Name: Automating iPSC Culture for Enhanced Reproducibility (Video) | JoVE
Uploaded: 2024-01-26T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Automating iPSC Culture for Enhanced Reproducibility at JoVE.com

This study was supported by a grant from the New Business Promotion Center, Panasonic Production Engineering Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan.

The Ethics Committee of the Kansai Medical University approved the generation and use of the healthy volunteer-derived iPSCs named KMUR001 (approval No. 2020197). The donor, who was openly recruited, provided formal informed consent and agreed with the scientific usage of the cells.
NOTE: The current interface (the special software named &#34;ccssHMI&#34; running under the Windows XP operating system) is the fundamental operation screen. Under the aforementioned interface, a series of tabs are...

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Differentiation Using an Automated Culture System

<ol>
	<li>Okita, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+more+efficient+method+to+generate+integration-free+human+iPS+cells.">A more efficient method to generate integration-free human iPS cells.</a> Nature Methods. 8 (5), 409-412 (2011).</li><li>Tanaka, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+pharmacologic+testing+using+human+induced+pluripotent+stem+cell-derived+cardiomyocytes.">In vitro pharmacologic testing using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes.</a> Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 385 (4), 497-502 (2009).</li><li>Egashira, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Disease+characterization+using+LQTS-specific+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells.">Disease characterization using LQTS-specific induced pluripotent stem cells.</a> Cardiovascular Research. 95 (4), 419-429 (2012).</li><li>Sasamata, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Establishment+of+a+robust+platform+for+induced+pluripotent+stem+cell+research+using+Maholo+LabDroid.">Establishment of a robust platform for induced pluripotent stem cell research using Maholo LabDroid.</a> SLAS technology. 26 (5), 441-453 (2021).</li><li>Tristan, C. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Robotic+high-throughput+biomanufacturing+and+functional+differentiation+of+human+pluripotent+stem+cells.">Robotic high-throughput biomanufacturing and functional differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells.</a> Stem Cell Reports. 16 (12), 3076-3092 (2021).</li><li>Konagaya, S., Ando, T., Yamauchi, T., Suemori, H., Iwata, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+maintenance+of+human+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells+by+automated+cell+culture+system.">Long-term maintenance of human induced pluripotent stem cells by automated cell culture system.</a> Scientific Reports. 5, 16647 (2015).</li><li>McClymont, D. W., Freemont, P. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=With+all+due+respect+to+Maholo,+lab+automation+isn't+anthropomorphic.">With all due respect to Maholo, lab automation isn't anthropomorphic.</a> Nature Biotechnology. 35 (4), 312-314 (2017).</li><li>Gonzalez, F., Zalewski, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Teaching+joint-level+robot+programming+with+a+new+robotics+software+tool.">Teaching joint-level robot programming with a new robotics software tool.</a> Robotics. 6 (4), 41 (2017).</li><li>Bando, K., Yamashita, H., Tsumori, M., Minoura, H., Okumura, K., Hattori, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Compact+automated+culture+system+for+human+induced+pluripotent+stem+cell+maintenance+and+differentiation.">Compact automated culture system for human induced pluripotent stem cell maintenance and differentiation.</a> Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. 10, 1074990 (2022).</li><li>Tohyama, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glutamine+oxidation+is+indispensable+for+survival+of+human+pluripotent+stem+cells.">Glutamine oxidation is indispensable for survival of human pluripotent stem cells.</a> Cell Metabolism. 23 (4), 663-674 (2016).</li><li>Yamashita, H., Fukuda, K., Hattori, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hepatocyte-like+cells+derived+from+human+pluripotent+stem+cells+can+be+enriched+by+a+combination+of+mitochondrial+content+and+activated+leukocyte+cell+adhesion+molecule.">Hepatocyte-like cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells can be enriched by a combination of mitochondrial content and activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule.</a> JMA journal. 2 (2), 174-183 (2019).</li><li>Shimojo, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid,+efficient+and+simple+motor+neuron+differentiation+from+human+pluripotent+stem+cells.">Rapid, efficient and simple motor neuron differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells.</a> Molecular Brain. 8 (1), 79 (2015).</li><li>Nishimoto, R., Kodama, C., Yamashita, H., Hattori, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+induced+pluripotent+stem+cell-derived+keratinocyte-like+cells+for+research+on+Protease-Activated+Receptor+2+in+nonhistaminergic+cascades+of+atopic+dermatitis.">Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived keratinocyte-like cells for research on Protease-Activated Receptor 2 in nonhistaminergic cascades of atopic dermatitis.</a> The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 384 (2), 248-253 (2023).</li><li>International Stem Cell Initiative. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Screening+ethnically+diverse+human+embryonic+stem+cells+identifies+a+chromosome+20+minimal+amplicon+conferring+growth+advantage.">Screening ethnically diverse human embryonic stem cells identifies a chromosome 20 minimal amplicon conferring growth advantage.</a> Nature Biotechnology. 29 (12), 1132-1144 (2011).</li><li>Keller, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+and+epigenetic+factors+which+modulate+differentiation+propensity+in+human+pluripotent+stem+cells.">Genetic and epigenetic factors which modulate differentiation propensity in human pluripotent stem cells.</a> Human Reproduction Update. 24 (2), 162-175 (2018).</li></ol>

