Name: Autore in primo piano: Comprensione della rete di microtubuli nelle giunzioni neuromuscolari di Drosophila
Uploaded: 2023-10-20T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Understanding Microtubule Network in Drosophila Neuromuscular Junctions at JoVE.com

Ringraziamo il Dr. Ying Xiong per le discussioni e i commenti sul manoscritto. Questo lavoro è sostenuto da una sovvenzione della National Science Foundation of China (NSFC) a C. M. (31500839).

1. Dissezione delle larve
NOTA: La soluzione salina emolinfa-simile (HL3.1)18 e la soluzione fissante paraformaldeide al 4% (PFA)19,20 vengono utilizzate a temperatura ambiente perché i microtubuli depolimerizzano quando la temperatura è troppo bassa.
<ol><li>Scegli una larva vagante di 3° stadio con una lunga pinza smussata. Lavarlo con HL3.1 e posizionarlo sul piatto di dissezi...

Visualizzazione delle reti di microtubuli nelle giunzioni neuromuscolari e nelle cellule muscolari di Drosophila

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J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Presynaptic+morphogenesis,+active+zone+organization+and+structural+plasticity+in+Drosophila.">Presynaptic morphogenesis, active zone organization and structural plasticity in Drosophila.</a> Current opinion in neurobiology. 43, 119-129 (2017).</li><li>Hummel, T., Krukkert, K., Roos, J., Davis, G., Kl&#228;mbt, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+Futsch/22C10+is+a+MAP1B-like+protein+required+for+dendritic+and+axonal+development.">Drosophila Futsch/22C10 is a MAP1B-like protein required for dendritic and axonal development.</a> Neuron. 26 (2), 357-370 (2000).</li><li>Roos, J., Hummel, T., Ng, N., Kl&#228;mbt, C., Davis, G. 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J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+Tau+and+taxol+on+polymerization+of+MCF7+microtubules+in+vitro.">The effect of Tau and taxol on polymerization of MCF7 microtubules in vitro.</a> International journal of molecular sciences. 23 (2), 677 (2022).</li><li>Velasco, C. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microtubule+depolymerization+contributes+to+spontaneous+neurotransmitter+release+in+vitro.">Microtubule depolymerization contributes to spontaneous neurotransmitter release in vitro.</a> Communications biology. 6 (1), 488 (2023).</li><li>H&#246;&#246;g, J. 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S., Bate, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+the+embryonic+neuromuscular+synapse+of+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Development of the embryonic neuromuscular synapse of Drosophila melanogaster.</a> The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 13 (1), 144-166 (1993).</li><li>Xiong, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HDAC6+mutations+rescue+human+tau-induced+microtubule+defects+in+Drosophila.">HDAC6 mutations rescue human tau-induced microtubule defects in Drosophila.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 110 (12), 4604-4609 (2013).</li><li>Sullivan, W., Ashburner, M., Hawley, R. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Drosophila Protocols. , (2000).</li><li>Mao, C. X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microtubule-severing+protein+Katanin+regulates+neuromuscular+junction+development+and+dendritic+elaboration+in+Drosophila.">Microtubule-severing protein Katanin regulates neuromuscular junction development and dendritic elaboration in Drosophila.</a> Development. 141 (5), 1064-1074 (2014).</li><li>Jin, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+Tubulin-specific+chaperone+E+functions+at+neuromuscular+synapses+and+is+required+for+microtubule+network+formation.">Drosophila Tubulin-specific chaperone E functions at neuromuscular synapses and is required for microtubule network formation.</a> Development. 136 (9), 1571-1581 (2009).</li><li>Sarthi, J., Elefant, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=dTip60+HAT+activity+controls+synaptic+bouton+expansion+at+the+Drosophila+neuromuscular+junction.">dTip60 HAT activity controls synaptic bouton expansion at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction.</a> PloS one. 6 (10), 26202 (2011).</li><li>Weingarten, M. 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Qui viene descritto un protocollo per la dissezione e l'immunocolorazione delle giunzioni neuromuscolari larvali e delle cellule muscolari della Drosophila . Ci sono diversi punti essenziali da considerare. In primo luogo, evitare lesioni ai muscoli osservati è fondamentale durante il processo di dissezione. Potrebbe valere la pena fissare il filetto prima di rimuovere gli organi interni per evitare il contatto diretto tra le pinze e i muscoli. Per evitare danni muscolari o la separazione dall'epidermide larval...

