Name: Author Spotlight: Investigating Asymmetric Cell Division Dynamics: A Protocol for Live-Imaging of Drosophila Larval Brain Explants
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Esta investigación cuenta con el apoyo de R35GM148160 (C. C.) y una subvención de capacitación T32 de los Institutos Nacionales de Salud (NIH) GM007270 (R. C. S)

NOTA: La figura 1 muestra los materiales necesarios para realizar este estudio.
1. Consideraciones y preparativos para el experimento
<ol><li>Evite que las larvas se hacinen. NOTA: La calidad de los cerebros larvales explante está directamente relacionada con la salud y la calidad de las larvas antes de la disección. Las larvas que están desnutridas por el hacinamiento generalmente producirán cerebros de menor calidad30<...

Imaging Live Brain Explants from Drosophila melanogaster Third Instar Larvae

<ol>
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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+neuroblasts:+A+model+for+stem+cell+biology.">Drosophila neuroblasts: A model for stem cell biology.</a> Development. 139 (23), 4297-4310 (2012).</li><li>Gallaud, E., Pham, T., Cabernard, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+melanogaster+neuroblasts:+A+model+for+asymmetric+stem+cell+divisions.">Drosophila melanogaster neuroblasts: A model for asymmetric stem cell divisions.</a> Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation. 61 (1489), 183-210 (2017).</li><li>Loyer, N., Januschke, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Where+does+asymmetry+come+from?+Illustrating+principles+of+polarity+and+asymmetry+establishment+in+Drosophila+neuroblasts.">Where does asymmetry come from? Illustrating principles of polarity and asymmetry establishment in Drosophila neuroblasts.</a> Current Opinion in Cell Biology. 62, 70-77 (2020).</li><li>Pollington, H. Q., Seroka, A. Q., Doe, C. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=From+temporal+patterning+to+neuronal+connectivity+in+Drosophila+type+I+neuroblast+lineages.">From temporal patterning to neuronal connectivity in Drosophila type I neuroblast lineages.</a> Seminars in Cell &amp; Developmental Biology. 142, 4-12 (2023).</li><li>Oon, C. H., Prehoda, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Asymmetric+recruitment+and+actin+dependent+cortical+flows+drive+the+neuroblast+polarity+cycle.">Asymmetric recruitment and actin dependent cortical flows drive the neuroblast polarity cycle.</a> eLife. 8, e45815 (2019).</li><li>Ramat, A., Hannaford, M., Januschke, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maintenance+of+miranda+localization+in+Drosophila+neuroblasts+involves+interaction+with+the+cognate+mRNA.">Maintenance of miranda localization in Drosophila neuroblasts involves interaction with the cognate mRNA.</a> Current Biology. 27 (14), 2101-2111 (2017).</li><li>Oon, C. H., Prehoda, K. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phases+of+cortical+actomyosin+dynamics+coupled+to+the+neuroblast+polarity+cycle.">Phases of cortical actomyosin dynamics coupled to the neuroblast polarity cycle.</a> eLife. 10, e66574 (2021).</li><li>LaFoya, B., Prehoda, K. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Actin-dependent+membrane+polarization+reveals+the+mechanical+nature+of+the+neuroblast+polarity+cycle.">Actin-dependent membrane polarization reveals the mechanical nature of the neuroblast polarity cycle.</a> Cell Reports. 35 (7), 109146 (2021).</li><li>Siller, K. H., Doe, C. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lis1/dynactin+regulates+metaphase+spindle+orientation+in+Drosophila+neuroblasts.">Lis1/dynactin regulates metaphase spindle orientation in Drosophila neuroblasts.</a> Developmental Biology. 319 (1), 1-9 (2008).</li><li>Siller, K. H., Cabernard, C., Doe, C. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+NuMA-related+Mud+protein+binds+Pins+and+regulates+spindle+orientation+in+Drosophila+neuroblasts.">The NuMA-related Mud protein binds Pins and regulates spindle orientation in Drosophila neuroblasts.</a> Nature Cell Biology. 8 (6), 594-600 (2006).</li><li>Cabernard, C., Doe, C. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Apical/basal+spindle+orientation+is+required+for+neuroblast+homeostasis+and+neuronal+differentiation+in+Drosophila.">Apical/basal spindle orientation is required for neuroblast homeostasis and neuronal differentiation in Drosophila.</a> Developmental Cell. 17 (1), 134-141 (2009).</li><li>Cabernard, C., Prehoda, K. E., Doe, C. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+spindle-independent+cleavage+furrow+positioning+pathway.">A spindle-independent cleavage furrow positioning pathway.</a> Nature. 467 (7311), 91-94 (2010).</li><li>Connell, M., Cabernard, C., Ricketson, D., Doe, C. Q., Prehoda, K. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Asymmetric+cortical+extension+shifts+cleavage+furrow+position+in+Drosophila+neuroblasts.">Asymmetric cortical extension shifts cleavage furrow position in Drosophila neuroblasts.</a> Molecular Biology of the Cell. 22 (22), 4220-4226 (2011).</li><li>Tsankova, A., Pham, T. T., Garcia, D. S., Otte, F., Cabernard, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+polarity+regulates+biased+myosin+activity+and+dynamics+during+asymmetric+cell+division+via+Drosophila+rho+kinase+and+protein+kinase+N.">Cell polarity regulates biased myosin activity and dynamics during asymmetric cell division via Drosophila rho kinase and protein kinase N.</a> Developmental Cell. 42 (2), 143-155 (2017).