Name: Författare i fokus: Effektiv CRISPR/Cas9-genomredigering i benmärgshärledda makrofager för exakt genstörning
Uploaded: 2023-08-04T14:50:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Author Spotlight: Efficient CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing in Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages for Precise Gene Disruption at JoVE.com

Detta arbete finansierades av NIH-anslaget 5R01AI144149. De schematiska figurerna skapades med BioRender.

1. design av sgRNA
OBS: Detta steg beskriver val av målsekvenser och design av sgRNA. Det är bra att designa guider som finns i den första stora kodande exonen, så att alla översatta proteiner störs tidigt i den öppna läsramen. Det är också bra att välja målsekvenser som ligger inom samma exon, eftersom detta kommer att effektivisera analysen av redigeringseffektiviteten (steg 6). Exemplen på genomredigering som tillhandahölls med detta protokoll använde sgRNA rik...

En guide till exakt genstörning i primära benmärgshärledda makrofager

<ol>
	<li>Murray, P. J., Wynn, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protective+and+pathogenic+functions+of+macrophage+subsets.">Protective and pathogenic functions of macrophage subsets.</a> Nature Reviews Immunology. 11 (11), 723-737 (2011).</li><li>Wynn, T. A., Chawla, A., Pollard, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Macrophage+biology+in+development,+homeostasis,+and+disease.">Macrophage biology in development, homeostasis, and disease.</a> Nature. 496 (7446), 445-455 (2013).</li><li>Paddison, P. J., Caudy, A. A., Hannon, G. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stable+suppression+of+gene+expression+by+RNAi+in+mammalian+cells.">Stable suppression of gene expression by RNAi in mammalian cells.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 99 (3), 1443-1448 (2002).</li><li>Laugel, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Engineering+of+isogenic+cells+deficient+for+MR1+with+a+CRISPR/Cas9+lentiviral+system:+Tools+to+study+microbial+antigen+processing+and+presentation+to+human+MR1-restricted+T+cells.">Engineering of isogenic cells deficient for MR1 with a CRISPR/Cas9 lentiviral system: Tools to study microbial antigen processing and presentation to human MR1-restricted T cells.</a> The Journal of Immunology. 197 (3), 971-982 (2016).</li><li>Andreu, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Primary+macrophages+and+J774+cells+respond+differently+to+infection+with+Mycobacterium+tuberculosis.">Primary macrophages and J774 cells respond differently to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.</a> Scientific Reports. 7, 42225 (2017).</li><li>Roberts, A. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cas9++conditionally-immortalized+macrophages+as+a+tool+for+bacterial+pathogenesis+and+beyond.">Cas9+ conditionally-immortalized macrophages as a tool for bacterial pathogenesis and beyond.</a> eLife. 8, e45957 (2019).</li><li>Oberdoerffer, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficiency+of+RNA+interference+in+the+mouse+hematopoietic+system+varies+between+cell+types+and+developmental+stages.">Efficiency of RNA interference in the mouse hematopoietic system varies between cell types and developmental stages.</a> Molecular and Cellular Biology. 25 (10), 3896-3905 (2005).</li><li>Ma, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=YTHDF2+orchestrates+tumor-associated+macrophage+reprogramming+and+controls+antitumor+immunity+through+CD8++T+cells.">YTHDF2 orchestrates tumor-associated macrophage reprogramming and controls antitumor immunity through CD8+ T cells.</a> Nature Immunology. 24 (2), 255-266 (2023).</li><li>Cong, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiplex+genome+engineering+using+CRISPR/Cas+systems.">Multiplex genome engineering using CRISPR/Cas systems.</a> Science. 339 (6121), 819-823 (2013).</li><li>Mali, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNA-guided+human+genome+engineering+via+Cas9.">RNA-guided human genome engineering via Cas9.</a> Science. 339 (6121), 823-826 (2013).</li><li>Cho, S. W., Kim, S., Kim, J. M., Kim, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeted+genome+engineering+in+human+cells+with+the+Cas9+RNA-guided+endonuclease.">Targeted genome engineering in human cells with the Cas9 RNA-guided endonuclease.</a> Nature Biotechnology. 31 (3), 230-232 (2013).</li><li>Jinek, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNA-programmed+genome+editing+in+human+cells.">RNA-programmed genome editing in human cells.</a> eLife. 2, e00471 (2013).</li><li>Kim, S., Kim, D., Cho, S. W., Kim, J., Kim, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Highly+efficient+RNA-guided+genome+editing+in+human+cells+via+delivery+of+purified+Cas9+ribonucleoproteins.">Highly efficient RNA-guided genome editing in human cells via delivery of purified Cas9 ribonucleoproteins.</a> Genome Research. 24 (6), 1012-1019 (2014).</li><li>Lin, S., Staahl, B. T., Alla, R. K., Doudna, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhanced+homology-directed+human+genome+engineering+by+controlled+timing+of+CRISPR/Cas9+delivery.">Enhanced homology-directed human genome engineering by controlled timing of CRISPR/Cas9 delivery.</a> eLife. 3, 04766 (2014).</li><li>Brinkman, E. K., Chen, T., Amendola, M., van Steensel, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Easy+quantitative+assessment+of+genome+editing+by+sequence+trace+decomposition.">Easy quantitative assessment of genome editing by sequence trace decomposition.</a> Nucleic Acids Research. 42 (22), e168 (2014).</li><li>Craft, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CRISPR-Cas9-mediated+genome+editing+in+primary+murine+bone+marrow-derived+macrophages.">CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genome editing in primary murine bone marrow-derived macrophages.</a> University of California, Davis. , (2022).</li><li>Herb, M., Farid, A., Gluschko, A., Kr&#246;nke, M., Schramm, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Highly+efficient+transfection+of+primary+macrophages+with+in+vitro+transcribed+mRNA.">Highly efficient transfection of primary macrophages with in vitro transcribed mRNA.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (153), e60143 (2019).</li><li>Yu, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+delivery+of+Cas9+protein/gRNA+complexes+using+lipofectamine+CRISPRMAX.">Improved delivery of Cas9 protein/gRNA complexes using lipofectamine CRISPRMAX.</a> Biotechnology Letters. 38 (6), 919-929 (2016).</li></ol>