A critical step in the protocol is that if a user finds any faults, click the cancel, stop, or reset button anytime and start over from the first step. The software can avoid human mistakes, including double booking, opening doors while the system tasks are active, and a lack of replenishment. Another critical point for successful and efficient differentiation to the desired somatic cell is the proper selection of pluripotent stem cell lines because each pluripotent stem cell has an uncontrollable bias in its differentia...

This article aims to provide actual and detailed handling procedures for an automated culture system for human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), which we produced by collaborating with a company, and to show representative results.
Since the publication of the article in 2007, iPSC has been attracting attention all over the world1. Due to its greatest feature of being able to differentiate into any type of somatic cell, it is expected to be applied in various fields such as regenerative medicine, elucidating the causes of intractable diseases, and developing new therapeutic drugs2,3. In addition, using human iPSC-derived somatic cells could reduce animal experiments, which are subject to significant ethical restrictions. Although numerous homogeneous iPSCs are constantly required to research new methods with iPSCs, it is too laborious to manage them. Moreover, handling iPSC is difficult because of its high sensitivity, even to subtle cultural and environmental changes.
To solve this problem, automated culture systems are expected to perform tasks instead of humans. Some groups have developed a few automated human pluripotent stem cell culture systems for cell maintenance and differentiation and published their achievements4,5,6. These systems equip multiarticulated robotic arm(s). Robotic arms have not only merit in that they highly mimic human arm movements but also demerit in that they require higher cost(s) for the arm(s), larger and heavier system packaging, and time-consuming education efforts by the engineers to obtain the aimed movements7,8. In order to make it easier to introduce the apparatus to more research facilities at the points of economic, space, and human resource consumption, we have developed a novel automated culture system for the maintenance and differentiation of iPSC into various cell types9.
Our rationale for the new system was to adopt an X-Y-Z axis rail system instead of multiarticulated robotic arms9. To replace the complex hand-like functions of robotic arms, we applied a new idea to this system, which can automatically change three types of specific functional arm tips. Here, we also indicate how users can easily make task schedules with simple orders on software because of the lack of requirements for engineers&#39; contributions throughout the process.
One of the robotic culture systems has demonstrated the making of embryoid bodies using 96-well plates as 3D cell aggregates for differentiation4. The system reported here cannot handle 96-well plates. One achieved the current good manufacturing practice (cGMP) grade using a cell line, although it was not a human pluripotent stem cell5. The automated culture system detailed here has now been developed with the specific aim of helping laboratory experiments (Figure 1). However, it has enough systems to keep clean levels equivalent to a level IV safety cabinet.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0.15% bovine serum albumin fraction V</td>
			<td>Fuji Film Wako Chemical Inc., Miyazaki, Japan</td>
			<td>9048-46-8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1% GlutaMAX</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>35050061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 cm plastic plates&#160;</td>
			<td>Corning Inc., NY, United States</td>
			<td>430167</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>253G1</td>
			<td>RKEN Bioresource Research Center</td>
			<td>HPS0002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>21985023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Actinin&#160; mouse</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab9465</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Activin A&#160;</td>
			<td>Nacali Tesque</td>
			<td>18585-81</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adenine</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A14906.30</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Albumin&#160; rabbit</td>
			<td>Dako</td>
			<td>A0001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>All-trans retinoic acid</td>
			<td>Fuji Film Wako Chemical Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td>186-01114</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Automated culture system</td>
			<td>Panasonic</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B-27 supplement</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>17504044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>bFGF</td>
			<td>Fuji Film Wako Chemical Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td>062-06661</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BMP4&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>PHC9531</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine serum albumin</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>810037</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CHIR-99021&#160;</td>
			<td>MCE, NJ, United States #HY-10182</td>
			<td>252917-06-9</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Defined Keratinocyte-SFM</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>10744019</td>
			<td>Human keratinocyte medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dexamethasone</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>266785</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dihexa&#160;</td>
			<td>TRC, Ontario, Canada</td>
			<td>13071-60-8</td>
			<td>rac-1,2-Dihexadecylglycerol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable hemocytometer</td>
			<td>CountessTM Cell Counting Chamber Slides, Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>C10228</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dorsomorphin</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>1219168-18-9</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#8217;s modified Eagle medium/F12&#160;</td>
			<td>Fuji Film Wako Chemical Inc.</td>
			<td>12634010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EGF</td>
