely to fail because the bone is attached to the dura. By combining two photo on a wide field calcium image, our recent work revealed the function architecture of motion direction in the mouse SC at both single cell resolution and a global scale. We found that neurons with similar preference form patches up to 500 micrometer under global to the upward on the nasal motion.With our protocol, we are addressing two research gaps. First, researchers can perform long-term cast imaging in mouse SC at a single cell resolution without breaking the cortex. Secondly, researchers can record the neuroactivity across the entire SC using widefield microscoping.Our protocol provides a measure to image the posterior medial SC at single cell resolution with a intact cortex in mice. Also, we use a biocompatible plug to expose the SC, which reduces infection for chronic imaging. Our results provide a way to study the neural coding of visual information across a large visual field.Combined with optogenetics, one can study half inputs from different brain regions modulating the neuroactivity in SC.

Figur 1A,B viser, hvordan man fremstiller henholdsvis sugekoppen og propperne. Figur 2 viser, hvordan du implanterer stikket med succes. Efter implantering af stikket eksponeres den bageste mediale SC som vist i figur 2D. Figur 3 viser calciumresponser af SC-neuroner fra et eksempel på vildtypemus afbildet ved hjælp af to-fotonmikroskopi. Det trekantede prisme, som let fanges under mi...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Unveiling Neural Coding and Mechanisms of Visual Processing in the Superior Colliculus at JoVE.com

Denne protokol beskriver proceduren for billeddannelse af calciumresponser i den overlegne colliculus (SC) hos vågne mus, herunder billeddannelse af enkeltneuronaktivitet med to-fotonmikroskopi, mens cortex efterlades intakt i vildtypemus, og billeddannelse af hele SC med vidvinkelmikroskopi i delvis cortex-mutante mus.

The superior colliculus (SC), an evolutionarily conserved midbrain structure in all vertebrates, is the most sophisticated visual center before the ...

Min forskning fokuserer på neural kodning og mekanismer til visuel behandling. Vi forsøger at svare på, hvordan forskellige oplysninger er kodet i hjernen, især i den overlegne colliculus under de underliggende neuromekanismer. For at forstå visuel behandling kombinerer forskere forskellige tilgange, herunder neuronal morfologi, antegrad og retrograd sporing, IL-sekventering, neuromodellering, maskinindlæring, forstås godt.Udfordringen er at fjerne kraniet over SSA, skære og efterlades i knoglen i et større stykke, vil sandsynligvis mislykkes, fordi knoglen er fastgjort til duraen. Ved at kombinere to fotos på et calciumbillede med bredt felt afslørede vores seneste arbejde funktionsarkitekturen for bevægelsesretning i musens SC ved både enkeltcelleopløsning og global skala. Vi fandt ud af, at neuroner med lignende præference danner pletter op til 500 mikrometer under global til opad på næsebevægelsen.Med vores protokol adresserer vi to forskningshuller. For det første kan forskere udføre langsigtet støbt billeddannelse i mus SC ved en enkelt celleopløsning uden at bryde cortex. For det andet kan forskere registrere neuroaktiviteten på tværs af hele SC ved hjælp af widefield mikroskopi.Vores protokol giver et mål for at afbilde den bageste mediale SC ved enkeltcelleopløsning med en intakt cortex hos mus. Vi bruger også et biokompatibelt stik til at udsætte SC, hvilket reducerer infektion for kronisk billeddannelse. Vores resultater giver en måde at studere den neurale kodning af visuel information på tværs af et stort synsfelt.Kombineret med optogenetik kan man studere halve input fra forskellige hjerneområder, der modulerer neuroaktiviteten i SC.

calcium-imaging-in-mouse-superior-colliculus

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Calcium Imaging in Mouse Superior Colliculus

The superior colliculus (SC), an evolutionarily conserved midbrain structure in all vertebrates, is the most sophisticated visual center before the emergence of the cerebral cortex. It receives direct inputs from ~30 types of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), with each encoding a specific visual feature. It remains elusive whether the SC simply inherits retinal features or if additional and potentially de novo processing occurs in the SC. To reveal the neural coding of visual information in the SC, we provide here a detailed protocol to optically record visual responses with two complementary methods in awake mice. One method uses two-photon microscopy to image calcium activity at single-cell resolution without ablating the overlaying cortex, while the other uses wide-field microscopy to image the whole SC of a mutant mouse whose cortex is largely undeveloped. This protocol details these two methods, including animal preparation, viral injection, headplate implantation, plug implantation, data acquisition, and data analysis. The representative results show that the two-photon calcium imaging reveals visually evoked neuronal responses at single-cell resolution, and the wide-field calcium imaging reveals&#160;neural activity across the entire SC. By combining these two methods, one can reveal the neural coding in the SC at different scales, and such combination can also be applied to other brain regions.

This protocol details the procedure for imaging calcium responses in the superior colliculus (SC) of awake mice, including imaging single-neuron activity with two-photon microscopy while leaving the cortex intact in wild-type mice, and imaging the entire SC with wide-field microscopy in partial-cortex mutant mice.