Genomredigering med hjälp av elektroporerade Cas9-sgRNA-komplex möjliggör effektiv störning av genfunktionen i BMDM. Redigeringseffektiviteten varierar beroende på målsekvens och gen. Vanligtvis screenas fyra till fem sgRNA för att identifiera en som är mycket aktiv. Vissa loci har lägre redigeringseffektivitet, troligen på grund av kromatinstrukturen. I dessa fall kan flera ändringar göras för att öka redigeringseffektiviteten. Samleverans av två aktiva sgRNA till samma exon resulterar i förbättrad redi...

Makrofager är medfödda immunceller som spelar en avgörande roll för vävnadsreparation och immunitet 1,2. Odödliga makrofagcellinjer, såsom RAW 264.7-celler från möss eller humana THP-1-celler, har flera fördelaktiga egenskaper, inklusive robust tillväxt och enkel genstörning genom att leverera vektorer för RNA-interferens eller CRISPR/Cas9 3,4. Onkogena transformationer förändrar dock dramatiskt deras fysiologi, vilket resulterar i avvikande aktivering av vissa vägar och dämpade reaktionerhos andra. Primära benmärgsderiverade makrofager (BMDM) rekapitulerar närmare in vivo makrofagfysiologi, men är fortfarande utmanande att genetiskt manipulera på grund av den låga effektiviteten hos både plasmidtransfektion och virustransduktion i dessa primära immunceller 7,8. Därför behövs effektivare metoder för att störa genernas funktion.
CRISPR/Cas9-genomredigering är ett kraftfullt verktyg för genetisk manipulation över en rad biologiska system, inklusive däggdjursceller 9,10,11,12. Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9-proteinet klyver effektivt och specifikt dubbelsträngat DNA när det komplexeras med ett sekvensspecifikt guide-RNA. DNA-reparation genom den icke-homologa ändsammanfogningen (NHEJ) av det klyvda DNA:t resulterar i små insättningar eller deletioner (indels) som skapar frameshift-mutationer. I tidiga studier levererades Cas9 och sgRNA genom plasmid- eller lentivirala vektorer, som är effektiva leveransmetoder för många cellinjer 9,10. Primära celler, och i synnerhet primära immunceller, är dock ofta resistenta mot dessa metoder på grund av den låga effektiviteten hos vektorleverans genom transfektion eller transduktion. Därefter har metoder utvecklats för att generera sgRNA-Cas9-komplex in vitro och för att leverera dem via elektroporering, och dessa metoder har uppnått hög effektivitet i en mängd olika celltyper13,14. Resultaten har föreslagit möjligheten att använda detta tillvägagångssätt för att utföra genomredigering i primära makrofager.
Här tillhandahåller vi ett protokoll för att använda sgRNA-Cas9 ribonukleoproteinkomplex (RNP) för att utföra genomredigering i primära BMDM. Den innehåller steg för att mildra aktiveringen av immunsensorerna som finns i primära immunceller och resulterar i upp till 95 % redigering på riktade loci med minimal toxicitet. Detta protokoll innehåller också arbetsflöden för att utvärdera redigeringseffektiviteten med hjälp av rutinmässig polymeraskedjereaktion (PCR) och Sanger-sekvensering, följt av in silico-analys av Tracking of Indels by Decomposition (TIDE)15, ett välvaliderat online-mjukvaruverktyg.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>3T3-MCSF Cell Line</td>
			<td>Gift from Russell Vance</td>
			<td>not applicable</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alt-R Cas9 Electroporation Enhancer</td>
			<td>IDT</td>
			<td>1075915</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ampure XP Reagent Beads</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>A63880</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>M0525S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNase</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>M0303S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPBS +Ca/Mg (0.9mM CaCl2 and 0.5mM MgCl2)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>14040-133</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPBS -Ca/Mg</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>14190-144</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ExoI</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>M0293S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Calf Serum (FCS)</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>35-015-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Herculase DNA polymerase &#38; buffer</td>
