Name: 作者聚焦：自动化 iPSC 培养以提高可重复性
Uploaded: 2024-01-26T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Automating iPSC Culture for Enhanced Reproducibility at JoVE.com

这项研究得到了日本大阪松下生产工程有限公司新业务促进中心的资助。

关西医科大学伦理委员会批准了名为KMUR001的健康志愿者来源的iPSCs的产生和使用（批准号2020197）。公开招募的捐赠者提供了正式的知情同意书，并同意细胞的科学使用。
注意：当前界面（在Windows XP操作系统下运行的名为“ccssHMI”的特殊软件）是基本操作屏幕。在上述界面下，排列了一系列选项卡，允许用户启动各种操作。
1. 装载操作
<ol>...

使用自动化培养系统诱导多能干细胞分化

<ol>
	<li>Okita, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+more+efficient+method+to+generate+integration-free+human+iPS+cells.">A more efficient method to generate integration-free human iPS cells.</a> Nature Methods. 8 (5), 409-412 (2011).</li><li>Tanaka, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+pharmacologic+testing+using+human+induced+pluripotent+stem+cell-derived+cardiomyocytes.">In vitro pharmacologic testing using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes.</a> Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 385 (4), 497-502 (2009).</li><li>Egashira, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Disease+characterization+using+LQTS-specific+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells.">Disease characterization using LQTS-specific induced pluripotent stem cells.</a> Cardiovascular Research. 95 (4), 419-429 (2012).</li><li>Sasamata, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Establishment+of+a+robust+platform+for+induced+pluripotent+stem+cell+research+using+Maholo+LabDroid.">Establishment of a robust platform for induced pluripotent stem cell research using Maholo LabDroid.</a> SLAS technology. 26 (5), 441-453 (2021).</li><li>Tristan, C. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Robotic+high-throughput+biomanufacturing+and+functional+differentiation+of+human+pluripotent+stem+cells.">Robotic high-throughput biomanufacturing and functional differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells.</a> Stem Cell Reports. 16 (12), 3076-3092 (2021).</li><li>Konagaya, S., Ando, T., Yamauchi, T., Suemori, H., Iwata, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+maintenance+of+human+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells+by+automated+cell+culture+system.">Long-term maintenance of human induced pluripotent stem cells by automated cell culture system.</a> Scientific Reports. 5, 16647 (2015).</li><li>McClymont, D. W., Freemont, P. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=With+all+due+respect+to+Maholo,+lab+automation+isn't+anthropomorphic.">With all due respect to Maholo, lab automation isn't anthropomorphic.</a> Nature Biotechnology. 35 (4), 312-314 (2017).</li><li>Gonzalez, F., Zalewski, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Teaching+joint-level+robot+programming+with+a+new+robotics+software+tool.">Teaching joint-level robot programming with a new robotics software tool.</a> Robotics. 6 (4), 41 (2017).</li><li>Bando, K., Yamashita, H., Tsumori, M., Minoura, H., Okumura, K., Hattori, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Compact+automated+culture+system+for+human+induced+pluripotent+stem+cell+maintenance+and+differentiation.">Compact automated culture system for human induced pluripotent stem cell maintenance and differentiation.</a> Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. 10, 1074990 (2022).</li><li>Tohyama, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glutamine+oxidation+is+indispensable+for+survival+of+human+pluripotent+stem+cells.">Glutamine oxidation is indispensable for survival of human pluripotent stem cells.</a> Cell Metabolism. 23 (4), 663-674 (2016).</li><li>Yamashita, H., Fukuda, K., Hattori, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hepatocyte-like+cells+derived+from+human+pluripotent+stem+cells+can+be+enriched+by+a+combination+of+mitochondrial+content+and+activated+leukocyte+cell+adhesion+molecule.">Hepatocyte-like cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells can be enriched by a combination of mitochondrial content and activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule.</a> JMA journal. 2 (2), 174-183 (2019).</li><li>Shimojo, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid,+efficient+and+simple+motor+neuron+differentiation+from+human+pluripotent+stem+cells.">Rapid, efficient and simple motor neuron differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells.</a> Molecular Brain. 8 (1), 79 (2015).</li><li>Nishimoto, R., Kodama, C., Yamashita, H., Hattori, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+induced+pluripotent+stem+cell-derived+keratinocyte-like+cells+for+research+on+Protease-Activated+Receptor+2+in+nonhistaminergic+cascades+of+atopic+dermatitis.">Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived keratinocyte-like cells for research on Protease-Activated Receptor 2 in nonhistaminergic cascades of atopic dermatitis.</a> The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 384 (2), 248-253 (2023).</li><li>International Stem Cell Initiative. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Screening+ethnically+diverse+human+embryonic+stem+cells+identifies+a+chromosome+20+minimal+amplicon+conferring+growth+advantage.">Screening ethnically diverse human embryonic stem cells identifies a chromosome 20 minimal amplicon conferring growth advantage.</a> Nature Biotechnology. 29 (12), 1132-1144 (2011).</li><li>Keller, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+and+epigenetic+factors+which+modulate+differentiation+propensity+in+human+pluripotent+stem+cells.">Genetic and epigenetic factors which modulate differentiation propensity in human pluripotent stem cells.</a> Human Reproduction Update. 24 (2), 162-175 (2018).</li></ol>