			<td>Fuji Film Wako Chemical Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td>053-07751</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Essential 8&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A1517001</td>
			<td>Human pluripotent stem cell medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum&#160;</td>
			<td>Biowest, FL, United States</td>
			<td>S140T</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FGF-basic&#160;</td>
			<td>Nacalai Tesque Inc.</td>
			<td>19155-07</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forskolin</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>J63292.MF</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glutamine</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>25030081</td>
			<td>Glutamine supplement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat IgG(H+L) AlexaFluo546</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>A11056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HNF-4A&#160; goat</td>
			<td>Santacruz</td>
			<td>6556</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrocortisone</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A16292.06</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrocortisone 21-hemisuccinate</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>H2882</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>iMatrix511 Silk&#160;</td>
			<td>Nippi Inc., Tokyo, Japan</td>
			<td>892 021</td>
			<td>Cell culture matrix</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin-transferrin-selenium</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>41400045</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Keratin 1&#160; mouse</td>
			<td>Santacruz</td>
			<td>376224</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Keratin 10&#160; rabbit</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>19054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KMUR001</td>
			<td>Kansai Medical University&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Patient-derived iPSCs&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Knockout serum replacement</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>10828010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate&#160;</td>
			<td>A8960, Merck</td>
			<td>A8960</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leibovitz&#8217;s L-15 medium&#160;</td>
			<td>Fuji Film Wako Chemical Inc.</td>
			<td>128-06075</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Matrigel</td>
			<td>Corning Inc.</td>
			<td>354277</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse IgG(H+L) AlexaFluo488</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>A21202</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N-2 supplement</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>17502048</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nestin mouse</td>
			<td>Santacruz</td>
			<td>23927</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neurobasal medium</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>21103049</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neurofilament&#160; rabbit</td>
			<td>Chemicon</td>
			<td>AB1987</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neutristem</td>
			<td>Sartrius AG, G&#246;ttingen, Germany</td>
			<td>05-100-1A</td>
			<td>cell culture medium&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oct 3/4&#160; mouse</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>611202</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS(-)</td>
			<td>Nacalai Tesque Inc., Kyoto, Japan</td>
			<td>14249-24</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rabbit IgG(H+L) AlexaFluo488</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>A21206</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rabbit IgG(H+L) AlexaFluo546</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>A10040</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant human albumin&#160;</td>
			<td>A0237, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>A9731</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rho kinase inhibitor, Y-27632&#160;</td>
			<td>Sellec Inc., Tokyo, Japan</td>
			<td>129830-38-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RIKEN 2F</td>
			<td>RKEN Bioresource Research Center</td>
			<td>HPS0014</td>
			<td>undifferentiated hiPSCs&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI 1640&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific #11875</td>
			<td>12633020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SB431542</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>301836-41-9</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium L-ascorbate</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>A4034-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SSEA-4&#160; mouse</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>MAB4304</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>StemFit AK02N&#160;</td>
			<td>Ajinomoto, Tokyo, Japan</td>
			<td>AK02</td>
			<td>cell culture medium&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TnT rabbit</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab92546</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TRA 1-81 mouse</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>MAB4381</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triiodothyronine</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>H34068.06</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TripLETM express enzyme&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, United States</td>
			<td>12604013</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypan blue solution&#160;</td>
			<td>Nacalai Tesque, Kyoto, Japan</td>
			<td>20577-34</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tryptose phosphate broth</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>T8782-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wnt-C59&#160;</td>
			<td>Bio-techne, NB, United Kingdom</td>
			<td>5148</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#946;&#160;<img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/65672/65672eq01v2.jpg" style="margin: auto;" /> Tublin&#160; mouse</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>G712A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an automated culture system for maintaining and differentiating human-induced pluripotent stem cells

Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) with infinite self-proliferating ability have been expected to have applications in numerous fields, including the elucidation of rare disease pathologies, the development of new medicines, and regenerative medicine aiming to restore damaged organs. Despite this, the social implementation of hiPSCs is still limited. This is partly because of the difficulty of reproducing differentiation in culture, even with advanced knowledge and sophisticated technical skills, due to the high sensitivity of iPSCs to minute environmental changes. The application of an automated culture system can solve this issue. Experiments with high reproducibility independent of a researcher's skill can be expected according to a shared procedure across various institutes. Although several automated culture systems that can maintain iPSC cultures and induce differentiation have been developed previously, these systems are heavy, large, and costly because they make use of humanized, multi-articulated robotic arms. To improve on the above issues, we developed a new system using a simple x-y-z axis slide rail system, allowing it to be more compact, lighter, and cheaper. Furthermore, the user can easily modify parameters in the new system to develop new handling tasks. Once a task is established, all the user needs to do is prepare the iPSC, supply the reagents and consumables needed for the desired task in advance, select the task number, and specify the time. We confirmed that the system could maintain iPSCs in an undifferentiated state through several passages without feeder cells and differentiate into various cell types, including cardiomyocytes, hepatocytes, neural progenitors, and keratinocytes. The system will enable highly reproducible experiments across institutions without the need for skilled researchers and will facilitate the social implementation of hiPSCs in a wider range of research fields by diminishing the obstacles for new entries.

An Automated Culture System for Maintaining and Differentiating Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Maintenance of human-induced pluripotent stem cells 
We used three hPSC lines (RIKEN-2F, 253G1, and KMUR001). We have optimized the maintenance protocol through daily manually performed experiments and further optimized the detailed programs through the seven preliminary experiments performed by the system. For example, shear stresses caused by the liquid speeds of the spit flow from different pipets handled by humans and the system are quite different; therefore, we optimized the time length of the...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Automating iPSC Culture for Enhanced Reproducibility at JoVE.com

Automating iPSC Culture for Enhanced Reproducibility (Video) | JoVE

Here, we present a protocol for an automated cell culture system. This automated culture system reduces labor and benefits the users, including researchers unfamiliar with handling induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, from the maintenance of iPS cells to differentiation into various types of cells.