Name: 作者聚焦：用于改善青光眼诊断和治疗的体内和离体视网膜成像的进展
Uploaded: 2023-06-30T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Advancements in In Vivo and Ex Vivo Retinal Imaging for Improved Glaucoma Diagnosis and Treatment at JoVE.com

这项研究得到了青光眼研究基金会 Shaffer Grant、4-CA Cavalier 合作奖、R01EY029121、R01EY035088 和圣殿骑士眼科基金会的支持。

所有动物程序均由弗吉尼亚大学机构动物护理和使用委员会批准，并符合美国国立卫生研究院 （NIH） 的动物使用指南。有关本协议中使用的所有材料、试剂和仪器的详细信息，请参阅 材料表 。
1. 体内 vs-OCT成像
<ol><li>vis-OCT 系统<ol><li>使用使用超连续光源的小动物 vs-OCT 系统对小鼠眼睛进行成像，该系统提供 480 nm 和 650 nm 之间的可见光照明?...

小鼠视网膜 OCT 纤维图与共聚焦图像的比对

<ol>
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T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Axon+injury+signaling+and+compartmentalized+injury+response+in+glaucoma.">Axon injury signaling and compartmentalized injury response in glaucoma.</a> Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 73, 100769 (2019).</li><li>Puyang, Z., Chen, H., Liu, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Subtype-dependent+morphological+and+functional+degeneration+of+retinal+ganglion+cells+in+mouse+models+of+experimental+glaucoma.">Subtype-dependent morphological and functional degeneration of retinal ganglion cells in mouse models of experimental glaucoma.</a> Journal of Nature and Science. 1 (5), (2015).</li><li>Tatham, A. J., Medeiros, F. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detecting+structural+progression+in+glaucoma+with+optical+coherence+tomography.">Detecting structural progression in glaucoma with optical coherence tomography.</a> Ophthalmology. 124, S57-S65 (2017).</li><li>Shu, X., Beckmann, L., Zhang, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visible-light+optical+coherence+tomography:+a+review.">Visible-light optical coherence tomography: a review.</a> Journal of Biomedical Optics. 22 (12), 1-14 (2017).</li><li>Miller, D. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visible-light+optical+coherence+tomography+fibergraphy+for+quantitative+imaging+of+retinal+ganglion+cell+axon+bundles.">Visible-light optical coherence tomography fibergraphy for quantitative imaging of retinal ganglion cell axon bundles.</a> Translational Vision Science and Technology. 9 (11), (2020).</li><li>Beckmann, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+imaging+of+the+inner+retinal+layer+structure+in+mice+after+eye-opening+using+visible-light+optical+coherence+tomography.">In vivo imaging of the inner retinal layer structure in mice after eye-opening using visible-light optical coherence tomography.</a> Experimental Eye Research. 211, 108756 (2021).</li><li>Grannonico, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Global+and+regional+damages+in+retinal+ganglion+cell+axon+bundles+monitored+non-invasively+by+visible-light+optical+coherence+tomography+fibergraphy.">Global and regional damages in retinal ganglion cell axon bundles monitored non-invasively by visible-light optical coherence tomography fibergraphy.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 41 (49), 10179-10193 (2021).</li><li>Allen-Worthington, K. H., Brice, A. K., Marx, J. O., Hankenson, F. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intraperitoneal+Injection+of+Ethanol+for+the+Euthanasia+of+Laboratory+Mice+(Mus+musculus)+and+Rats+(Rattus+norvegicus).">Intraperitoneal Injection of Ethanol for the Euthanasia of Laboratory Mice (Mus musculus) and Rats (Rattus norvegicus).</a> J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 54 (6), 769-778 (2015).</li><li>Boivin, G. P., Bottomley, M. A., Schiml, P. A., Goss, L., Grobe, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physiologic,+Behavioral,+and+Histologic+Responses+to+Various+Euthanasia+Methods+in+C57BL/6NTac+Male+Mice.">Physiologic, Behavioral, and Histologic Responses to Various Euthanasia Methods in C57BL/6NTac Male Mice.</a> J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 56 (1), 69-78 (2017).</li><li>Chen, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Progressive+degeneration+of+retinal+and+superior+collicular+functions+in+mice+with+sustained+ocular+hypertension.">Progressive degeneration of retinal and superior collicular functions in mice with sustained ocular hypertension.</a> Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 56 (3), 1971-1984 (2015).</li><li>Feng, L., Chen, H., Suyeoka, G., Liu, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+laser-induced+mouse+model+of+chronic+ocular+hypertension+to+characterize+visual+defects.">A laser-induced mouse model of chronic ocular hypertension to characterize visual defects.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments: JoVE. 78 (78), (2013).</li><li>Gao, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+effects+of+experimental+glaucoma+on+intrinsically+photosensitive+retinal+ganglion+cells+in+mice.">Differential effects of experimental glaucoma on intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells in mice.</a> Journal of Comparative Neurology. 530 (9), 1494-1506 (2022).</li><li>Thomson, B. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Angiopoietin-1+knockout+mice+as+a+genetic+model+of+open-angle+glaucoma.">Angiopoietin-1 knockout mice as a genetic model of open-angle glaucoma.</a> Translational Vision Science and Technology. 9 (4), (2020).</li><li>Feng, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sustained+ocular+hypertension+induces+dendritic+degeneration+of+mouse+retinal+ganglion+cells+that+depends+on+cell+type+and+location.">Sustained ocular hypertension induces dendritic degeneration of mouse retinal ganglion cells that depends on cell type and location.</a> Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 54 (2), 1106-1117 (2013).</li><li>Grannonico, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Longitudinal+analysis+of+retinal+ganglion+cell+damage+at+individual+axon+bundle+level+in+mice+using+visible-light+optical+coherence+tomography+fibergraphy.">Longitudinal analysis of retinal ganglion cell damage at individual axon bundle level in mice using visible-light optical coherence tomography fibergraphy.</a> Translational Vision Science and Technology. 12 (5), (2023).</li></ol>