</li><li>Montembault, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myosin+efflux+promotes+cell+elongation+to+coordinate+chromosome+segregation+with+cell+cleavage.">Myosin efflux promotes cell elongation to coordinate chromosome segregation with cell cleavage.</a> Nature Communications. 8 (1), 326 (2017).</li><li>Roubinet, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatio-temporally+separated+cortical+flows+and+spindle+geometry+establish+physical+asymmetry+in+fly+neural+stem+cells.">Spatio-temporally separated cortical flows and spindle geometry establish physical asymmetry in fly neural stem cells.</a> Nature Communications. 8 (1), 1383 (2017).</li><li>Januschke, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Centrobin+controls+mother-daughter+centriole+asymmetry+in+Drosophila+neuroblasts.">Centrobin controls mother-daughter centriole asymmetry in Drosophila neuroblasts.</a> Nature Cell Biology. 15 (3), 241-248 (2013).</li><li>Januschke, J., Llamazares, S., Reina, J., Gonzalez, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+neuroblasts+retain+the+daughter+centrosome.">Drosophila neuroblasts retain the daughter centrosome.</a> Nature Communications. 2 (1), 243 (2011).</li><li>Rebollo, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functionally+unequal+centrosomes+drive+spindle+orientation+in+asymmetrically+dividing+Drosophila+neural+stem+cells.">Functionally unequal centrosomes drive spindle orientation in asymmetrically dividing Drosophila neural stem cells.</a> Developmental Cell. 12 (3), 467-474 (2007).</li><li>Januschke, J., Gonzalez, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+interphase+microtubule+aster+is+a+determinant+of+asymmetric+division+orientation+in+Drosophila+neuroblasts.">The interphase microtubule aster is a determinant of asymmetric division orientation in Drosophila neuroblasts.</a> The Journal of Cell Biology. 188 (5), 693-706 (2010).</li><li>Rusan, N. M., Peifer, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+role+for+a+novel+centrosome+cycle+in+asymmetric+cell+division.">A role for a novel centrosome cycle in asymmetric cell division.</a> The Journal of Cell Biology. 177 (1), 13-20 (2007).</li><li>Lerit, D. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interphase+centrosome+organization+by+the+PLP-Cnn+scaffold+is+required+for+centrosome+function.">Interphase centrosome organization by the PLP-Cnn scaffold is required for centrosome function.</a> Journal of Cell Biology. 210 (1), 79-97 (2015).</li><li>Gallaud, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+centriolar+localization+of+Polo+and+Centrobin+in+early+mitosis+primes+centrosome+asymmetry.">Dynamic centriolar localization of Polo and Centrobin in early mitosis primes centrosome asymmetry.</a> PLoS Biology. 18 (8), e3000762 (2020).</li><li>Ramdas Nair, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+microcephaly-associated+protein+Wdr62/CG7337+is+required+to+maintain+centrosome+asymmetry+in+Drosophila+neuroblasts.">The microcephaly-associated protein Wdr62/CG7337 is required to maintain centrosome asymmetry in Drosophila neuroblasts.</a> Cell Reports. 14 (5), 1100-1113 (2016).</li><li>Singh, P., Nair, A. R., Cabernard, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+centriolar+protein+Bld10/Cep135+is+required+to+establish+centrosome+asymmetry+in+Drosophila+neuroblasts.">The centriolar protein Bld10/Cep135 is required to establish centrosome asymmetry in Drosophila neuroblasts.</a> Current Biology. 24 (13), 1548-1555 (2014).</li><li>LaFoya, B., Prehoda, K. 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F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integrating+animal+development:+How+hormones+and+metabolism+regulate+developmental+transitions+and+brain+formation.">Integrating animal development: How hormones and metabolism regulate developmental transitions and brain formation.</a> Developmental Biology. 475, 256-264 (2021).</li><li>Britton, J. S., Edgar, B. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Environmental+control+of+the+cell+cycle+in+Drosophila:+nutrition+activates+mitotic+and+endoreplicative+cells+by+distinct+mechanisms.">Environmental control of the cell cycle in Drosophila: nutrition activates mitotic and endoreplicative cells by distinct mechanisms.</a> Development. 125 (11), 2149-2158 (1998).</li><li>Lee, C. -. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+Aurora-A+kinase+inhibits+neuroblast+self-renewal+by+regulating+aPKC/Numb+cortical+polarity+and+spindle+orientation.">Drosophila Aurora-A kinase inhibits neuroblast self-renewal by regulating aPKC/Numb cortical polarity and spindle orientation.</a> Genes &amp; Development. 20 (24), 3464-3474 (2006).</li><li>Homem, C. C. F., Reichardt, I., Berger, C., Lendl, T., Knoblich, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+live+cell+imaging+and+automated+4D+analysis+of+Drosophila+neuroblast+lineages.">Long-term live cell imaging and automated 4D analysis of Drosophila neuroblast lineages.</a> PLoS ONE. 8 (11), e79588 (2013).</li><li>Cabernard, C., Doe, C. 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Este protocolo describe un enfoque para la obtención de imágenes de cerebros de explante vivos de larvas de Drosophila melanogaster . El protocolo descrito aquí permite observar cerebros de explante durante 12-20 h en las condiciones experimentales adecuadas. Se debe prestar especial atención a la preparación de muestras y al diseño de los experimentos deseados. Como se mencionó anteriormente, uno de los factores más críticos que determina la calidad del tejido disecado es la salud de las larvas. Para l...