I microtubuli (MT), come uno dei componenti strutturali del citoscheletro, svolgono un ruolo importante in diversi processi biologici, tra cui la divisione cellulare, la crescita e la motilità cellulare, il trasporto intracellulare e il mantenimento della forma cellulare. La dinamica e la funzione dei microtubuli sono modulate dalle interazioni con altre proteine, come MAP1, MAP2, Tau, Katanina e Kinesina 1,2,3,4,5.
Nei neuroni, i microtubuli sono essenziali per lo sviluppo e il mantenimento di assoni e dendriti. Le anomalie nei microtubuli portano a disfunzioni e persino alla morte dei neuroni. Ad esempio, nel cervello dei malati di Alzheimer, l'iperfosforilazione della proteina Tau riduce la stabilità della rete di microtubuli, causando irregolarità neurologiche6. Pertanto, l'esame delle reti di microtubuli contribuirà alla comprensione del neurosviluppo e della patogenesi delle malattie neurologiche.
La giunzione neuromuscolare (NMJ) è la sinapsi periferica formata tra un terminale dell'assone del motoneurone e una fibra muscolare, che è un eccellente e potente sistema modello per lo studio della struttura e delle funzioni sinaptiche7. Futsch è una proteina della Drosophila omologa alla proteina legante i microtubuli MAP1B presente nei mammiferi8. È espresso solo nei neuroni e svolge un ruolo nello sviluppo dei pulsanti sinaptici del NMJ 8,9. Nel wild-type, i fasci filamentosi che corrono lungo il centro dei processi NMJ sono visualizzati mediante immunocolorazione con anti-Futsch. Quando raggiunge l'estremità di NMJ, questo fascio ha la capacità di formare un anello costituito da microtubuli o di perdere la sua struttura filamentosa, risultando in un aspetto diffuso e punteggiato10. Le anse dei microtubuli sono associate a coni di crescita in pausa, il che suggerisce che l'array di microtubuli è stabile11. Pertanto, possiamo determinare indirettamente lo sviluppo stabile dei microtubuli nella NMJ mediante colorazione Futsch. Le grandi dimensioni delle cellule muscolari nella larva di Drosophila consentono una chiara visualizzazione della rete di microtubuli. I fattori che influenzano la stabilità della rete di microtubuli possono essere trovati analizzando la densità e la forma dei microtubuli. Allo stesso tempo, lo stato della rete di microtubuli delle cellule muscolari può essere verificato in modo incrociato con il risultato della NMJ per ottenere conclusioni più complete.
Molti protocolli sono stati impiegati per studiare la rete e la dinamica dei microtubuli. Tuttavia, queste ricerche si sono spesso concentrate su studi in vitro 12,13,14,15,16. In alternativa, alcuni esperimenti in vivo hanno impiegato la microscopia elettronica per rilevare il citoscheletro17. In base al legame specifico di anticorpi marcati con fluorescenza o coloranti chimici a proteine o DNA, i metodi qui presentati consentono di rilevare reti di microtubuli nella NMJ a livello di singoli neuroni in vivo, con risultati corroborati da osservazioni in cellule muscolari. Questo protocollo è semplice, stabile e ripetibile se combinato con i potenti strumenti genetici disponibili in Drosophila melanogaster, consentendo una vasta gamma di esami fenotipici e screening genetici per il ruolo delle proteine regolatorie della rete di microtubuli nel sistema nervoso in vivo.

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	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor Plus 405 phalloidin</td>
			<td>invitrogen</td>
			<td>A30104</td>
			<td>dilute 1:200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Enhanced Antifade Mounting Medium</td>
			<td>Beyotime</td>
			<td>P0128M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FV10-ASW confocal microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti-Mouse antibody, Alexa Fluor 488 conjugated</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>A-11001</td>
			<td>dilute 1:1,000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laser confocal microscope LSM 710</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro Scissors</td>
			<td>66vision</td>
			<td>54138B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse anti-Futsch antibody</td>
			<td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>22C10</td>
			<td>dilute 1:50</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse anti-&#945;-tubulin antibody</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T5168</td>
			<td>dilute 1:1,000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>168-20955</td>
			<td>Final concentration: 4% in PB Buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless Steel Minutien Pins</td>
			<td>Entomoravia</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>0.1mm Diam</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereomicroscope SMZ161</td>
			<td>Motic</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>stereoscopic fluorescence microscope BX41</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Texas Red-conjugated goat anti-HRP</td>
			<td>Jackson ImmunoResearch</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>dilute 1:100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TO-PRO(R) 3 iodide</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>T3605</td>
			<td>dilute 1:1,000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transfer decoloring shaker TS-8</td>
			<td>Kylin-Bell lab instruments</td>
			<td>E0018</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TritonX-100</td>
			<td>BioFroxx</td>
			<td>1139</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tweezers&#160;</td>
			<td>dumont</td>
			<td>500342</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

using drosophila larval neuromuscular junction and muscle cells to visualize microtubule network