该协议中有两个步骤需要注意。首先，有必要确保动物处于深度麻醉状态，并且在 vs-OCT 成像之前他们的眼睛完全散瞳。如果小鼠没有得到充分的麻醉，它们的快速呼吸可能导致 面部 图像的不稳定运动，这可能会对纤维图的质量产生不利影响。此外，扩张不足也会对图像质量产生负面影响，因为虹膜可能会阻挡光线，阻止光线到达视网膜。其次，在灌注后但从小鼠眼窝中取出眼球之前，标...

视网膜神经节细胞 （RGC） 在视觉信息处理中起着关键作用，通过其在内丛状层 （IPL） 中的树突树接收突触输入，并通过它们在视网膜神经纤维层 （RNFL） 中的轴突将信息传递到大脑 1,2,3,4。在青光眼等疾病中，早期 RGC 变性可能导致患者和啮齿动物模型 RNFL、神经节细胞层 （GCL）、IPL 和视神经的细微变化 5,6,7,8,9。因此，及早发现RGC的这些形态变化对于及时干预以防止RGC和视力丧失至关重要。
我们最近开发了一种新的临床成像技术，称为可见光光学相干断层扫描（vis-OCT），以满足RGC损伤的体内监测需求。Vis-OCT 提高了轴向分辨率，在视网膜中达到 1.3 μm10,11，允许可视化 RNFL 中的单个 RGC 轴突束。随后，建立了 vis-OCT 纤维成像 （vis-OCTF） 来跟踪和量化小鼠11、12、13 中单轴突束水平的 RGC 损伤。然而，通常需要对与金标准相同的视网膜进行离体共聚焦成像，以验证体内发现。因此，本研究将演示如何将 vis-OCTF 获取的体内图像与同一小鼠视网膜的离体共聚焦图像对齐。该协议旨在通过离体共聚焦成像验证体内发现，并为检查疾病条件下 RGC 损伤的分子和细胞变化奠定基础。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Halo 100</td>
			<td>Opticent Health, Evanston, IL</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zeiss LSM800 microscope</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Drugs and antibodies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4% paraformaldehyde (PFA)</td>
			<td>Santz Cruz Biotechnology, SC-281692</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1-2 drops</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine serum albumin powder</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific, BP9706-100</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1:10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Donkey anti Mouse Alexa Fluor 488 dye</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific, Cat# A-21202</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1:1,000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Donkey anti rat Alexa Fluor 594 dye</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific, Cat# A-21209</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1:1,000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Euthasol (a mixture of pentobarbital sodium (390 mg/mL) and phenytoin sodium (50 mg/mL))</td>
			<td>Covetrus, NDC 11695-4860-1</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>15.6 mg/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketamine</td>
			<td>Covetrus, NADA043304</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>114 mg/kg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse anti-Tuj1</td>
			<td>A gift from Anthony J. Spano, University of Virginia</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1:200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Normal donkey serum(NDS)</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma, S30-100 mL</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1:100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, 10x), pH 7.4 
			(Contains 1370 mM NaCl, 27 mM KCl, 80 mM Na2HPO4, and 20 mM KH2PO4)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific, Cat# J62036.K3</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1:10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rat anti-ICAM-2</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen, Cat#553325</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tropicamide drops&#160;</td>
			<td>Covetrus, NDC17478-102-12</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100 
			(Reagent Grade)</td>
			<td>VWR, CAS: 9002-93-1</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1:20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vectashield mounting medium</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories Inc. H2000-10</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylazine</td>
			<td>Covetrus, NDC59399-110-20</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>17 mg/kg</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

alignment of visible-light optical coherence tomography fibergrams with confocal images of the same mouse retina

近年来， 活体 视网膜成像提供了关于生物系统和过程的无创、实时和纵向信息，越来越多地用于客观评估眼部疾病的神经损伤。同一视网膜的 离体 共聚焦成像通常是必要的，以验证 体内 发现，尤其是在动物研究中。在这项研究中，我们展示了一种将小鼠视网膜 的离体 共聚焦图像与其 体内 图像对齐的方法。一种新的临床成像技术称为可见光光学相干断层扫描纤维成像（vis-OCTF），用于获取小鼠视网膜的 活体 图像。然后，我们对与“金标准”相同的视网膜进行了共聚焦成像，以验证 体内 与OCTF图像的对比。这项研究不仅能够进一步研究分子和细胞机制，而且为灵敏客观地评估 体内神经损伤奠定了基础。

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) play a critical role in visual information processing, receiving synaptic inputs through their dendritic trees in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) and transmitting the information via their axons in the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) to the brain1,2,3,4. In diseased conditions such as glaucoma, early RGC degeneration may result in subtle changes in the RNFL, the ganglion cell layer (GCL), the IPL, and the optic nerve in both patients and rodent models5,6,7,8,9. Early detection of these morphological changes in RGCs is thus essential for timely intervention to prevent RGC and vision loss.
We have recently developed a new clinical-ready imaging technology called visible-light optical coherence tomography (vis-OCT) to satisfy the need for in vivo monitoring of RGC damage. Vis-OCT improved the axial resolution, reaching 1.3 &#181;m in the retina10, 11, allowing for the visualization of individual RGC axon bundles in the RNFL. Subsequently, vis-OCT fibergraphy (vis-OCTF) was established to track and quantify RGC damage at the single axon bundle level in mice11,12,13. However, ex vivo confocal imaging of the same retina as the gold standard is often necessary to validate the in vivo findings. Therefore, this study will demonstrate how to align in vivo images acquired by vis-OCTF with ex vivo confocal images of the same mouse retina. The protocol aims to validate the in vivo findings by ex vivo confocal imaging and establish a foundation for examining the molecular and cellular changes underlying RGC damage in diseased conditions.