La división celular asimétrica (ACD) es el proceso por el cual los componentes subcelulares como el ARN, las proteínas y los orgánulos se dividen de manera desigual entre las células hijas 1,2. Este proceso se ve comúnmente en las células madre, que se someten a ACD para dar lugar a células hijas con diferentes destinos de desarrollo. Drosophila Los NB se dividen asimétricamente para producir un NB, que conserva su tallo, y una célula madre ganglionar (GMC). El GMC sufre más divisiones para producir neuronas diferenciadoras o glía3. Los NB que se dividen asimétricamente son abundantes en los cerebros en desarrollo de las larvas del tercer estadio, que se observan fácilmente a través de la microscopía. En la tercera etapa larvaria del estadio, hay aproximadamente 100 NB presentes en cada lóbulo cerebral central 3,4,5,6.
La división celular asimétrica es un proceso altamente dinámico. Se han utilizado protocolos de imagen de células vivas para medir y cuantificar la dinámica de la polaridad celular 7,8,9,10, la orientación del huso 11,12,13, la dinámica de la corteza de actomiosina 14,15,16,17,18, la biología de microtúbulos y centrosomas 19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27, y membrana 10,28 y dinámica de la cromatina 29. Las descripciones cualitativas y cuantitativas de ACD se basan en métodos y protocolos robustos para dividir imágenes NB en cerebros vivos intactos. El siguiente protocolo describe métodos para preparar, diseccionar y obtener imágenes de cerebros larvales del tercer estadio para obtener imágenes de células vivas in vivo utilizando dos enfoques de montaje diferentes. Estos métodos son más adecuados para investigadores interesados en la dinámica espaciotemporal de las divisiones de células madre, así como las divisiones en otras células cerebrales, ya que permiten observaciones a corto y largo plazo de eventos celulares. Además, estas técnicas son fácilmente accesibles para los recién llegados al campo. Demostramos la efectividad y adaptabilidad de este enfoque con cerebros larvales que expresan microtúbulos marcados fluorescentemente y proteínas de fusión cortical. Además, discutimos los métodos de análisis y las consideraciones para su aplicación en otros estudios.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0.22 &#181;m polyethersulfone (PES) Membrane</td>
			<td>Genesee</td>
			<td>25-231</td>
			<td>Vacuum-driven filters</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agar</td>
			<td>Genesee</td>
			<td>20-248</td>
			<td>granulated agar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Analytical Computer</td>
			<td>Dell</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>Intel Xeon Gold 5222 CPU with two 3.80 GHz processors running Windows 10 on a 64-bit operating system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Growth Serum</td>
			<td>HyClone</td>
			<td>SH30541.02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chambered Imaging Slides</td>
			<td>Ibidi</td>
			<td>80826</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Confocal Microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Custom-machined metal slide</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>See Cabernard and Doe 2013 (Ref. 34) for specifications</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissection Dishes</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>5024343</td>
			<td>3-well porcelain micro spot plate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissection Forceps</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>Dumont #5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissection Microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissection Scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools (FST)</td>
			<td>15003-08</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Embryo collection cage</td>
			<td>Genesee</td>
			<td>59-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flypad with access to CO2 to anesthetize adult flies</td>
			<td>Genesee</td>
			<td>59-172</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gas-permeable membrane</td>
			<td>YSI</td>
			<td>98095</td>
			<td>Gas-permeable membrane</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass Cover Slides</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>72204-03</td>
			<td># 1.5; 22 mm x 40 mm glass coverslips</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Imaris</td>
			<td>Oxford Instruments</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>Alternatives: Fiji, Volocity, Aivia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Imaris File Converter</td>
			<td>Oxford Instruments</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Instant Yeast</td>
			<td>Saf-Instant</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Molasses</td>
			<td>Genesee</td>
			<td>62-117</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dish</td>
			<td>Greiner Bio-One</td>
			<td>628161</td>
			<td>60 mm x 15 mm Petri dish</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petroleum Jelly</td>
			<td>Vaseline</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Schneider&#39;s Insect Medium with L-glutamine and sodium bicarbonate liquid</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>S0146</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SlideBook acquisition software</td>
			<td>3i</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vacuum-Driven Filtration Unit with a 0.22 &#181;&#181;m PES membrane filter</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific, GenClone</td>
			<td>25-231</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