协议中的一个关键步骤是，如果用户发现任何故障，请随时单击取消、停止或重置按钮，然后从第一步重新开始。该软件可以避免人为错误，包括重复预订、在系统任务处于活动状态时开门以及缺乏补货。成功和有效分化为所需体细胞的另一个关键点是正确选择多能干细胞系，因为每个多能干细胞在其分化特性中都具有不可控的偏差14,15。
<p class="jov...

本文旨在为我们与一家公司合作生产的人诱导多能干细胞（iPSC）的自动化培养系统提供实际和详细的处理程序，并展示具有代表性的结果。
自2007年文章发表以来，iPSC一直受到全世界的关注1。由于其最大的特点是能够分化成任何类型的体细胞，因此有望应用于再生医学、阐明疑难杂症的病因和开发新的治疗药物等各个领域2,3。此外，使用人类iPSC衍生的体细胞可以减少动物实验，这些实验受到重大的伦理限制。尽管不断需要大量同质的 iPSC 来研究 iPSC 的新方法，但管理它们太费力了。此外，由于iPSC的敏感性很高，因此处理iPSC很困难，即使对细微的文化和环境变化也是如此。
为了解决这个问题，自动化培养系统应该代替人类执行任务。一些研究小组已经开发了一些用于细胞维持和分化的自动化人类多能干细胞培养系统，并发表了他们的成就4,5,6。这些系统配备了多关节机械臂。机械臂不仅具有高度模仿人类手臂运动的优点，而且缺点在于它们需要更高的手臂成本、更大更重的系统包装以及工程师为获得目标运动而耗时的教育工作 7,8。为了在经济、空间和人力资源消耗方面更容易将该设备引入更多的研究机构，我们开发了一种新型自动化培养系统，用于维持 iPSC 并将其分化为各种细胞类型9。
我们采用新系统的理由是采用 X-Y-Z 轴导轨系统，而不是多关节机械臂9。为了取代机械臂复杂的手部功能，我们在这个系统中应用了一个新思路，它可以自动改变三种类型的特定功能臂尖。在这里，我们还指出了用户如何通过软件上的简单订单轻松制定任务计划，因为在整个过程中对工程师的贡献缺乏要求。
其中一个机器人培养系统已经证明了使用 96 孔板作为 3D 细胞聚集体进行分化4 来制造胚状体。此处报告的系统无法处理 96 孔板。其中一种使用细胞系达到了当前的良好生产规范（cGMP）等级，尽管它不是人类多能干细胞5。这里详细介绍的自动化培养系统现在已经开发出来，其具体目的是帮助实验室实验（图1）。但是，它有足够的系统来保持相当于 IV 级安全柜的清洁水平。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0.15% bovine serum albumin fraction V</td>
			<td>Fuji Film Wako Chemical Inc., Miyazaki, Japan</td>
			<td>9048-46-8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1% GlutaMAX</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>35050061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 cm plastic plates&#160;</td>
			<td>Corning Inc., NY, United States</td>
			<td>430167</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>253G1</td>
			<td>RKEN Bioresource Research Center</td>
			<td>HPS0002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>21985023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Actinin&#160; mouse</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab9465</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Activin A&#160;</td>
			<td>Nacali Tesque</td>
			<td>18585-81</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adenine</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A14906.30</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Albumin&#160; rabbit</td>
			<td>Dako</td>
			<td>A0001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>All-trans retinoic acid</td>
			<td>Fuji Film Wako Chemical Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td>186-01114</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Automated culture system</td>
			<td>Panasonic</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B-27 supplement</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>17504044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>bFGF</td>
			<td>Fuji Film Wako Chemical Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td>062-06661</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BMP4&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>PHC9531</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine serum albumin</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>810037</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CHIR-99021&#160;</td>
			<td>MCE, NJ, United States #HY-10182</td>
			<td>252917-06-9</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Defined Keratinocyte-SFM</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>10744019</td>
			<td>Human keratinocyte medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dexamethasone</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>266785</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dihexa&#160;</td>
			<td>TRC, Ontario, Canada</td>
			<td>13071-60-8</td>
			<td>rac-1,2-Dihexadecylglycerol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable hemocytometer</td>
			<td>CountessTM Cell Counting Chamber Slides, Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>C10228</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dorsomorphin</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>1219168-18-9</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#8217;s modified Eagle medium/F12&#160;</td>
			<td>Fuji Film Wako Chemical Inc.</td>
			<td>12634010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EGF</td>
			<td>Fuji Film Wako Chemical Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td>053-07751</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Essential 8&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A1517001</td>
			<td>Human pluripotent stem cell medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum&#160;</td>
			<td>Biowest, FL, United States</td>
			<td>S140T</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FGF-basic&#160;</td>
			<td>Nacalai Tesque Inc.</td>
			<td>19155-07</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forskolin</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>J63292.MF</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glutamine</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>25030081</td>
			<td>Glutamine supplement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat IgG(H+L) AlexaFluo546</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>A11056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HNF-4A&#160; goat</td>
			<td>Santacruz</td>