作者聚焦：用于改善青光眼诊断和治疗的体内和离体视网膜成像的进展 

可见光光学相干断层扫描光纤图与同一小鼠视网膜的共聚焦图像的对齐

We present a protocol for aligning in vivo VIS-OCT images with ex vivo immunostained retinal nerve fibers to validate our novel imaging technology. VIS-OCT enables visualization of retinal nerve fibers in vivo, and this process confirms the accuracy of our findings. Our protocol combines in vivo and ex vivo imaging to provide a real time visualization of retina structure and confirm findings.The process is applicable to mouse models of eye diseases, provided the anterior eye portion allows for optical imaging. This includes diabetic retinopathy and retinal ischemia models. These studies lay the foundation for establishing an objective evaluation of neuro damage in humans, which can significantly improve glaucoma diagnosis and treatment in the future.

将复合 vs-OCT 纤维图与用 Tuj-1 免疫染色的 RGC 轴突的平面视网膜的相应共聚焦图像进行比较（图 1D，上图）。通过 vis-OCTF 成像的轴突束可以与共聚焦图像上的 Tu-j1 标记的轴突束相匹配。在纤维图图像中，与周围的轴突束相比，血管通常表现出可区分的分支结构，这可以与共聚焦图像上的ICAM-2标记的血管相匹配（图1D，下图）。
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Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Advancements in In Vivo and Ex Vivo Retinal Imaging for Improved Glaucoma Diagnosis and Treatment at JoVE.com

本方案概述了 将 体内可见光光学相干断层扫描纤维成像（vis-OCTF）图像与同一小鼠视网膜的 离体 共聚焦图像对齐的步骤，以验证 在体内 图像中观察到的视网膜神经节细胞轴突束形态。

In recent years, in vivo retinal imaging, which provides non-invasive, real-time, and longitudinal information about biological systems and processes, has ...

我们提出了一种将体内 VIS-OCT 图像与离体免疫染色视网膜神经纤维对齐的方案，以验证我们的新型成像技术。VIS-OCT能够在体内可视化视网膜神经纤维，这一过程证实了我们发现的准确性。我们的方案结合了体内和体外成像，以提供视网膜结构的实时可视化并确认发现。该过程适用于眼部疾病的小鼠模型，前提是前眼部分允许光学成像。这包括糖尿病视网膜病变和视网膜缺血模型。这些研究为建立人类神经损伤的客观评估奠定了基础，可以显着改善未来青光眼的诊断和治疗。

alignment-visible-light-optical-coherence-tomography-fibergrams-with

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Alignment of Visible-Light Optical Coherence Tomography Fibergrams with Confocal Images of the Same Mouse Retina

In recent years, in vivo retinal imaging, which provides non-invasive, real-time, and longitudinal information about biological systems and processes, has been increasingly applied to obtain an objective assessment of neural damage in eye diseases. Ex vivo confocal imaging of the same retina is often necessary to validate the in vivo findings especially in animal research. In this study, we demonstrated a method for aligning an ex vivo confocal image of the mouse retina with its in vivo images. A new clinical-ready imaging technology called visible light optical coherence tomography fibergraphy (vis-OCTF) was applied to acquire in vivo images of the mouse retina. We then performed the confocal imaging of the same retina as the &#34;gold standard&#34; to validate the in vivo vis-OCTF images. This study not only enables further investigation of the molecular and cellular mechanisms but also establishes a foundation for a sensitive and objective evaluation of neural damage in vivo.

The present protocol outlines the steps for aligning in vivo visible-light optical coherence tomography fibergraphy (vis-OCTF) images with ex vivo confocal images of the same mouse retina for the purpose of verifying the observed retinal ganglion cell axon bundle morphology in the in vivo images.