			<td>Agilent</td>
			<td>600677</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HiScribe T7 High Yield RNA Synthesis Kit</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>E2040S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LoBind conical tubes 15 mL</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>30122216</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LoBind Eppendorf tubes 2 mL</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>22431102</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NEBuffer r2.1</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>B6002S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neon Transfection System</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>MPK5000, MPP100, MPS100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neon Transfection System 10 uL Tips</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>MPK1025 or MPK1096</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS + 1mM EDTA</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>BE02017F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Proteinase K</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>EO0491</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>rCutSmart Buffer for ExoI</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>B6004S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ribolock</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>EO0384</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNA loading dye</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>B0363S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNeasy Mini Kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>74104</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>S. pyogenes Cas9-NLS</td>
			<td>University of California Macro Lab</td>
			<td>not applicable</td>
			<td>Available to non-UC investigators through&#160; https://qb3.berkeley.edu</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>S. pyogenes Cas9-NLS, modified 3rd Generation</td>
			<td>IDT</td>
			<td>1081059</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SAP</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>M0371S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

high-efficiency gene disruption in primary bone marrow-derived macrophages using electroporated cas9-sgrna complexes

Benmärgsderiverade makrofager (BMDM) från möss är ett viktigt verktyg för att studera den komplexa biologin hos vävnadsmakrofager. Som primära celler modellerar de fysiologin hos makrofager in vivo närmare än odödliga makrofagcellinjer och kan härledas från möss som redan bär på definierade genetiska förändringar. Att störa genfunktionen i BMDM är dock fortfarande tekniskt utmanande. Här tillhandahåller vi ett protokoll för effektiv CRISPR/Cas9-genomredigering i BMDM, vilket möjliggör införandet av små insättningar och deletioner (indels) som resulterar i frameshift-mutationer som stör genfunktionen. Protokollet beskriver hur man syntetiserar enkelstyrande RNA (sgRNA-Cas9) och bildar renade sgRNA-Cas9-ribonukleoproteinkomplex (RNP) som kan levereras genom elektroporering. Det ger också en effektiv metod för att övervaka redigeringseffektiviteten med hjälp av rutinmässig Sanger-sekvensering och ett fritt tillgängligt online-analysprogram. Protokollet kan utföras inom 1 vecka och kräver ingen plasmidkonstruktion; Det resulterar vanligtvis i 85 % till 95 % redigeringseffektivitet.