La rete di microtubuli è una componente essenziale del sistema nervoso. Le mutazioni in molte proteine regolatorie dei microtubuli sono associate a disturbi dello sviluppo neurologico e malattie neurologiche, come la proteina Tau associata ai microtubuli per le malattie neurodegenerative, la proteina di recisione dei microtubuli Spastin e Katanin 60 causano rispettivamente paraplegia spastica ereditaria e anomalie dello sviluppo neurologico. Il rilevamento di reti di microtubuli nei neuroni è vantaggioso per chiarire la patogenesi dei disturbi neurologici. Tuttavia, le piccole dimensioni dei neuroni e la disposizione densa dei fasci di microtubuli assonali rendono difficile la visualizzazione delle reti di microtubuli. In questo studio, descriviamo un metodo per la dissezione della giunzione neuromuscolare larvale e delle cellule muscolari, nonché l'immunocolorazione della α-tubulina e della proteina Futsch associata ai microtubuli per visualizzare le reti di microtubuli in Drosophila melanogaster. La giunzione neuromuscolare ci permette di osservare sia i microtubuli pre che post-sinaptici, e le grandi dimensioni delle cellule muscolari nella larva di Drosophila consentono una chiara visualizzazione della rete di microtubuli. Qui, mutando e sovraesprimendo la Katanina 60 in Drosophila melanogaster, e quindi esaminando le reti di microtubuli nella giunzione neuromuscolare e nelle cellule muscolari, riveliamo accuratamente il ruolo regolatore della Katanina 60 nel neurosviluppo. Pertanto, combinato con i potenti strumenti genetici di Drosophila melanogaster, questo protocollo facilita notevolmente lo screening genetico e l'analisi della dinamica dei microtubuli per il ruolo delle proteine regolatrici della rete di microtubuli nel sistema nervoso.

Microtubules (MTs), as one of the structural components of the cytoskeleton, play an important role in diverse biological processes, including cell division, cell growth and motility, intracellular transport, and the maintenance of cell shape. Microtubule dynamics and function are modulated by interactions with other proteins, such as MAP1, MAP2, Tau, Katanin, and Kinesin1,2,3,4,5.
In neurons, microtubules are essential for the development and maintenance of axons and dendrites. Abnormalities in microtubules lead to dysfunction and even the death of neurons. For instance, in the brain of Alzheimer&#39;s patients, Tau protein hyperphosphorylation reduces the stability of the microtubule network, causing neurological irregularities6. Thus, examining microtubule networks will contribute to a comprehension of neurodevelopment and the pathogenesis of neurological diseases.
The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is the peripheral synapse formed between a motor neuron axon terminal and a muscle fiber, which is an excellent and powerful model system for studying synaptic structure and functions7. Futsch is a protein in Drosophila that is homologous to the microtubule-binding protein MAP1B found in mammals8. It is expressed only in neurons and plays a role in the development of the NMJ&#39;s synaptic buttons8,9. In wild-type, filamentous bundles that run along the center of NMJ processes are visualized by immunostaining with anti-Futsch. When reaching NMJ&#39;s end, this bundle has the ability to either form a loop consisting of microtubules or to lose its filamentous structure, resulting in a diffuse and punctate appearance10. Microtubule loops are associated with paused growth cones, which suggests the microtubule array is stable11. Therefore, we can indirectly determine the stable microtubule development in NMJ by Futsch staining. The large size of muscle cells in Drosophila larva allows for clear visualization of the microtubule network. The factors affecting the stability of the microtubule network can be found by analyzing the density and shape of microtubules. Simultaneously, the microtubule network status of muscle cells can be cross-verified with the result of NMJ to obtain more comprehensive conclusions.
Many protocols have been employed for investigating the network and dynamics of microtubules. However, these researches have often focused on in vitro studies12,13,14,15,16. Alternatively, some in vivo experiments have employed electron microscopy to detect the cytoskeleton17. According to the specific binding of fluorescently labeled antibodies or chemical dyes to proteins or DNA, the methods presented here allow the detection of microtubule networks in NMJ at the level of individual neurons in vivo, with results corroborated by observations in muscle cells. This protocol is simple, stable, and repeatable when combined with the powerful genetic tools available in Drosophila melanogaster, enabling a diverse range of phenotypic examinations and genetic screenings for the role of microtubule network regulatory proteins in the nervous system in vivo.