live-cell imaging of drosophila melanogaster third instar larval brains

Las células madre neurales de Drosophila (neuroblastos, NB en adelante) experimentan divisiones asimétricas, regenerando el neuroblasto autorrenovador, al tiempo que forman una célula madre ganglionar diferenciadora (GMC), que sufrirá una división adicional para dar lugar a dos neuronas o glía. Los estudios en NB han descubierto los mecanismos moleculares subyacentes a la polaridad celular, la orientación del huso, la autorrenovación de las células madre neurales y la diferenciación. Estas divisiones celulares asimétricas son fácilmente observables a través de imágenes de células vivas, lo que hace que las larvas sean ideales para investigar la dinámica espaciotemporal de la división celular asimétrica en el tejido vivo. Cuando se diseccionan adecuadamente y se obtienen imágenes en un medio suplementado con nutrientes, los NB en los cerebros de explante se dividen robustamente durante 12-20 h. Los métodos descritos anteriormente son técnicamente difíciles y pueden ser desafiantes para aquellos nuevos en el campo. Aquí, se describe un protocolo para la preparación, disección, montaje e imágenes de explantes cerebrales larvales vivos del tercer estadio utilizando suplementos corporales gordos. También se discuten los problemas potenciales y se proporcionan ejemplos de cómo se puede utilizar esta técnica.