			<td>6556</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrocortisone</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A16292.06</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrocortisone 21-hemisuccinate</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>H2882</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>iMatrix511 Silk&#160;</td>
			<td>Nippi Inc., Tokyo, Japan</td>
			<td>892 021</td>
			<td>Cell culture matrix</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin-transferrin-selenium</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>41400045</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Keratin 1&#160; mouse</td>
			<td>Santacruz</td>
			<td>376224</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Keratin 10&#160; rabbit</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>19054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KMUR001</td>
			<td>Kansai Medical University&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Patient-derived iPSCs&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Knockout serum replacement</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>10828010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate&#160;</td>
			<td>A8960, Merck</td>
			<td>A8960</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leibovitz&#8217;s L-15 medium&#160;</td>
			<td>Fuji Film Wako Chemical Inc.</td>
			<td>128-06075</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Matrigel</td>
			<td>Corning Inc.</td>
			<td>354277</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse IgG(H+L) AlexaFluo488</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>A21202</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N-2 supplement</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>17502048</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nestin mouse</td>
			<td>Santacruz</td>
			<td>23927</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neurobasal medium</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>21103049</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neurofilament&#160; rabbit</td>
			<td>Chemicon</td>
			<td>AB1987</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neutristem</td>
			<td>Sartrius AG, G&#246;ttingen, Germany</td>
			<td>05-100-1A</td>
			<td>cell culture medium&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oct 3/4&#160; mouse</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>611202</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS(-)</td>
			<td>Nacalai Tesque Inc., Kyoto, Japan</td>
			<td>14249-24</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rabbit IgG(H+L) AlexaFluo488</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>A21206</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rabbit IgG(H+L) AlexaFluo546</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>A10040</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant human albumin&#160;</td>
			<td>A0237, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>A9731</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rho kinase inhibitor, Y-27632&#160;</td>
			<td>Sellec Inc., Tokyo, Japan</td>
			<td>129830-38-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RIKEN 2F</td>
			<td>RKEN Bioresource Research Center</td>
			<td>HPS0014</td>
			<td>undifferentiated hiPSCs&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI 1640&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific #11875</td>
			<td>12633020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SB431542</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>301836-41-9</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium L-ascorbate</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>A4034-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SSEA-4&#160; mouse</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>MAB4304</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>StemFit AK02N&#160;</td>
			<td>Ajinomoto, Tokyo, Japan</td>
			<td>AK02</td>
			<td>cell culture medium&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TnT rabbit</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab92546</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TRA 1-81 mouse</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>MAB4381</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triiodothyronine</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>H34068.06</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TripLETM express enzyme&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, United States</td>
			<td>12604013</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypan blue solution&#160;</td>
			<td>Nacalai Tesque, Kyoto, Japan</td>
			<td>20577-34</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tryptose phosphate broth</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>T8782-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wnt-C59&#160;</td>
			<td>Bio-techne, NB, United Kingdom</td>
			<td>5148</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#946;&#160;<img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/65672/65672eq01v2.jpg" style="margin: auto;" /> Tublin&#160; mouse</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>G712A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an automated culture system for maintaining and differentiating human-induced pluripotent stem cells