Autore in primo piano: Comprensione della rete di microtubuli nelle giunzioni neuromuscolari di Drosophila 

Utilizzo della giunzione neuromuscolare larvale e delle cellule muscolari della Drosophila per visualizzare la rete di microtubuli

Currently, microtubule dynamics are observed indirectly through microtubule-binding proteins such as EB1. Since alphabeta tubulin heterodimers are abundant in the cytoplasm, fold directly, neighboring tubulin heterodimers are lacking the dynamics of microtubule networks in vivo. Our protocol visualizes microtubules in neuromuscular synapses and muscle cells.When combined with the powerful genetic tools available in Drosophila melanogaster, enabling a diverse range of phenotypic examinations and the genetic screening for the role of microtubule network regulatory proteins in the nervous system in vivo. Our research focuses on the relationship between the cytoskeleton and the neurodevelopment, as well as its implications for neurological diseases. We hope to discover the mechanism of neurodevelopment and the parthenogenesis for neurological diseases by highlighting the effect of cytoskeletal regulatory proteins on neurons.

Abbiamo dimostrato una procedura passo-passo per visualizzare la rete di microtubuli sia nelle giunzioni neuromuscolari (NMJ) che nelle cellule muscolari. Dopo la dissezione secondo il diagramma schematico (Figura 1A-E), viene eseguita l'immunocolorazione e le immagini vengono successivamente osservate e raccolte con un microscopio confocale laser o un microscopio stereoscopico a fluorescenza (Figura 1F,G).
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Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Understanding Microtubule Network in Drosophila Neuromuscular Junctions at JoVE.com

Qui, presentiamo un protocollo dettagliato per visualizzare le reti di microtubuli nelle giunzioni neuromuscolari e nelle cellule muscolari. In combinazione con i potenti strumenti genetici di Drosophila melanogaster, questo protocollo facilita notevolmente lo screening genetico e l'analisi della dinamica dei microtubuli per il ruolo delle proteine regolatrici della rete di microtubuli nel sistema nervoso.

The microtubule network is an essential component of the nervous system. Mutations in many microtubules regulatory proteins are associated with ...

Attualmente, la dinamica dei microtubuli è osservata indirettamente attraverso proteine leganti i microtubuli come EB1. Poiché gli eterodimeri di tubulina alfabetica sono abbondanti nel citoplasma, si ripiegano direttamente, gli eterodimeri di tubulina vicini mancano della dinamica delle reti di microtubuli in vivo. Il nostro protocollo visualizza i microtubuli nelle sinapsi neuromuscolari e nelle cellule muscolari.In combinazione con i potenti strumenti genetici disponibili in Drosophila melanogaster, consente una vasta gamma di esami fenotipici e lo screening genetico per il ruolo delle proteine regolatrici della rete di microtubuli nel sistema nervoso in vivo. La nostra ricerca si concentra sulla relazione tra il citoscheletro e il neurosviluppo, nonché sulle sue implicazioni per le malattie neurologiche. Speriamo di scoprire il meccanismo del neurosviluppo e della partenogenesi per le malattie neurologiche evidenziando l'effetto delle proteine regolatrici del citoscheletro sui neuroni.

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Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Using Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction and Muscle Cells to Visualize Microtubule Network

The microtubule network is an essential component of the nervous system. Mutations in many microtubules regulatory proteins are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders and neurological diseases, such as microtubule-associated protein Tau to neurodegenerative diseases, microtubule severing protein Spastin and Katanin 60 cause hereditary spastic paraplegia and neurodevelopmental abnormalities, respectively. Detection of microtubule networks in neurons is advantageous for elucidating the pathogenesis of neurological disorders. However, the small size of neurons and the dense arrangement of axonal microtubule bundles make visualizing the microtubule networks challenging. In this study, we describe a method for dissection of the larval neuromuscular junction and muscle cells, as well as immunostaining of &#945;-tubulin and microtubule-associated protein Futsch to visualize microtubule networks in Drosophila melanogaster. The neuromuscular junction permits us to observe both pre-and post-synaptic microtubules, and the large size of muscle cells in Drosophila larva allows for clear visualization of the microtubule network. Here, by mutating and overexpressing Katanin 60 in Drosophila melanogaster,&#160;and then examining the microtubule networks in the neuromuscular junction and muscle cells, we&#160;accurately reveal the regulatory role of Katanin 60 in neurodevelopment. Therefore, combined with the powerful genetic tools of Drosophila&#160;melanogaster, this protocol greatly facilitates genetic screening and microtubule dynamics analysis for the role of microtubule network regulatory proteins in the nervous system.