Asymmetric cell division (ACD) is the process by which subcellular components such as RNA, proteins, and organelles are partitioned unequally between daughter cells1,2. This process is commonly seen in stem cells, which undergo ACD to give rise to daughter cells with different developmental fates. Drosophila NBs divide asymmetrically to produce one NB, which retains its stemness, and one ganglion mother cell (GMC). The GMC undergoes further divisions to produce differentiating neurons or glia3. Asymmetrically dividing NBs are abundant in the developing brains of third-instar larvae, which are readily observed via microscopy. At the third instar larval stage, there are roughly 100 NBs present in each central brain lobe3,4,5,6.
Asymmetric cell division is a highly dynamic process. Live-cell imaging protocols have been used to measure and quantify the dynamics of cell polarity7,8,9,10, spindle orientation11,12,13, the dynamics of the actomyosin cortex14,15,16,17,18, microtubule and centrosome biology19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27, and membrane10,28 and chromatin dynamics29. Qualitative and quantitative descriptions of ACD rely on robust methods and protocols to image dividing NBs in intact living brains. The following protocol outlines methods to prepare, dissect, and image third instar larval brains for live-cell imaging in vivo using two different mounting approaches. These methods are best suited for researchers interested in the spatiotemporal dynamics of stem cell divisions, as well as divisions in other brain cells, as they allow for short- and long-term observations of cellular events. Additionally, these techniques are readily accessible to newcomers to the field. We demonstrate the effectiveness and adaptability of this approach with larval brains expressing fluorescently tagged microtubule and cortical fusion proteins. We additionally discuss methods of analysis and considerations for application in other studies.

Author Spotlight: Investigating Asymmetric Cell Division Dynamics: A Protocol for Live-Imaging of Drosophila Larval Brain Explants 

Imágenes de células vivas de cerebros larvales del tercer estadio de Drosophila melanogaster

Our research focuses on studying the impact of asymmetric cell division or ACD, on stem cell proliferation and differentiation. We employ Drosophila neural stem cells or neuroblasts as a model to understand the mechanisms, regulations, and impacts of asymmetric cell division on development and neurogenesis. The recent developments in artificial intelligence have been making major strides in image quantification and analysis, which has significantly advanced the field of life cell imaging.Maintaining sample quality for a long-term movie is a long-standing challenge. While it's insightful to observe a sample for eight to 10 hours, logistical constraints, like the sample's imaging requirements and available imaging tools, make it difficult. Our protocol addresses this by demonstrating long-term imaging without impacting the sample's quality.Our technique could be easily adopted and applied to the field by newcomers. With some time and practice, one can feasibly generate short and long-term movies, which have the potential to yield insightful and meaningful data.

Disección e imágenes del lóbulo central del cerebro NBs que expresan Pins::EGFP y Cherry::Júpiter Para mostrar este protocolo, las larvas que expresan Cherry::Jupiter13 y Pins endógenamente etiquetados::EGFP16 (w; worGal4, UAS-cherry::jupiter/CyO; Pins::EGFP/TM6B, Tb) se obtuvieron imágenes durante 4 h utilizando el protocolo descrito utilizando diapositivas de imágenes de múltiples pocillos (Figura 5C, D</st...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Investigating Asymmetric Cell Division Dynamics: A Protocol for Live-Imaging of Drosophila Larval Brain Explants at JoVE.com

Aquí, discutimos un flujo de trabajo para preparar, diseccionar, montar y obtener imágenes de cerebros de explante vivos de larvas del tercer estadio de Drosophila melanogaster para observar la dinámica celular y subcelular en condiciones fisiológicas.

Drosophila neural stem cells (neuroblasts, NBs hereafter) undergo asymmetric divisions, regenerating the self-renewing neuroblast, while also forming a ...

Nuestra investigación se centra en estudiar el impacto de la división celular asimétrica o ACD, en la proliferación y diferenciación de células madre. Empleamos células madre neurales o neuroblastos de Drosophila como modelo para comprender los mecanismos, regulaciones e impactos de la división celular asimétrica en el desarrollo y la neurogénesis. Los desarrollos recientes en inteligencia artificial han estado haciendo grandes avances en la cuantificación y análisis de imágenes, lo que ha avanzado significativamente en el campo de las imágenes de células vitales.Mantener la calidad de la muestra para una película a largo plazo es un desafío de larga data. Si bien es perspicaz observar una muestra durante ocho a 10 horas, las limitaciones logísticas, como los requisitos de imágenes de la muestra y las herramientas de imágenes disponibles, lo hacen difícil. Nuestro protocolo aborda esto demostrando imágenes a largo plazo sin afectar la calidad de la muestra.Nuestra técnica podría ser fácilmente adoptada y aplicada al campo por los recién llegados. Con algo de tiempo y práctica, uno puede generar películas a corto y largo plazo, que tienen el potencial de producir datos perspicaces y significativos.