Macrophages are innate immune cells that play critical roles in tissue repair and immunity1,2. Immortalized macrophage cell lines, such as mouse RAW 264.7 cells or human THP-1 cells, have several beneficial characteristics, including robust growth and ease of gene disruption by delivering vectors for RNA interference or CRISPR/Cas93,4. However, oncogenic transformation dramatically alters their physiology, which results in the aberrant activation of some pathways and muted responses of others5,6. Primary bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) more closely recapitulate in vivo macrophage physiology, but remain challenging to genetically manipulate due to the low efficiency of both plasmid transfection and viral transduction in these primary immune cells7,8. Thus, more efficient methods for disrupting gene function are needed.
CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing is a powerful tool for genetic manipulation across a range of biological systems, including mammalian cells9,10,11,12. The Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 protein efficiently and specifically cleaves double-stranded DNA when complexed with a sequence-specific guide RNA. DNA repair through the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) of the cleaved DNA results in small insertions or deletions (indels) that create frameshift mutations. In early studies, Cas9 and sgRNAs were delivered through plasmid or lentiviral vectors, which are effective delivery methods for many cell lines9,10. However, primary cells and, in particular, primary immune cells are often refractory to these methods due to the low efficiency of vector delivery by transfection or transduction. Subsequently, methods have been developed to generate sgRNA-Cas9 complexes in vitro and to deliver them via electroporation, and these methods have achieved high efficiency in a variety of cell types13,14. The results have suggested the possibility of using this approach to carry out genome editing in primary macrophages.
Here, we provide a protocol for using sgRNA-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs) to carry out genome editing in primary BMDMs. It contains steps to mitigate the activation of the immune sensors present in primary immune cells and results in up to 95% editing at targeted loci with minimal toxicity. This protocol also includes workflows to evaluate editing efficiency using routine polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Sanger sequencing, followed by in silico analysis by Tracking of Indels by Decomposition (TIDE)15, a well-validated online software tool.

Författare i fokus: Effektiv CRISPR/Cas9-genomredigering i benmärgshärledda makrofager för exakt genstörning

Högeffektiv genstörning i primära benmärgshärledda makrofager med hjälp av elektroporerade Cas9-sgRNA-komplex

Our laboratory studies the interaction between mycobacterium, tuberculosis and the host immune system, with a focus on the initial interaction between the bacterium and the macrophage. There's a variety of gene-disruption techniques used in macrophages, including RNAi technologies and CRISPR technologies. One of the major challenges is the low efficiency of gene disruption in macrophages.This protocol enables the rapid and high-efficiency genetic manipulation of primary macrophages without the need for cloning and plasmid construction. These methods should be broadly applicable in immunology, enabling researchers to disrupt genes in primary macrophages for a wide array of studies.

IVT-mallen är en PCR-produkt med 127 bp (figur 1B). Fullängds-IVT-produkten är ett 98 nt RNA, som migrerar på samma sätt som ett 70 bp dubbelsträngat DNA-fragment (Figur 1C).
Efter elektroporering ska cellerna vara >90 % livskraftiga, med ett totalt cellantal på >70 % av startcellantalet. Den resulterande poolen av muterade celler bör ha en varierad uppsättning indels, med början nära Cas9-klyvningsstället. Analysen av de ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Author Spotlight: Efficient CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing in Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages for Precise Gene Disruption at JoVE.com

Detta protokoll beskriver proceduren för genomredigering i makrofager från benmärg från möss med hjälp av Cas9-sgRNA-ribonukleoproteinkomplex som sätts samman in vitro och levereras genom elektroporering.

Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) from mice are a key tool for studying the complex biology of tissue macrophages. As primary cells, they model the ...

Vårt laboratorium studerar interaktionen mellan mykobakterie, tuberkulos och värdens immunsystem, med fokus på den initiala interaktionen mellan bakterien och makrofagen. Det finns en mängd olika genstörningstekniker som används i makrofager, inklusive RNAi-teknik och CRISPR-teknik. En av de stora utmaningarna är den låga effektiviteten av genstörningar i makrofager.Detta protokoll möjliggör snabb och högeffektiv genetisk manipulation av primära makrofager utan behov av kloning och plasmidkonstruktion. Dessa metoder bör vara brett tillämpliga inom immunologi och göra det möjligt för forskare att störa gener i primära makrofager för ett brett spektrum av studier.