科研

神经科学

In Vivo Visible Light Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) Mouse Retinal Imaging

Start by positioning the anesthetized mouse on the animal holder and securing it with two Velcro straps. Turn on the computer and open the software to activate the laser. Adjust the animal holder to center the laser in the mouse's eye.Visualize the posterior part through an on-face preview, the field of view of the superficial vascular plexus, a B scan, and the retina cross-section within the field of view. Acquire a visible light optical coherence tomography, or vis-OCT volume after making minor adjustments to the optical focus. Align the optical nerve head in each of the four corners of the field of view to cover different retinal areas.Use an intensity-based threshold method to detect the retina surface, and generate vis-OCT fiber grams from the volume. Crop the retinal nerve fiber layer, or RNFL, by selecting the first 16 micrometers depth. Next, calculate the mean intensity projection along the axial direction to generate the fiber gram image composed of retinal ganglion cell axon bundles and surrounding vasculature.Align the blood vessels using a graphics editor to montage the four images post-processing. The composite vis-OCT fiber gram is compared with the corresponding confocal image of flat-mounted retina immunostained with TUJ1 for RGC axons. Blood vessels exhibit distinguishable branching structures which can be matched with the ICAM II labeled blood vessels on the confocal image.Side-by-side comparison between ex vivo confocal microscopy and in vivo vis-OCT revealed identical RGC exon bundle networks and surrounding retinal vasculature.

体内可见光光学相干断层扫描 （OCT） 小鼠视网膜成像

Ex Vivo Confocal Imaging of Mouse Retina

Enucleate the eyes of a euthanized mouse, marking the temporal side for orientation purposes. Remove the anterior chamber. Then remove the lens and vitreous and place eye cups in paraformaldehyde for 30 minutes.Wash eye cups with PBS for 30 minutes. Replacing the solution three times. Then, wash with 0.5%Triton X-100 for 30 minutes.Incubate eye cups in the blocking buffer for two hours at room temperature. After immunostaining, isolate the retinas from the eye cups using a microscope. Divide the retinas into four leaves and flat mount them with the retinal ganglion cell layer facing up.Ensure the mark on the temporal side remains attached for orientation. Cover the retinas with mounting medium. Place cover slips.And seal the slides using nail polish. Turn on the confocal microscope and under Locate mode, find the area of interest using the eye piece. Switch to Acquisition mode and set up tiles to cover the entire retina, along with Z-Stack slices for all layers of information.Image at least 25 tiles across the whole retina to achieve a total volume. Project the Z-Stack slices to generate two-dimensional on-face confocal microscopy images. The composite vis-OCT fibergram is compared with the corresponding confocal image of flat mounted retina immunostained with TuJ1 for RGC axons.Blood vessels exhibit distinguishable branching structures which can be matched with the ICAM-2 labeled blood vessels on the confocal image. Side-by-side comparison between ex vivo confocal microscopy and in vivo vis-OCT revealed identical RGC axon bundle networks and surrounding retinal vasculature.

小鼠视网膜的离体共聚焦成像

Alignment of In Vivo and Ex Vivo Mouse Retinal Images

Start by creating a composite image using the four obtained images from each mouse. Utilize a graphics editor to align all the blood vessels, employ the optic nerve head and blood vessel patterns as landmarks for aligning the composite fiber gram overlap the composite images and the confocal images of the same retina stained with ICAM2, to achieve in vivo and ex vivo alignment. The composite vis-oct fiber gram is compared with the corresponding confocal image of flat mounted retina.Immuno stain with TUJ1 for RGC axons. Blood vessels exhibit distinguishable branching structures which can be matched with the ICAM2 labeled blood vessels on the confocal image. Side-by-side comparison between ex vivo confocal microscopy and in vivo vis-oct revealed identical RGC Axon bundle networks and surrounding retinal vasculature.