Here, we present a detailed protocol to visualize the microtubule networks in neuromuscular junctions and muscle cells. Combined with the powerful genetic tools of Drosophila melanogaster, this protocol greatly facilitates genetic screening and microtubule-dynamics analysis for the role of microtubule network regulatory proteins in the nervous system.

Ricerca

Neuroscienze

Drosophila Larval Dissection and Fixation for Microtubule Visualization

Begin by picking out a wandering Drosophila third instar larva using long blunt forceps. Wash the larva with hemolymph-like saline, then dry it with a wipe. Next, position the larva dorsally or ventrally on a dissection dish under the stereo microscope.Depending on the tissue to be observed, opt for dorsal or ventral dissection. Pin the larva's mouth hooks and tail to maintain extended positioning. Next, add a drop of the hemolymph-like saline to prevent the larva from drying.Using dissection scissors, make a small transverse incision close to the posterior end without severing it completely. Proceed to cut along the ventral midline, moving toward the anterior end. Now insert four insect pins each into the corners of the larva.Make necessary adjustments to the insect pins to maximize the stretching of the larva. Use forceps to gently remove the internal organs while avoiding harm to the muscles. To fix the larva, immerse the carcasses in 100 L of 4%paraformaldehyde, while still affixed to the dissecting dish.After this, dismount the pins. Then transfer the sample into a 2 mL microcentrifuge tube filled with 0.2%PBST. Place the tube on a shaker for 10 minutes at 15 RPM.

Drosofila Dissezione e fissazione larvale per la visualizzazione dei microtubuli

Immunohistochemistry of Drosophila Larva for Microtubule Visualization

Remove the PBST and immerse the paraformaldehyde-fixed drosophila larval carcasses in a blocking agent for 40 minutes at room temperature. Replace the blocking agent with 200 microliters of the primary antibody diluted with 0.2%PBST. Leave the larvae to incubate at four degrees Celsius overnight.The next day, wash the larvae with 0.2%PBST for 10 minutes. Next, remove the PBST from the tube and add 200 microliters of diluted secondary antibody. Incubate it at ambient temperature for 1.5 hours in the dark.Introduce a nuclear dye such as TO-PRO R 3 iodide into the incubating tube for 30 minutes while staining the microtubules in the dark. Finally, rinse off the secondary antibody and the nuclear dye with 0.2%PBST for 10 minutes.

Immunoistochimica della larva di Drosophila per la visualizzazione dei microtubuli

Mounting and Image Acquisition of Drosophila Larval Microtubules

Begin by placing the antibody labeled drosophila larval carcasses in 0.2%PBST on a glass slide. Adjusted under the stereo microscope, ensuring that the inner surface of the larval carcass is facing up. Absorb the excess PBST solution using a wipe.Then delicately add a drop of Anti-Fade mounting medium. Next place a cover slip on the slide covering the dissected larvae slowly and gently, avoiding bubble formation. Secure the cover slip in place by applying fingernail polish around its edges.Store the slide in a dark location to minimize fluorescent attenuation. For image acquisition, use the laser scanning confocal microscope with the 63x Oil immersion objective. Then adjust the wavelength and laser power to fit the requirements of the experiment best.To identify the neuromuscular junctions and capture images of muscle four in segment A three, select a 488 nanometer laser to activate alpha tubulin or Futsch, and 546 nanometers to activate the HRP imaging track. Modify the parameters to achieve a frame size of 1, 024 by 1, 024 pixels, a digital zoom of 1.0, and an imaging interval of 0.8 micrometers. To visualize microtubules in the muscle, capture images of muscle two in the segments A three to A five as it has fewer tracheal branches.Choose a 488 nanometer laser for activating alpha tubulin and a 633 nanometer laser for activating the T3605 imaging track. Adjust the imaging parameters to a frame size of 1, 024 by 1, 024 pixels, a digital zoom of 2.0, and an imaging interval of 0.4 micrometers. Both pre-and post-synaptic microtubule organizations of the neuromuscular junction were labeled with anti-alpha tubulin.Futsch staining reflected the abundance of stable microtubules in the pre-synaptic neurons. Decreased signal intensity of anti-Futsch was observed when microtubules severing protein Katanin 60 was overexpressed in the presynaptic neurons. The staining intensity of the axon trunk was stronger than that of the branches.Katanin 60 mutations resulted in increased microtubule loops. Overexpression of Katanin 60 caused short microtubule fragments within the terminal buttons. Alpha tubulin staining demonstrated a clear network of microtubules around the nucleus.Muscle cells had a significantly increased perinuclear microtubular intensity and exhibited stronger bundles in the Katanin 60 mutant. Overexpression resulted in fragmentation of the microtubule fibers.