具有无限自我增殖能力的人类诱导多能干细胞（hiPSCs）有望在众多领域得到应用，包括阐明罕见病病理学、开发新药以及旨在恢复受损器官的再生医学。尽管如此，hiPSCs的社会实施仍然有限。这在一定程度上是因为iPSCs对微小环境变化的高度敏感性，即使拥有先进的知识和复杂的技术技能，也难以在培养物中复制分化。自动化培养系统的应用可以解决这个问题。根据不同研究所的共享程序，可以预期具有独立于研究人员技能的高可重复性的实验。尽管之前已经开发了几种可以维持 iPSC 培养物和诱导分化的自动化培养系统，但这些系统笨重、大且成本高昂，因为它们使用了人源化、多关节的机械臂。为了改善上述问题，我们开发了一种使用简单的 x-y-z 轴滑轨系统的新系统，使其更紧凑、更轻、更便宜。此外，用户可以轻松修改新系统中的参数以开发新的处理任务。一旦建立了任务，用户需要做的就是准备iPSC，提前提供所需任务所需的试剂和耗材，选择任务编号，并指定时间。我们证实，该系统可以在没有饲养细胞的情况下通过多次传代将 iPSC 维持在未分化状态，并分化为各种细胞类型，包括心肌细胞、肝细胞、神经祖细胞和角质形成细胞。该系统将实现跨机构高度可重复的实验，而无需熟练的研究人员，并将通过减少新条目的障碍，促进hiPSCs在更广泛的研究领域的社会实施。

This article aims to provide actual and detailed handling procedures for an automated culture system for human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), which we produced by collaborating with a company, and to show representative results.
Since the publication of the article in 2007, iPSC has been attracting attention all over the world1. Due to its greatest feature of being able to differentiate into any type of somatic cell, it is expected to be applied in various fields such as regenerative medicine, elucidating the causes of intractable diseases, and developing new therapeutic drugs2,3. In addition, using human iPSC-derived somatic cells could reduce animal experiments, which are subject to significant ethical restrictions. Although numerous homogeneous iPSCs are constantly required to research new methods with iPSCs, it is too laborious to manage them. Moreover, handling iPSC is difficult because of its high sensitivity, even to subtle cultural and environmental changes.
To solve this problem, automated culture systems are expected to perform tasks instead of humans. Some groups have developed a few automated human pluripotent stem cell culture systems for cell maintenance and differentiation and published their achievements4,5,6. These systems equip multiarticulated robotic arm(s). Robotic arms have not only merit in that they highly mimic human arm movements but also demerit in that they require higher cost(s) for the arm(s), larger and heavier system packaging, and time-consuming education efforts by the engineers to obtain the aimed movements7,8. In order to make it easier to introduce the apparatus to more research facilities at the points of economic, space, and human resource consumption, we have developed a novel automated culture system for the maintenance and differentiation of iPSC into various cell types9.
Our rationale for the new system was to adopt an X-Y-Z axis rail system instead of multiarticulated robotic arms9. To replace the complex hand-like functions of robotic arms, we applied a new idea to this system, which can automatically change three types of specific functional arm tips. Here, we also indicate how users can easily make task schedules with simple orders on software because of the lack of requirements for engineers&#39; contributions throughout the process.
One of the robotic culture systems has demonstrated the making of embryoid bodies using 96-well plates as 3D cell aggregates for differentiation4. The system reported here cannot handle 96-well plates. One achieved the current good manufacturing practice (cGMP) grade using a cell line, although it was not a human pluripotent stem cell5. The automated culture system detailed here has now been developed with the specific aim of helping laboratory experiments (Figure 1). However, it has enough systems to keep clean levels equivalent to a level IV safety cabinet.