high-efficiency-gene-disruption-primary-bone-marrow-derived

Research

JoVE Journal

Genetics

High-Efficiency Gene Disruption in Primary Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages Using Electroporated Cas9-sgRNA Complexes

Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) from mice are a key tool for studying the complex biology of tissue macrophages. As primary cells, they model the physiology of macrophages in vivo more closely than immortalized macrophage cell lines and can be derived from mice already carrying defined genetic changes. However, disrupting gene function in BMDMs remains technically challenging. Here, we provide a protocol for efficient CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing in BMDMs, which allows for the introduction of small insertions and deletions (indels) that result in frameshift mutations that disrupt gene function. The protocol describes how to synthesize single-guide RNAs (sgRNA-Cas9) and form purified sgRNA-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs) that can be delivered by electroporation. It also provides an efficient method for monitoring editing efficiency using routine Sanger sequencing and a freely available online analysis program. The protocol can be performed within 1 week and does not require plasmid construction; it typically results in 85% to 95% editing efficiency.

This protocol describes the procedure for genome editing in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages using Cas9-sgRNA ribonucleoprotein complexes assembled in vitro and delivered by electroporation.

Preparation for Electroporation and Ribonucleoprotein Delivery for Genome Editing in Mouse Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages

To begin, set the parameters of the pipette station placed in the laminar flow hood to 1, 900 volts, 20 milliseconds in one pulse. Carefully remove a transfection tube from the package to keep it sterile and fill it with three milliliters of E buffer. To prepare the cells for electroporation, remove the growth medium from the cells and wash them using PBS to remove the serum and divalent cations that promote adhesion.Then add a mixture of PBS and one millimolar EDTA to the cells and incubate at room temperature for about five minutes until the cells begin to detach. Pipette up and down gently to detach the cells and transfer the cells to a low protein binding 15 milliliter tube. Pellet the cells at 500 G for five minutes.After centrifugation quickly remove most of the supernatant, leaving about one milliliter of the supernatant in the tube. Resuspend the cells in the remaining supernatant and transfer it to a low protein binding 1.5 milliliter microfuge tube. Remove a small aliquot of cells to count and pellet the remaining cells by centrifusion at 500 G at room temperature for five minutes.Count the cells during centrifugation. Take 1x sgRNA in 20 millimolar Cas9 solution and warm the tubes to room temperature. After centrifugation, remove all the supernatant from the cell pellet and resuspend the cells in PBS with calcium chloride and magnesium chloride at a concentration of 40 million cells per milliliter.For the sgRNA Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complex assembly, add 2.5 microliters of sgRNA to one microliter of the diluted Cas9 in sterilized PCR tubes and dispense the sgRNA slowly with mixing for about 15 seconds to prevent precipitation. Incubate for five minutes at room temperature to allow the ribonucleoprotein complex formation. To deliver the ribonucleoprotein complex by electroporation, prepare the electroporation tip by depressing the plunger to extend the stem.Then insert the stem into the tip. Resuspend the cells by pipetting up and down. Load the electroporation tip with the cells and withdraw the full 10 microliters volume capacity of the tip.Starting with the negative control sgRNA, transfer 10 microliters of cells in the electroporation tip to the sample tube containing 3.5 microliters of ribonucleoprotein. Pipette up and down three times to mix well, and draw 10 microliters of the mixture back into the tip. Place the tip into the electroporation station, lowering it into the buffer, and push Start on the touchscreen display.After completion, the display will indicate a successful pulse. Remove the pipette from the device and place the cells in a dry well of the uncoated 12 well plate. Rinse the tip by pipetting up and down twice in 15 milliliters of PBS with calcium chloride and magnesium chloride.Set aside the pipette with the tip still attached. Immediately add one milliliter of the antibiotic free medium aliquoted earlier to the cells and gently shake the plate to mix. The representative Sanger sequencing chromatogram of the Rosa 26 locus from the bone marrow derived macrophages electroporated with a controlled non-targeting sgRNA Cas9 ribonucleoprotein, Rosa 26 specific sgRNA, and Src and Cblb genes in the edited macrophages are shown here.The analysis of the targeted genes by PCR and Sanger sequencing shows multiple nucleotides at each position downstream of the Cas9 cleavage site. These results validate the attainment of a high editing efficiency for multiple targeted genes.