Preparation of a Suction Cup and Plugs for Calcium Imaging in Mouse

Begin the process of creating a suction cup by depositing a drop of PBS in an acrylic dish. Use a 21 gauge flat needle to fill the tip of the needle with PBS by capillarity. Cover the tip of the needle with a translucent silicone adhesive, and set it for approximately 10 minutes.Cut the silicone adhesive with scissors to a disc with a two millimeter diameter. To prepare the plugs, take a 0.75 millimeter thick plastic shim stock and cut out a one by one centimeter square in the center. Clean the shim stock and two acrylic blocks with alcohol, and wipe them with lens paper.Place the shim stock on one acrylic block, and deposit silicone adhesive into the center to fill 90%of the opening. Add another acrylic block. Apply approximately one kilogram of force, and wait 20 minutes.Under a surgical microscope, cut the silicone adhesive with a scalpel into one by 1.5 millimeter triangular prisms. Remove any dust from the triangular prisms with sticky plastic tape, and place them on a glass cover slip. Place the cover slip with the triangular prisms under a corona treater and turn it on.Bring the corona treater closer to the cover slip until lightning appears, and hold it in that position for a few minutes until the prisms and cover slip are attached. After placing the plugs in a Petri dish, incubate at 70 degrees Celsius overnight.

Forberedelse af en sugekop og stik til calciumbilleddannelse i mus

Viral Construct (AAV) Injection in Mouse Superior Colliculus for Calcium Imaging

Begin by securing the anesthetized mouse onto a stereotaxic frame with ear bars. Apply ophthalmic ointment on the mouse's eyes to prevent drying, and maintain the body temperature of the mouse at 37 degrees Celsius with a thermostatic heating pad. After shaving the fur and sterilizing the surgical site, inject lidocaine, tilidine, and meloxicam.Once the skin over the SC is removed, clean the skull with a cotton swab. Adjust the stereotaxic frame until the skull surface is flat. Using a drill, create a whole 0.5 millimeter lateral, and 0.42 millimeter anterior to the lambda, until the dura is exposed.Inject an adeno-associated virus, or AAV, expressing GCaMP6m, at depths of one millimeter and 1.6 millimeters from the Lambda using a beveled glass micro-pipette. After the injection, slowly withdraw the injector and proceed with the implantation of the head plate.

Viral konstruktion (AAV) injektion i mus overlegen colliculus til calciumbilleddannelse

Implantation of the Headplate in Mouse for Calcium Imaging 

After injecting the viral construct into the mouse brain, clean the muscles and tissues over the skull, and scratch the skull with a blade. Prepare the dental adhesive resin cement by mixing 3/4 spoonful of polymer, three drops of monomer, and one drop of catalyst in a ceramic bowl on ice. Apply the mixture to the head plate and the skull.Attach them and wait for the adhesive to set for five minutes. Finally, inject antibiotics to prevent infections. After removing the mouse from the stereotaxic frame, place it on a heating pad for recovery, and return it to the home cage after recovering from anesthesia.

Implantation af hovedpladen i mus til calciumbilleddannelse 

Implanting the Plug in the Mouse for Calcium Imaging

Three weeks after the viral infection, anesthetize and fix the mouse with a head plate on a stereotaxic frame. Soak a gel foam in saline to stop potential bleeding. Use a micro-drill to create a three by two millimeter oval, centered at 0.5 millimeter posterior to the lambda.Thin the boundary of the oval until it cracks, then thin the skull before the oval recording window to close the cover slip to the SC.Using fine forceps, take off the bone flaps. Make a cut down the dura, posterior to the transverse sinus and remove the piece of dura. Dry the skull and the recording window with gel foam and cotton swabs.Then deposit a drop of silicone adhesive into the recording window. Use the suction cup to hold the plug with negative pressure, and use a motorized micro-manipulator to move the suction cup and lower the plug into the silicone adhesive until the cover slip touches the skull. Once the head plate is cleaned, apply butyl cyanoacrylate and resin cement around the boundary of the plug to fix it to the head plate and proceed with imaging.

Implantering af stikket i musen til calciumbilleddannelse

Two-Photon Calcium Imaging of Mouse Superior Colliculus Neurons

After implanting the head plate and plug, secure the animal on a rotating treadmill with its head plate. Place the treadmill beneath the two-photon microscope and adjust the height to an appropriate position. Place a black aluminum cone between the objective and the head plate to prevent light contamination from the monitor for visual stimulation.To perform two-photon imaging, adjust the laser power at the sample plane between 20 and 80 milliwatts. Scan a 600-by-600 micrometer field of view at 4.8 hertz with a spatial resolution of 2.4 micrometers per pixel and image neural activity up to 350 micrometers in depth. Using a rotary encoder, record the mouse's locomotion on the treadmill.Use a camera with a 50 millimeter lens to record its pupil size and position. Lastly, synchronize these recordings, and image acquisitions to visual stimulation by recording triggers sent by the stimulation computer. The calcium responses of SC neurons from a wild type mouse and the standard deviation projection of the fluorescence across images are presented.

To-foton calcium billeddannelse af mus overlegen colliculus neuroner

Wide-Field Calcium Imaging of Mouse Superior Colliculus Neurons

To begin, inject 100 nanoliters of AAV expressing GCaMP6m at a depth of 200 micrometers at the center of each side of the SC to the mutant mouse whose posterior cortex has failed to develop. After approximately three weeks, implant a five millimeter diameter cover slip over the SC.After fixing the cover slip, acquire images using a CMOA camera after passing an emission filter at 10 hertz. The calcium responses of SC neurons from a partial cortex mutant mouse were imaged using wide-field microscopy.The acquired image was down sampled to one quarter of the original size, and visually evoked calcium responses are shown.