作者聚焦：自动化 iPSC 培养以提高可重复性 

用于维持和分化人诱导的多能干细胞的自动化培养系统

This study focuses on automating the culture of iPS cells. Our goal is to reduce the variability due to manual experimentations and human labor, by utilizing smaller and more affordable equipment, which leads to enhance the reproducibility, and provide opportunities for more researchers who are even unfamiliar with iPS cells. Several types of automated culture machines have emerged, but most of them are still large, costly, and can only perform partial tasks.The simpler structure of the working urn has reduced the size and cost of the equipment. In addition, the tasks from cell maintenance to differentiation induction can be performed automatically, with only prior material preparation, and task setting on software. Machine repetition is remarkably accurate compared to human repetition.The use of such machines not only improves repeat usability, but also reduce human labor. Furthermore, if the parameters in each protocol are shared, researchers unfamiliar with iPS cells will be able to achieve similar results as well-experienced researchers, making it possible for them to easily enter into research using iPS cells. We are exploring the possibility of incorporating an AI-based image judgment system to automate the selection of the next work schedule, setting date, and work content from the learning of the experiment results.We also anticipate that allowing researchers to tailor their working protocols to their preferences, and share them online, will not only enhance reproducibility among the world researchers, but also encourage global research collaboration.

维持人诱导的多能干细胞 我们使用了三种hPSC细胞系（RIKEN-2F、253G1和KMUR001）。我们通过每天的手动实验优化了维护方案，并通过系统进行的七次初步实验进一步优化了详细程序。例如，由人类和系统处理的不同移液器的唾液流速引起的剪切应力是完全不同的;因此，我们优化了酶消化的时间长度和系统细胞分散的移液次数。
将人诱导的多能干细胞维持在涂有 0.5...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Automating iPSC Culture for Enhanced Reproducibility at JoVE.com

在这里，我们提出了一种自动化细胞培养系统的方案。这种自动化培养系统减少了劳动力，使用户受益，包括不熟悉处理诱导多能干细胞（iPS）细胞的研究人员，从iPS细胞的维持到分化为各种类型的细胞。

Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) with infinite self-proliferating ability have been expected to have applications in numerous fields, ...

本研究的重点是自动化 iPS 细胞的培养。我们的目标是通过使用更小、更实惠的设备来减少由于手动实验和人工造成的变异性，从而提高可重复性，并为更多甚至不熟悉 iPS 细胞的研究人员提供机会。已经出现了几种类型的自动化培养机，但它们中的大多数仍然很大，成本高昂，并且只能执行部分任务。工作瓮的结构更简单，减少了设备的尺寸和成本。此外，从细胞维护到分化诱导的任务可以自动执行，只需事先准备材料，并在软件上设置任务。与人类重复相比，机器重复非常准确。使用这种机器不仅提高了重复可用性，而且还减少了人力。此外，如果共享每个方案中的参数，不熟悉iPS细胞的研究人员将能够获得与经验丰富的研究人员相似的结果，使他们能够轻松地使用iPS细胞进行研究。我们正在探索结合基于人工智能的图像判断系统的可能性，以通过学习实验结果自动选择下一个工作时间表、设置日期和工作内容。我们还预计，允许研究人员根据自己的喜好定制他们的工作方案，并在线共享，不仅可以提高世界研究人员的可重复性，还可以鼓励全球研究合作。

an-automated-culture-system-for-maintaining-differentiating-human

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

An Automated Culture System for Maintaining and Differentiating Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) with infinite self-proliferating ability have been expected to have applications in numerous fields, including the elucidation of rare disease pathologies, the development of new medicines, and regenerative medicine aiming to restore damaged organs. Despite this, the social implementation of hiPSCs is still limited. This is partly because of the difficulty of reproducing differentiation in culture, even with advanced knowledge and sophisticated technical skills, due to the high sensitivity of iPSCs to minute environmental changes. The application of an automated culture system can solve this issue. Experiments with high reproducibility independent of a researcher's skill can be expected according to a shared procedure across various institutes. Although several automated culture systems that can maintain iPSC cultures and induce differentiation have been developed previously, these systems are heavy, large, and costly because they make use of humanized, multi-articulated robotic arms. To improve on the above issues, we developed a new system using a simple x-y-z axis slide rail system, allowing it to be more compact, lighter, and cheaper. Furthermore, the user can easily modify parameters in the new system to develop new handling tasks. Once a task is established, all the user needs to do is prepare the iPSC, supply the reagents and consumables needed for the desired task in advance, select the task number, and specify the time. We confirmed that the system could maintain iPSCs in an undifferentiated state through several passages without feeder cells and differentiate into various cell types, including cardiomyocytes, hepatocytes, neural progenitors, and keratinocytes. The system will enable highly reproducible experiments across institutions without the need for skilled researchers and will facilitate the social implementation of hiPSCs in a wider range of research fields by diminishing the obstacles for new entries.

Here, we present a protocol for an automated cell culture system. This automated culture system reduces labor and benefits the users, including researchers unfamiliar with handling induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, from the maintenance of iPS cells to differentiation into various types of cells.